B.K.
BAJORIA SCHOOL, SHILLONG
PROJECT ON PHYSICS
FOR
ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION (AISSCE) 2022-2023
Topic:
“Electromagnetic Induction”
Submitted By: Manbha Rilang
Pakyntein
Class: 12 Science A
AISSCE Roll No: _________
B.K. Bajoria School, Shillong
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project on the topic:
“Electromagnetic Induction”
Is a bonafide work of
Manbha Rilang Pakyntein, AISSCE Roll No: _________
And has been successfully completed in partial fulfilment of the requirement
of the
All India Senior School Certificate Examination (AISSCE) 2022-2023
Under the guidance and supervision of Sir Arijit Chatterjee
And has been submitted to the
Department of Physics
B.K. Bajoria School, Shillong
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Principal
B.K. Bajoria School, Shillong
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset of this project, I would first and foremost like to express my
sincere gratitude to God for being with me and guiding me throughout, till
the completion of this project.
I would like to thank our school Principal Mrs. Vandana Gupta, for giving me
the opportunity to undertake this project and for providing all the facilities
required.
My gratitude also goes to Sir Arijit Chatterjee, my guide and mentor, for his
guidance and expertise which was so important for the completion of this
project.
Lastly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends for their help and
constant support without which, this project would not have been successful.
Name: Manbha Rilang Pakyntein
Class: XII Science A
B.K. Bajoria School, Shillong
CONTENTS
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Sl. No Topic Page no
1. Aim of the project 5
2. Introduction 6-7
3. Theory 8-9
4. Applicatios of Electromagnetic Induction 10-12
5. Faraday’s Experiment 13-15
6. Conclusion 16
7. Bibliography 17
AIM OF THE PROJECT
To study the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
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INTRODUCTION
Electro Magnet:
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An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced
by an electric current. Electromagnets usually consist of wire wound into
a coil. A current through the wire creates a magnetic field which is
concentrated in the hole, denoting the center of the coil. The magnetic field
disappears when the current is turned off.
Induction:
The process of generating current in a conductor by placing it in a changing
magnetic field is called induction.
Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive
force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.
Formula of Electromagnetic Indution:
e= N x d Φ/dt
Where,
‘e’ is the induced voltage (in volts)
‘N’ is the number of turns in the coil
‘Φ’ is the magnetic flux – the amount of magnetic field at a surface (in
Webbers)
‘t’ is the time (in seconds)
The SI unit of electromagnetic induction is Tesla (T).
Magnetic Flux:
Magnetic flux is defined as the number of magnetic field lines passing
through a given closed surface. It provides the measurement of the total
magnetic field that passes through a given surface area. Magnetic flux
symbol: Φ or ΦB.
Magnetic flux formula is given by:
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ΦB = B.A = BAcos θ
Where,
ΦB is the magnetic flux.
B is the magnetic field
A is the area
θ the angle at which the field lines pass through the given surface area
The SI unit of magnetic flux is Weber (Wb).
Principle:
Electromagnetic inducion (or sometimes just induction) is a process where a
conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving
through a stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage across
the conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an
electrical current – it is said to induce the current.
THEORY
Invention:
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Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831
though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in
1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did
not publish his findings until later.
Induced e.m.f.s:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f . will be generated in
the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday
between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discoverd that an e.m.f. could be generated
either by
a) Moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or by
b) Changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in some way.
Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing.
Lenz’s Law:
When an e.m.f. is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to
Faraday’s Law, the polarity of the induced e.m.f is such that it produces a
current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The
induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always act to keep the
magnetic flux in the loop constant.
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Lenz’s law
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APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of induction due to relative movement
of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical
generators. When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or
vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is connected through
an electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated,
converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy.
Electrical Generator
Electrical Transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday’s law is also responsible for electrical
transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the
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changing current create a changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach of
this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field as a change
in its coupled magnetic flux, dΦB / dt. Therefore, an electromotive force is set
up in the second lop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two
ends of this loop are connected through an electrical load, current will flow.
Electrical Transformer
Magnetic Flow Meter:
Faraday’s law is used for measuring the flow of electrically conductive
liquids and slurries. Such instruments are called magnetic flow metres. The
induced volatage E is generated in the magnetic field B due to a conductive
liquid moving at velocity v is thus given by:
E = -Blv,
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Where l is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic flow meter.
Magnetic Flow Meter
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FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT
One of the scientists Faraday performed a series of experiments and
based on the results he gave law on induction.
He introduced the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
Induction means to induce or generate something.
Elecromagnetic Induction means production of electric current due to
magnetic field.
Magnetic field is capable of producing current in a conductor.
Faraday took a coil and attached a galvanometer to it.
As there is no battery attached therefore is no source of current.
He brought the magnet near the coil.
When the magnet is moved towards the coil, the galvanometer showed
deflection.
Galvanometer even showed deflection in the opposite direction when
the magnet is taken away from the coil.
When magnet was not moved there was no deflection in the
galvanometer.
This shows that current is related to magnet.
Faster the magnet is moved, more is the deflection in the galvanometer.
This showed more and more current flows if the magnet is moved very
fast.
Same effect was observed if the coil is moved and the magnet was not
moved.
Materials Required:
Magentic bar, a galvanometer and connecting wires.
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Procedure:
1. Take a coil of wire having a large number of turns.
2. Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer.
3. Take a strong bar magnet and move its north pole into the coil and
observe the changes in the galvanomter needle.
4. Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar magnet.
5. Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a different number of
turns and the variation in the deflection of the galvanometer needle.
Observations:
1. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the needle of
galvanometer gets deflected in different directions.
2. When we insert the north pole (N) of bar magnet into the coil, the
deflection is towards right.
3. When we insert the south pole (S) of bar magnet into the coil, the
deflection is towards left.
4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with varying speed,
the speed of deflection changeds accordingly.
5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil, the deflection increases.
6. Relative motion between magnet and coil induced electric current in
the coil.
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Results:
1. The deflection of galvanmeter needle indicates the presence of
current in the coil.
2. The direction of deflection gives the direction of flow of current.
3. The speed of deflection gives th rate at which the current is induced.
4. The deflection in galvanometer changes with the change in number
of turns in the coil – more the number of turns in the coil greater is
the deflection.
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CONCLUSION
From this experiment, Faraday concluded that whenever there is relative
motion between a conductor and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a coil
changes and this change in flux induces a voltage across a coil.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Physics Ncert book for class XII
[Link]
Google Search engine
[Link]
[Link]
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