=> Newoten’ law of Grayitatfon $-
“Ever axhcle “meter %m the Unyveue
attracle ev otha barkde with co thot
Se dratclt rep osHonal to the byeduct tha
Mans eh the particles and fnvewel Hono
do the Aqua q tha dfetanco es them"
Fo mim 9x | fF
a
Here, Cr & a Univ Constant Called Gravitattonal
Constant oho evi %,
Cg @Bek lon Ne mt/ keg?
dhe direction of ne FR abeng the Ling
Poni Ho doo fortes.
bu Jo +he — ehechostatic Povee, Th & Independent
the medium behoeen \ patides
@) 4+ & Conservative fn nrhare
@) Ht exboewer the fore betocen hao print
rnanwed ( of nee volume) Howerer, ‘han ektana point of spherical bodies the whole mara
tan be amumed to be Concentrated at fe
Cente 4 rad .
=> Unravitu 2—
dn Newtonke ree grey Hon $e the,
af ate odes. ona
Sho bodiae & enstth then be S raitie &
eo} ‘3 qe! Hen, sajgetn Gore by whith
earth athrecte” a bo etnds te oe dt &
Qa Apedal (ase 3 MRevitakion,
a !. Ihnee a mamwea ‘rm’ tach are placed at
Me MS a ai , taiangle
(
tatonad (re on “any
On2 — eint mama
Ses We we Mnding net Are on the pant
mow eS at 0 N ( ,
Glimdin). = Law Sin, the Me 2% Ore equ 5 ae,
therefore the rR Wao and Vinh
tha" Cente 0d or in ° bP
Fret = [F440 ced 6D
- jrr <<
= ee
Hides eae of ma'm' are placed at
sHeon Of a ~dguase of dtole'a’ Pinol net
Ad
¢ fou
jou
jee b |
fora on any one of the barstle
]
Gott, Wwe ane gang “net fo on 4he particle ab
foc = fon = GiGn)Cm) — Gm. # Caay)
at oY Q
foe = Calon) Crm) <1 af *
tage “Rie 8
Now, nesubtant fon and foc Se 7 -
Jae in He dived ion of 08. i ¢ |
Faet = Wh4+ fs Jat )e
ne ( a +)
“(4 got DB)
fern ¥ wa m & at a
a a AL, 28 tenhe q ry “he ma
M just over Ciphere (whee a & te radius
of the ving QdN od as Hhat of the aphure) find
the raga of Graritatonal ‘aia between them
4
LD
Ba Sof’ Net go on 1 ~teny df din 60
- G [ ) aes Sdn
oe Ca o
= [BGM ‘ ,
Bat ;
= m
4 Sromie xg” ” ¢ ”
be
He Acceleration due to &oavity:-
When & bedy %& dre ed Prin & Certain helght
above the he iO to dau seen ite
eorth unde. ‘ie vie Iho Gecelerrton produced ‘in the
body due rev Vity fe Called the acceferaton dur
+ Grevi J+ & denoted by q HY value dee ty
The em Awdan te Vem Ar.
