PROJECT Aim To study the carth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer. Apparatus A tangent galvanomerer. a battery c battery eliminator (0 t0 6 V), a rheostat (20 2 or 50 &) sprit level, reversing key. an ordinary ke an ammeter (0-3 A) range, connecting wires, metre scale etc. A tangent galvanometer is shown in Fig. 85. The Fig, 86 s! horizontal component at earth’s magnetic field by hows a circuit diagram for determining the using a tangent galvanometer. Circular, Circular compass book Binary scnew Fig.86 Fig.85. Tangent galvanometer Theory The working of tangent galvanometer is based on the tangent law. It is stated as when a magnet is suspended freely in two mutually perpendicular uniform magnetic field F and H, the magnet comes to rest making an angle 9 with the direction H such that F=Htano some(T) Figs? Letacurrent I be passed through the coil of radius R, having tums N. Then magnetic field produced at oslig pr HO 2RIN the centre of coils F=F2°EN se) Let H is the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field an the magnetic needle comes to rest at angle @ with the direction of H, then according Eq. (1) is Htan 0-=!0 282A gran 9-107 2 [#2=10"] yp -2EX107 IN - Rtan6 Hoan | 4n) RH radius of coil of galvanometer R, deflection @ and N, the value of H can be calculated, by substituting the value of current I, from eq, (3) procedure ae 1 Make the circuit connections in accordance with the circuit dia cu igram as shown in Fig, 86, L Using the spirit level, level the base and the compass needle in compass box of tangent gal vanometer by adjusting the levelling screw, 3, Now rotate the coil of the galvanometer about its vertical axis, till the magnetic needle, plane mirror fi xed at the base of the compass box and the coil, i.e, all these three lie in the same vertical plane. In this setting, the ends of the aluminium pointer should reads zero-zero. If this is not SO, rotate the box without disturbing the position of the coil till at least one of the ends of the pointer stands at the zero mark its image in the 4, Byclosing the key K, the current flow in the galvanometer. Read the both ends of pointer. Nov reverse the direction of current by using the reversing key. When the mean values of deflections shown by pointer in the two cases (i.e. before and after reversing the current) differ by more than 1°, then turn slightly the vertical coil untill the two values agree. This will set the plane of the coil exactly in the magnetic meridian. 5, Byadjusting the rheostat, bring the deflection in galvanometer around 45°. The deflection should not be outside the range (300°-600"). 6 Record the reading of the ammeter and the deflection of the compass needle in box shown by two ends of pointer on the scale. 7. Reverse the current in coil of galvanometer and again record the current and deflection of needle. 8. Bychanging the value of current, take four more set of readings and plot the graph between [and tang. The graph will be a straight line as shown in Fig. 88. 9. Measure the inner and outer diameter of the coil with a half metre scale at least three times. Observations 1, Range of ammeter =... A. 2. Least count of ammeter ... A. 3. Zero error in ammeter =... A. 4, Number of turns used (N) = Table 1. For variation of with I Value of deflection, ® (degree) For direct current | For reverse current} Mean] tand % & 63 4 Ammeter reading (A) Obs CorrectedTable 2. For radius of tangent galvanometer [Link]|{8ner diameter | Outer diameter Mean diameter; d,(cm) d(cm) err Mean radius of coil R= Calculation tan —> Curent 14) —> Fig.88 From the graph . . BC Slop of straight line = 5 tan@ mae Now substitute then m in Eq. (4) tan® 2nN = f2n@_ Ho 28N ho y= 1 ere oan Re . Gauss. Result The value of earth magnetic field by using a tangent galvanometer is H Precautions 1. The battery should be freshly charged. 2, ‘The magnetic needle should swing freely in the horizontal plane. 3. The plane of coil must be set in magnetic meridian. 4, There should be no parallax in noting down the readings of ammeter and deflection. 5, All the readings should be adjusted between 30° and 60° Sources of error 1. There may a magnetic material around the apparatus. 2. The plane of coil will not be exactly in the magnetic meridian. ask