exams in the various assessment modes during a semester. CO-PEO/PSO Correlation Matrix (3-Strong, 2-Moderate, 1-Weak Correlation) PEO! [FEO [PEOS [PSO | PSO? | PSO3 co. 2 2 | cor 12 2 z it wos |? 2 z 7 con | 2 2 1 co.s 2 2 C06 ! az BLOOM'S Levels Targeted (PL Tick appropriate) 4163 Theory Component Module | Unit . No. | No. Topics Ref Hrs. 1 | Title | Continuous-Wave Modulation 1 2 TI [Review of signals and systems, Frequency domain 08 representation of signals,classification of Frequency @ spectrum,Need for modulation,Block diagram of an analog and digital communication system. 12 | Amplitude modulation,Linear modulation schemes, Frequency translation, FDM 13 | Frequency modulation,Spectral characteristics of angle modulated signals,Generation of FM signals:Indirect method, 2 FM demodulation: Frequency discriminator [1.4 | Super heterodyne receiver 2 Title_| Pulse Modulation 1 06 Sardar Patel Institute of Technology Bhavan's Campus, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai-400058-India (Autonomous Institute Affiliated to University of Mumbai) 2.1 | Sampling process. Pulse Amplitude modulation,SNR, Noise BW trade off 2.2 | Pulse code modulation (PCM),Differential pulse code | modulation. 2.2 | Delta modulation, Noise considerations in PCM,Time Division multiplexing, Digital Multiplexers 3 | Source Coding and Error correction coding T 8 3.1_| Uncertainty, Information, Entropy, Source coding theorem, | Huffmann encodin on Fano coding 32 | Discrete memory less channels, Channel capacity Theorem, Linear block codes , Convolutional codes ( Shift Register approach and Code tree) 4 | Title | Baseband Pulse Transmission 12] 8 4.1 | Based band receiver, Probability of error of integrate and dump receiver. Matched filter . optimum filter Line coding and Power spectral density (PSD) of line codes, Inter symbol Interference and Nyquist criterion, Raised cosine filter. | 43 |Duobinary encoding, Introduction to linear and adaptive equalization 3 | Title | Pass band Digital Modulation schemes 12) 2 42) 5.1 | BPSK,DPSK,QPSK,M-aryPSK,QAM,BFSK,M-ary FSK,MSK-Principle of working, PSD and Signal space analysis 52 ital Modulation tradeoffs, Probability of Error S3 | Synchronization and Carrier Recovery for Digital modulation 6 | Self | a.Case study (any one) | 06 Study | b. Research article (any one ) Total | 42+06‘T3125 /T0S19 ANALOG COMMUNNICATIONS TE Semy—-(ces¢s) EXTc Q.P. Code (3 Hours ) N.B.: (1) Question No.1 is compulsory. , (2) Attempt any three questions out of. rent (G3) Figures to the right indicate full marks? (4) Assume suitable data if required fd mention: sheet. 1. Solve any four :- (a) Classify and explain the variotis (b) AM is a wastage of power and bani (c) Compare between FM-and PM totnedal tea carrier signal 10 ind the * percentage modilation: frequencies of the 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 TURN OVER F97BF8CF494AE2E 1 8F297DC3420871D2 T3125/ T0519 ANALOG COMMUNNICATIONS Sse Q.P. Code :S8810} 6. Write short notes on any four :- (a) Vestigial Side Band (VSB) transmission: - (b) Practical diode detector with delaye (c) Generation and detection of PPM. (d) Amplitude limiting and thresh: ing (©) Quadrature amplitude modulatiie: aSyr\yt (3 Hours) Total Marks: 80 N.B.: (1) Question No. 1 is compulsory, (2)Attempt any three questions out of remaining five. (3)Figures to the