Suppore that the max of the eth fe M, He
yadiut %% R, then +he fore. asthracH on, acting
on & ae 4 mam m cede ty the aad
forth
f= GMm
Re According do Newotonle a jun, He acceleration
dur qo Aad
vs = Gm
m pe
FE Vaviatioh in the Value 7
fhe Value YOriel from place lace on)
the 4 < Ca ae Vord i) we
abore & below the surface Thus, Value
q d depends on pope
= Shape the .—
dhe forth ng b ect Aphoe. dt & somewhar
let ar the yhoo poles dhe equatorial vadiur &
approxima Ql km mere than the pole vad ud
and Aine
ee & Jon,
Vo value 4 ke minimum aot the equa
and maximum ab the poles > fe above +he Sugface of the Eoath \-
dhe @ Of Gravity on an aged q max m at
a {Gin h above the auyface q auth Fe,
f= Mm_
Crt)”
- Acceleration dur +o qevity ot thi jgnt will be,
ged = fam CO}
(ath) »
This tan also be written Bee? ye)
gl = Sane
Debth below the Swfaw of tHe tarth :-
let an oblect of mans m” & dhakd at a de
d below the earthy surtace ds distance drm the
Cenhe torth & (Rd). V4hee maw & gituated ab
He dupfacs the inner Arbid sphue liza
inside “the “outx aphen@) shea rseeording te Gay
thom , the avavitational i Cig athacton on a
mom jnside@ a dphesial fe ow eno
Ihsrgfor, the object Venees pe na attraction
only due to Qe anlid aphork
dhe moun of WON phere $4,
H'= Gut Mon (ed C=)
BRR 3
a, w= (Rd)? om
Rg
f= GiM'm . = Grim (Ra)
(R~d)> R> ansl ga
™
Substituting the volust, we get | q'= 9 find
RK
ie Gd
4hus, the vaxtaton in the value votth %°
(the distance dem the vente 4
corr)
oY R V4 4- er
ss ) d
a J wee
an Redsw w& Wa
for YER, & ef = ght
wry
aA Reda “sey |
6 FE Aria) Rotation of the Earth :-
let ws Consider a particle P at vest on the dustace
tha ewth, at atitde . dhen the paurde fre
ackng on the oaticle te mew’ in olthoard diretton.
dhe hue —acrelewation d te acting cowards the
Cenhe O the earth.” Thus, the ee acceleration
g fe the neaultant 4 3 and wt gO
d agit (er) + ay (rw jsp)
as angle beboeen @” fs (ie0-9).
Velgt+ aly rr uo — ())
an a) =] we (wa
ve
Herc, the a vot Comes out do be tro mad)
ah Wwe ~ —%r__ vid A a
T QYY¥3670
fy Amal: Heng, this tam tan be
nored. Atio, r= R ws p : Throat
ca 0), Can be waiter aa, gs (9h agRet cot o*
=4 (i-aitare
Following Conelustons tan be 4% fem the
abore = dis uation.
(1) dhe sa valuo zs net cwly vertical
A401
2) the apes Tete frre due “bp rotation
earth a seduce ie Cet value af @
OT ua b= 0;
Shu qag- Riot
and e pos g= 90,
Therefore ; ‘5
hus) at ea uctor 4 & minimum hile at poles
1
3 fe mis mum - 4 Suppere the earthy increased i speed af wtedion
At tohat new Hme period wil the loelght of a
body on the eguatvy becomes 20! Tale 4 =lom/t”
and wadiua of gorth Re | 6400 km i
Sd°- Ihe Wd ght will beome 3ero, vohen
gi=0 st 9- Rw =O fo pene
a wo “fe
R
Qn cly om To 2
Substitahng the sty aa
oA wt 44h (fru)
a the Wes dime period Ahould be 14h instead
Q4h Aor the weight a body +o be 2er0
the Grae d 4 8
po” +t Gravitational field and Field Sheth
dhe Apaw around Q may & dyatm af majees tp
which gay other dest mam exbericneee @
geavitatio al fore te called Gravtetiona) eld
When this feat maw % moved from one port
+> another point, dome work fe alio. done by
tia Gravitational qe co
ay:
+ Grravitational field R (B)!-
“She qe experienced (pe fn magnitude and
direchon) by a unit Sa mas placed at a point
i qrevite gh fit Ge Called the (ravitations)
fi Aten gen ei Titensity d Creavita tonal fied
at that Beit
Cravitationa) <{p= +> fore
Fetd eae Mm +> mass
SE Unit of E a 6
E= F Exh
™ eh
CG
+P Givavitak F rield due to Q Uniform
Solid ere!-
SS Feld at an External Print
A unglerm phere re be treated aa i
wrticle Aame mak placed at THe cenbe
Cal uslati the gravitational) {is at an externa)
point Jhus, Etv) = GM| for y>R of Emly,
a ie
Hae » R the dfstance the point yom the
Cente the Aphae and” Ro the vadiud oY aphere
field at an dnternad Potats
4he axavitaHona) tield due doa offorn Aphere
ct an {nteanad point fe prrpens to the distane
a the point from * 4 the aphae.
