Philosophy - comes from Greek word philos

(love) and sophia ( wisdom ). Logic - branch of philosophy which deals

with correct reasoning.
philosophers - people who engages in
philosophy or lovers of wisdom. Aesthetics - deals with beauty and what
makes things “beautiful”.
Pythagoras - a mathematician and scientist
was credited from pythagorean theorem. epistemology - nature of knowledge and
knowing.
Heraclitus - everything exists based on Ethics - deals with moral questions and
higher order or plan called logos. dilemmas.

Democritus - devoted himself to the study of Political philosophy - studies governments

the causes of phenomena. and deals with questions of justice, power,
and the rights and obligations of citizens.
Diogenes of Sinope - living a simple and
virtuous life. Metaphysics - deals with questions
regarding reality and existence.
Epicurus - believed that philosophy could
enable man to live a happy life. Philosophy of the human person - area of
- epicureanism - school of philosophy philosophy that understands the human
which believes that wisdom and simple living person form a philosophical perspective.
will result in a life free of fear and pain.
Holistic thinking - refers to a perspective
Plato - Student of Socrates. He wrote down that considers a large-scale patterns in
his mentors teaching incorporating some of systems. “big picture”
his ideas into them.
- theory of forms - proposes that everything partial thinking - focuses on specific
these non physical ideas are eternal and aspects of situation.
unchanging.
- Sense of wonder Reflection - requires a person to be willing
to examine ones thoughts, feelings, and
Aristotle - prominent student of Plato. actions.
Disagreed with Plato’s theory of forms and
took a difference in interpreting reality. Knowledge - clear awareness and
knowledge of something.
Thales of miletus - explaining all of nature
is based on the existence of a single ultimate Facts - propositions or statements which are
substance of water. observed to be real or truthful are considered.

Rene descartes - to doubt. Claim - further examination is required to

establish whether it is true or false.
Karl jaspers - because of experience.
Opinions - statements go beyond providing
Socrates - love for wisdom. facts.

THREE ORIENTAL SAGES: Conclusion - judgement based on certain

- buddha, confucious, lao tzu facts.
Beliefs - statement that express convictions problem while ignoring other aspects.
that are not easily and clearly explained by
facts. Hindsight - the tendency to see past events
as predictable or to ascribe pattern to
Explanations - assumes that a claim to be historicacl events.
true and provides reason why statement is
true. Conflict of interest - a person or group is
connected to or has a vested interest in the
Arguments - series of statements that issue being discussed.
provide reason to convince the reader or
listeners claim to be true. Cultural bias - analyzing an event or issue
based om ones cultural standards.
Ad hominem - attacking the person
presenting the argument instead of the Man - a general term commonly use to refer
argument itself. to the entire human race.

Appeal to force - using threat or force or an Human - refers to a man as a species -

undesirable event to advance an argument. homo sapiens.

Appeal to emotion - using emotions such Person - much more complex term which
as pity or sympathy. generally refers to a human being granted
recognition of certain rights, protection,
Appeal to popular - idea is presented as responsibility, and dignity.
acceptable because a lot of people accept it.
Personhood - refers to the state of being a
Begging the question - assuming the thing person.
or idea to be proven is true also known as
circular argument. Human nature - refers to the characteristics
that distinguish humans from all other
Cause-and-effect - assuming a cause-and- creatures.
effect relationship among two unrelated
events. Self awareness - refers to the person having
a clear perception of oneself.
Fallacy of composition - assuming what is
true of a part is true for the whole. Rationality - person is aware of both his or
her surroundings and himself or herself.
Fallacy of division - what is true for the Defined by deeper awareness.
whole is true for its part.
Self-determination - capability of a person
Correspondence bias - tendency to judge to make choices and decisions based on
persons personality by his or her actions their own preferences, monitor and regulate
without regards for external factors or their actions and be goal oriented and self
influences. directed.