right indicate full marks. Q.1 Solve any four a) Explain the need of modulation in communication sytein b) Explain narrow band and wideband FM. eS ¢) What do you mean by double spotting-in radiaxreceiver. - d) List the advantages and disadvantages of Digital communicati €) Write a note on aliasing error anda aperture effect, Q.2 (a) Explain the different types oft noksei in cofnfiuitjeation. (10) (b) Explain concept of AM wave with related eanatloi. = (10) Q.3 (a) With the help of Suitable diagrams explain generation and detection ofPWM signal. (10) (b) Draw and expla pe modal, fen transmitter ind receiver,” (10) ~ Y : >< (10) (b)What is imultipletinga Explaiy FDM in deta. ee (10) Q.5 (a) enemies Of FM generation? Dig Citcuit diagram and explain the oa of (b) Explain VSB 1 transmission with ig applictions, (10) Q6 Write aShortin indies on (Salve any:Four) (20) 8) Generations rand detection of PPM < by Phasé shift method.of AM Beneration (SSB) dApplieations ofFM d) Sampling Techniques ©) Delayed AGC SPOOR eee eeenes “GFSDSSFOCECEDF3A3CBDC440A37B05SEM" EXT (CGS) 2Hstis Anoto g Communi cation: Q.P. Code : 31187 (3 Hours) [ Total Marks : 80 N.B. : (1) Question No. 1 is compulsory. (2) Attempt any three questions from remaining questions. (3) Assume suitable data if necessary. 1. Solve any four of the following :— 20 (a) Why IF is selected as 455 KHz in AM ? (b) Distinguish between narrow band FM and wideband FM. (c) What are the causes of fold over distortion ? How it can be prevented ? (d) Explain double spotting with reference to radio receiver. (e) Define noise figure and signal to nojse ratio. NX Ss One input to AM modulation is 500 KHz carries with an amplitude of 20 Vp. 10 The second input is 10 KHz modulating signal that is of s:fficient amplitude to cause a change in o/p wave of + 7-5 Vp. Determine. (i) Upper and Lower side frequency (ii) Expression for modulated wave (iii) Draw o/p spectrum (iv) Modulation co-efficient and percent modulation (v) Total tranmitted power. (b) Explain practical diode detector with delayed AGC. 10 3. (a) Explain indirect method of FM gereration. 10 (b) Explain ratio detector in detail with suitable diagram. 10 4. (a) Explain independent sideband technique in detail. (b) Explain Super heterodyne radio receiver in detail with block 5/' 9 5. (a) Explain block diagram of adaptive delta modulator with waveforms. av (b) State and prove sa:npling theorem for pass band signal. 10 6. Write short notes on any four of the following :— 20 (a) PLL FM Demodulator (b) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (c) TDM and FDM (d) Companding (¢) Aliasing Error and aperture effect. FW-Con. 11341-16. TE SEME- ExT’ (c@e4) Where R-S- A. QP Code : 31061 (03 Hours) Total Marks: 80) Nek for Cath Disa pl ok digtel commen Nor | Y Su per holy dy Applicanon / = ae a whik_n “Nis ¢ / vf | ASE 3 \ - =>! fue - J x —§ Pasblins ongorng ~ > = a = Sampling, th han —/ Anakglig. off et — Sy _ oo ee —— es { | esa BES Madulating siocnel given Qos8)n(27 yiwos) _ | 3 ca ¥ G05 (27 Y/00 0 « i 7 : — —— _ Find pruantagr modulcte n, | Bul} N S| Ad« Nv ) A z Md S| (AM \nlovlagn power ond Biv | _ = hishifietion“Ancls 5 eeaeaainenas | 3, Digit oeeeunvetiom Nos : | Site tiie Meduloton > Tm Ss na vali i aso ** a wwe{ Base Block cragiam y channd Ave {ale) ~~ - Noise ~ Temas Boab. / a | —Uhibi ns noise Pow sP us oak