ee
Coy -
+
q
At she Cente iteld, ft $4 Gero and at durface
th Me GM, whe RF the radius of ThE
Re
Agar. dhs,
Etr)= GM + if r4R or E Ce )otr
ge 4F field due toa Uniform Sphesica Shell i-
=> At an kxkanad frint <
fox an exteanal point tha dhell may be cheateal 04
a dingle ate dame mam placed at ite cenhe
thw, at an ecieandd point the — fe
& eo oy,
E Cy) = on) 6S co
at ss (ve Aus oe es
Bwise Ex the
=> At af Intex ‘< -
dha ged ey a idem apheia) All fegee
ep
ft
AR —> field due to a Uniform Crerlar Ring at
Aome Point on ie Ade
Red Sthength at a point F on the axis a
urudar ang q vadiua K and max YM fe
given bys
-"®
4his & divetted tywardyO tenrhe tho ng -
dk & gun ab eCRinne he ng awd
maximum at ¥ (can be ~ obtained b) putting
a g
av a
ae <0) pQ, E- graph &
Jht maximum value ke
Emax = _@hM
3far HE Gravitatoha| Potential :-
GeravitaHonad potential at any point Se defined Qa
the negate of work don by gravitational (ere
moving a unit dest man from inkaity ( wohere
polntiad fe ascumad do be oe) ty tha point
‘Thus, polentiad at P fe
Vp = Wap] (d4pf Hea
™ .
ers
fits Sr Unit fe o/ os
=> fotenal due AO Point Mass 3—
% ig C m
M Wi k-axte
x20 RY
Fe —GMm_
Me:
w= [tax = Sf ( at dx ~_GMm
xe Now, drom the definitvon olen tial ,
d a is wie P
Vs -G
¥
ae Potenhdl Due to a Unifown Solid Sphere
=> Pokntiad at some External
dhe nravitattionad porate) d
aprae! at an oxdeheal etn ad
4o a ingle ns Re man placed oe
cere . a es
wR
At the ve R and V=-4m
Bape ,
KR
> fokenval at some Internal Pint s—
At some internal point, potentas at a dketance
+ dé tho tenhe & gee by, Nex) = es g- 0.64") TAR
At w=R, V>—4m
q
v
while at ¥-0, V> —LSaM
R
pe at the Cenre the Arne oot &
1S Hes the pokenk FA dhe
Voriahon a J VAsUs F a4 thown
fn gique oO
AO
a fea du a Uniform Thin Spheateal
ee an External Point s~
“Ts Calanlate the potental at an extexnal point,
OQ Unfform —Spheviead the! may be ‘heat a4 a
lat mass Aame magnitude’ ot fe cenbe .
dhus, potnHal ot a dktane + cn by,
Vor) = =GM | yor
¥ at vs R, Vs—Gm
a
=> fotentias at an datexnal point :—
She potenticu due doa Unjfoom 4phertead shell &
conatant od any point inatde “Hie shell and +hia
equa) 4s = Jhus, Vw geaph f° esi)
Ae as hour $ p>
ev
=> fotental ght Q eee a at some Point
on itt we ‘
Ihe aravitaHonal penal at a distant w ism
the tenhe on He ans a wing 4 mak ™M and
sadiua Ro given by,
Meee
Vie) == _GM__| 0 Mere than one Vartabler’-
dn +hWs Couey b dv = E-dy
of So dv JP Ede
> Va- Ve = -{? 6-dr Hue, E wil be sven fn +e question and dy
& a Standard * vector qe by
dr = dei dyd zk
=> Only one_Vavable
Jdv= - SEdr
cave -LEd
>:
> Vb- Ye == ed es
Hae, E as % {unctiguc vy will be qe *y
+e question, «ey also yorte the bore
v S at -Sédx
Where, We & que q
wR
Va
- Gravitatona polenta} in % y plane varied
qo]
With ‘i Coordinates ad
=e yr ax
Rind watered qreld at E Sol" Gravitational field Strength give by
bo [NS ou 2]
qe the ce potential) uncHon
= = (any +3y ) eS
and i a + Qn pe”
e--[ eng et. 294 3 C Ans)
&:- (nray itahor GF ot a dkttanw ‘x!