Confirmation bias - tendency to look to look Free will - enables us to do actions

for and readily accept information which fits whenever we want to and make self-
ones own beliefs or views and to reject ideas determination possible.
or views that goes against it.
Consequence - result of action or condition.
Framing - focusing on certain aspects of a
Morality - goodness or badness of an act. distribution of environmental benefits as well
as the burden of meeting environmental
Dignity - innate right to be valued and challenges.
respected.
Environmental aesthetics - originally
Spirit - intangible element enables us to focused on concepts of beauty in nature.
exercise thoughts, possess awareness,
interiority and capacity to reach out to the Environmentalism - has also become an
other persons> important issue in international policies as
governments and international politics
environmental philosophy or devoted to discuss environmental issues and
environmental ethics - discipline in formulate plans to adress them.
philosophy that studies the moral relationship
of human beings with the environment and Sustainability - relies on three important
its non-human contents. principles : environmental integrity, economic
efficiency, and equity. Refers to maintaining
Anthropocentrism - focuses on significant the state of the environment.
role of humankind in the world and considers
nature as the means by which humans are Prudence - ability to regulate ones actions
able to meet their needs to survive. and behavior.

Biocentrism - believes that humans are not Frugality - being thrifty with the use of ones
the only significant species on the planet and resources.
that all organisms have inherent values and
should be protected. Equity - demands that we use our natural
resources in such a manner.
Ecocentrism - places great value on
ecosystems and biological community. Economic efficiency - refers to prudence in
Believes that human kind is a part of a decision-making regarding the use of
greater biological system or community. resources to ensure that there is minimum
waste to zero waste.
Environmental aesthetics - one
philosophical view that believes maintaining Transcendence - going beyond normal level
order in the environment will bring out the or physical level.
natural beauty of the surroundings and
contribute to the well-being of people Thomas merton - there is no other way of
finding who we are than finding purselves in
environmentalism - advocates to address the divine image.
the growing environmental problems.
Hinduism - oldest religion in the world 1500
Environmental ethics - moral approach that AD.
analyzes the relationship between humans 3 GODS: -brahma, vishu, shiva
and the environment.
maksha - basic goal in life. Liberation of
Social ecology - applies an ecological and spirit.
ethical approach in analyzing society and
sees a relationship between social problems Vedas - doctrine of hindus
and environmental problems.
atman - eternal self
Environmental justice - refers to the fair
karma - actions or deeds Biophilia - love of other living things.

samsara - wheel of rebirth means the soul is Cosmophilia - love of other beings
reborn from ones life to another depending of
their karma from their past life. Immanuel kant - beauty is ultimately a
symbol of morality. Believs that the
Siddharta gautama - founder of buddhism orderliness if nature guides us towards a
which is the 4th largest religion. deeper religious perspective.

Essence - attainment of enlightenment

root of suffering : attachment Herbert marcuse -humanity dominated
nature.
nirvana - (enlightened wisdom ; complete
selflessness) George Herbert Mead - as human beings
we do not have only rights but also duties.|
st. Augustine - as a youth was he was
influenced by Manicheanism deep ecology - controlling attitude of
- manicheanism - beliefs that soul is product humankind is extended to nature. (humanity
of good principle because its eternal while is part of nature)
the body is composed of evil principles.
Social ecology - ecological crisis results
Amor sapientel -love of wisdom aims to from authoritarian social structure
produce happiness that can only be found in
God alone. ecofeminism - ecological crisis is a
consequence of male dominance; male traits
Credo ut intelligam - ( I belive in order to are superior over female.
understand)
Erich Fromm - argues that as a human it is
Moral evil - mans abuse or misuse of his also inherent in us to escape the prison cell
freedom. God allows man to freely choose of selfishness.
their actions and deeds.

Sense of knowledge - lowest level

wisdom -highest level

st. Thomas Aquinas - a great model of

youth to continue to strive for development
and success despite any difficulties that they
may encounter.

Milesians - regarded nature as spatially

without boundaries.

Anaximander - boundless nature is

indeterminate.

Pythagoras - universe is the living

embodiment of natures order, harmony, and
beauty.