. a
mm oO pays ma ‘m
Ve -Gm
Rind itationa) fi
oo qrevitak nal field Atenath at that
N
=
~~. (-Gm) - ex |e) = Gm
v iad ie te (nyavitatonal Potential Energy :-
aU = -Pdw oe [Fdu= -[* Bde or You--/ fad
i vi .
Uae” E.dy = -W
> Urayitationad fPotental Enersy hoo
Particle Syetem:- &
Tho gravitational potential emer of duo farkicles
4 maues myand M2 4 Spsaeed by a distance
yf pe by oO eee
Re)
Ve= Mim
wr
Crravitationgt Miter tial Enersy op a Body or)
Farthic SO¥face:-
dha araviteHonal potential energy of mar m in
the —gravitatonad field o} man M ab a distance
frm ot fe,
Us ~_GNm
v 4Jho earth behaves for all external pointe €
aa a fle maw M Wee Concentrated at
iH Cenbe. Jheaefor, A maw m neor
earth e “ ace moy be Contidered at a
dfstance (He radius of eorth) rem ™M. dhs,
+he ae energy of 4ne System will be
Ye ~GMm ¢ es
tt Digerence in “eben ery (av): -
let us ging +he du Aege in ple ve
energy fn woo peal ee tn
dhe detect oe when he mil &n)
on the of cant (at B) ,
Vga _ GM
R
and potential energy when tre mas m fe ab
hegrt h abore He Ausjace of earth Cab A) fe,
Un = — ne (Ua >a)
AV = Va- Va I
- (- Aso.
ares
GMm f 4-4
RO Rt
= GiNmh
R(Rth
= GMmh ofan. -
Rt as [ik vy?
Ghee, mah tra difference ‘in potential) eaenay
(not +e absolute porentid enon), fer h<«X
~Thaee mates of Lk, dk and 3kq are
q f
laced at tho vertens of an @& mulated teiangle
4 do Im find He Avray HAgtionad potenti)
ene y of this oo ~ Sake th= 662% lor"
6% ¥ N me / kg?
St U=-G (aise + Maroy Marni
Tho. Sy Ty 1
Here, Yaa = Ye) = Ta FL-0m,
m,=zi Kr / S
mas aka, tones
3
and Ma = oA oe 9
SubsHtuh Ha” voluer, we Y
un Cheneiot) (ieg get =)
HR Us ~ 1.333, ees (An)
ov
FE Bindin Breray :-
otal ra el Nee (potential + kineHe) cI
a Closed System fe negate. dhe modulus
tis dota — mechaniead en Be known as
HQ binding energy of the dyatem. his &
the tneg dug +o which fern Se closed
& dyerent pare of the Ayctem axe bound
fo each othe. ™
2
Suppose, the mass m ¥ placed on the duggaca
earth. the radius of the earth & R and
i maw % M Shen, the Kinet energy of
the portile k=O and the potato gl fe
U= -GMm .
R &
>:
hanger, the total mechan toy Ke,
B= k+ Us °- eee
&
& B= Gug?
sai 16) =_ Gam
RO
dt fe dua +o this energy, Ha particle % attached
woth the earth. minimum this much nt
& given to the particle in an om Cnosmalty
letne 5) the pudice no lenge. remand attached to the earth. 4+ PS out of the Ceninetiendil
fied of wrth,
Ae we disweed ee the binding energy of
a particle on the 4 of taMh uf at
reat Lotte. sna ‘pe of much of in the
kineh c energy sory ppued to tha
portice , Me leaves the ge Meters) field of
the earth. bY Ve ge eacape a of
+o particle | ten
1 cn «Ge et Ver Faget.
RK ise as ge at GM
Re
as! the value of 9 Cae m/s) and
RCEVX 10 m) , we get Jhus, the minimum velocity needed to take a
parte +o ingtnity em the earth Fe Called
the escape = Velo qn the auaface of earth
Sk value & IL8 km/s.
&y:- Calerlare the eacape velouty from
sesue o) moon dhe jan of és Nyon
4.N¢ 10” ka and vadius =
“ - Escape velocity wget Awrface oY moon
Ves | QaMm se \
a= Xe)
Subst hiking ign we haw
108 m
#4 x 108
= Q4xlo? mfs= 24 km/s => (tra) => Orbitd Speed #-
ore do the dakllite ®
dhe necessary Cente Petal d
beng povided by the gravitational fore exerted
on the Satellite, thus,
by the earth
Mvo. = (am
v ee
S
Hen, tee orbital ager) of the cadellite
wads (w) the satellite
k orbital peed Q
w= g) fe,
deneases ad He
Sneaeases. Further
kuite dl A the eaxth\ ace
AQ ae @ ear auy
Ve = \am =Jgk = Ve
A ie
Substring ,
Ve = 41.2 km/e 7 [vo = 5 km/s wven by
Pydod 4 Revolution s—
ne period q yevoludion (Tr) %& 3
T= any a T=_Qnt
Ve
oa Teanfee a [T=anirg®
ou JE) (us Game 9)
S
@
=> Ener Satellite oe
dhe potential enue the Ayatero f&
Mm
YY
She kinetic ene of the stelle Se, She total energy $8, B= ktu = Calo
;
OA E= Gm
Re |
This en te Constant and negatire, de the
dystem closed. Jhe forther ~ the 4aellite rom
fe tarth the greater He total conn:
se Fotnke to Remember oe
© To an Jae > TH Orn Toe? ( vohith &
gk MO tre Kepler's third ew)
@ Time posed oh satelite vay me co
earths 4 “(reR') %,
T= ox [2
g
Subs tuk dhe Values we seh Te 84-6 min
Q vwe | J Ps ovbital yadius x a Aatelute & increased,
Atate volicth of tha cpllowsing Quantines will increase
and whith ysl Ve reaye |
G) Orbital Apeed
Time fetod
(vue i) ( e.
UN) Frequenc ( gular Sgeed
RineHe “enexay (at) Polentiad ener 4
(if) Tetad mechanical ene
I ; ott Mmecnarucnr enn 9y Oo
J | G
~ (1) Orbital Speed e= darren Vee L
¥ Ir
dhe, orbital agi derease.
(i) T= - ofStert
a
dhergpoe, Mime poviod will Jnwerre,
cr) [aati ; f- uy
Jame period f increasing, bb, frequency will
deenease Gy) Anqulax Speed w= 3h ot won Ld
ane ee T 7
Tine guiiod 9a Increasing - Henet, angular peed will
aeneate
(v) kineHe énery k= GMm aw Ket
ae v
Ihovefort, kinettc ener will se
(wi) Potential thagy "3 =z » on Ve
Jpercfor ; Oe ay wit inneree.
(vii) Total ce tnvngy, 6 — Gin, or Be
4
So, mechanical aor wi also “neneaue
a Wohat & 4the minimum energy Heguired
\aunth a Aa te man ™ te the” sugace
\
. a planet of Mace and | radii R om 2
Crores ee
A
at an altitude ey ES QR) fy) et Ng
(9) 5am™ (6) QamM
6R 3R
() Gmmy_ (4d) Gm™
QR aR
€= tregy of Satellite - enengy e mass on Tha
AW 4A Ch lanet
=_GMm _ (- GM *d mS
ay pL py
Hat, -eR+ AR= 3R ED
Subshakt the valuegGin’ abore 2” we get,
ag te slag ine of we
CG
She ct ane t (a)
Sof"
(1) Each planet moves in an elliptead oxbity with
the gun atone apes of the — ellipee. {hia law
fe abso known of the law of ellp Heal orbits
and obviowa| give the ahape of te orbit
4 the planed wound the 2un a) dhe vadiua vector, dravon trom the dun do 4
planeh Avocepe out ust ores fn equal time,
Je. THe angd velocty (Cor the area aweph oud by
tt pa unit Hme) & Copshant dhls Fe stefenred
qo os the [mo of areas and giver he velalon~
Abip blo +e orbital xpeed of the hint and
ik d&tance = from = the tun. °O
(2) the 49) the planets Hye Fevod 84
prportionadl to the tube gomthe Aemi~ mast as
4 ike orbit. Jhia 0d He law of Lime
Neriool and gives Makonship blus tho ye
of the orbit wv lanet and St Hime of
sevoluton. J ongedt dimension S¢ the major
an with hay Length Q. Shia hal length ay
Called the Atmi~ meet US.
ferhebi on £ Aphetion
st Ss x
er ea
SS Hae, Sand S' are the foi and P any point on
the ellipse. Jha sun fe ah § and planet ot P.
Sha distance of each joe hen the Lene of ellipse
% ea, ohne ef the dimensionle, no. behoeer
O tod Called the eccentricity. e=0, te ellipse
#% a Crde the attial orbits of the planets are
nearly Urular, ther ectentruties hn 0.00%
Venus to 0248 cfr Pitts - 4h es0OlF
‘Ihe = Point in tho ace og? coe eat dy the funy
$2 tha peat helion i Ko pant mett distant
from the Aun te a
Newton vos able do how that for a body ackd
on by an attirarhre force preportional fo Ys Hs.
on\ oyible lowed orbik axe @ Ute or a
ellipre. The open orbits mutt be parabelea oA. hype. —
bolt, He also showed that YY dfotal crag 8
negative Ha obit fe an ellper (or desde), Hite
30 te =«(Ortrt & a bavabola and q eR eitre te omit ta hyperabeta. Furth, it wera
aso shocor that tha orbik? under the attractire
org f= kK ae stable fer n<8. dherefore, Fh
Wows Hat Gruul ~ Orbe will be Hable
qr" fore eo cy at to d&teng ot
4}. th ce and will be. unteble
fe the “inveue tube (or @ Nghe ea) law
>:
pp’ = vdt .O
P'Ms (or) ao" gor ©) = Pflsin @
= ote) dt
GEES
8
Keeplea a lwo & shown jn dt Jn @ Amall
Lime interval dt, the Line frm the Aun & to the
planet Pp SO through an angle d®. Ihe aneg duoeph
oud in hia Hme = inteawd f,
eo 8
\
ys
Za
v dA = anea of dang le Ahown Sn
= ( base) Chetht) do
7) (se) Cem)
= V Cx) (vain®) dt
: Xe
Areal Velocity dA ot wd = —()
Vat LB
x@
Now, rv din BH the mre of the vector
prndutt XV vohich 5 fe yy Hmea Hh
anger. reer So xm of the planet toHth
“peepect to ee Aw). Go, we hare,
waa a
a = ay | remy] 7 Q)
wr GAL 2b = Constant
dt am
Thus, Keplak setond law, ther dread vets
# Constarrt; =meana that wax momentum
Oratank ft & easy do 4D vohy the neat momentum Yre planet must be Contam Ree. to
Newtots Yow the vale of thor Spek
ud
tho qravitatonal qere acting on the
planet,
dts wfe
“de
Here, v Se the radius vector et from the
Cenhe of the dun and the Fg “directo!
mom He. planet fousaxds tene of He fun.
Go, thee vechx alwayxOle al dhe dame Ling
and their vectur t wx FP & gern, Hence,
dh 20 .& Le tt. dhus, from 297(2) we
HH Can ag ge
dA = Constant H L= Constant,
a
Thus, a law & actually tha law o Conseavalin
eq args momentum Wwe hare already derived Keplenlg rd lane
dor the pestiadar tue of Guo orbits (Tx)
Newtn was able to thei tho sumer
xelationship — holds a upto orbit, — voith
the — obit ras GG by aetna axis a
Thus, :
Yong (elliptical onbit)
Me
Here, Mp Se He maw of the Sun.