Char novned dob) . ton rot Nolsa ne akTBR a a Bb taadahnk a) oe _h-'-33 wna fe) — i, Ab Solute vel : R-Roistanes T- kdlin, 2 Actual Povwn —dBr f. faho Fase ab. Tralee SHR Hols Sede y Mots. figea sade Elis E4Pss Fags loca A’ ¥ =. er i Nowe “aap | Noe, dc ei : OF Cadid § \ Fa. 3aAB ~~ Gy a Ystenn Ps FS 6ae G2 te - | ¥“ logg G3 = 8 ies | a da a DFFledegiae ee. Oe {ANF = yotre—_ = WAI Lotta _ NS =e tlie 1o% is > a} NI3ZB=j6 Shic ofa =a NN $4 =| oun. 2 ® “Fo Ch =LEea xm CH] sin 27) fet = Ee Em sinWmt | Sia27 Jor Vam( i) = Ec swSeak?¥ 4 Em sin Sick Anu Se mae - Ec Stn Fo m Ee Sin 2M fet sine = Ee in Onde _— ents) _ Ee sioner SERED (0ST (aaa 4 sett Lea) ao a in Da| Ze FECT Ue : — = fookah we, : r fC = sktle A = —{ EC= mina nl Eco Aout = 25 | En Abele = 15 DMT =e En is _\)Uppet = fanePe > vostie +) 54te = oe dou, 2 Fimn-Fe = Porte ~L5eMe = 15k Vmax>-4 © : Vm pout 8=f jus : . v [- inks 2 oes Fo ktém a ; 1 _- 15h. = 7 Evdepe 7 - : — C Vmay+Vmin = 2Ec Vmoy—Vmin=2 Em QV max = 166 Vmay = Soy Yimin = 30¥—— Helis [ plifad Use: Sirale uf a 1 a mt channel 1 trom, Bly T eH Lm Sin (24 Smt) Ve(i)= £c sin (ar) fet) i Var 1)? [ec 4nd) ] Sin (ortich), A fel he in Low Lvel_medublin Lo-4 ML 21) pe mode T= View —Vinin \imax —Yrin Yam (Je Ec Sin (271 Set) + Em Sin (2 715m] Vaw Ct} EC ania - mec (Gs 2n[ Fee) 4 (os 20 C&-der) | Vox, oe at spo - in ft Sc #lon <— in Ee = Vows, Ene Vax tVan a LEPf Pre ta Ty : — Us8 2. ict gin “= bie —— Ee a7 DBA adi-teF = T15ille —_§_ — + ) Wein TES tata = DE - 9 Vmax 2102 _ _ eae Ymay 2 Blo > oT — ay a remercnincccc : __._— eepre Pum + Pisé+ Fusb — Pte Pe[it oo ] Q /\\ p™ re 4 yet : - PP CIIne a | 1AM Demedudahion | Ae Sonal 3 Se pa — YOems " (ec [len Tse ai 3 ough ae Wn a is furB = PerB = gh al ar. pn 5 _ m?fL/e _ Tétal power . Psat he pfs 4 P< n= me 2—MmeyA __£ a bmp PO signet ~ —\N : at tf 4 —mEC (We tum) 4 - bear : 4 dower sidt band - - a —whlAa— —fAiE—fo Cok swe) F - ati - se se OF = Vv mt m2 *toge =? on eSif: Sot No) 6s 9 Soi - dour’ signal. 4) Tmag orquny igedions. (nano (a t dom Bata = "| Lok Seniney Ls ipl = Redta z Fo ocho es 5-105 Je. sano Asha 535-160 S40. iat Briers 0° a6 / AM Module = an - Fpepxte a Y MF ; wRety _As B : 1c 3 we iw, ed 1c34 - : - - - a ~Sebetec! henna — + bokTe stg nel — (SY (Considt ctunnin fb Js chon whak will A Char pu fr Daley — > Noduletios DS high Fue Poot san | | i pak T — tH jena xen This Sig nt —t Jocaloula G = (Uhh SIG ned / durmoduilah’s In) YY alk RE met igre Pv uvuuyTwill nu chan haste - gS = aoskete Nour snviinn - TP RF sion.QO SEE. 2210 ates RP nemnct stp, Paes The \ ey i ee - | ak! tse 457, — kre LO 1655£1-Qi One input -to a Convenbalal Ava Mo I00-KH2 Come with an am plitude - Anh, Signal and input is Oo \oK\W\=. modal" ie Yat tg of Sufticienk ameitude to Conse aye Outpuk wave 1.5 Nip. O ‘Ne, ‘oh, E) Ex pression OF modutaded wave. , F Draw Xhe olp Speen 41. 7 é\ - al. Upper owe side, of! retake — 5 d abs Coehticrenbe and tent Me :. 4 \ : : Deak a Nibude of Khe, mall cabin "3 upper § lover sided frequansy Velkaggs oa 3 Moxmum & enininum ampnbide of eel, BC a) he Usk = Fe +Pin = Sookth, + ik — = po-ile Le a Fe - Fens Sookty = ae of | Mesdulakton = CoreFircionk + m= Ea < a — | ae Sn \. 7. Se Lo N _ a 7 90 . O:315 xloo = Bt 5de * . | lah. Luse> Exe mba. = O389xJo _ 946) Conte t)- ungcabre le Le —*mbs Coa Can Che em 1 a -| 18 jm y/o) \ | 7 ER 0 / ' f Lost Slaw 24m | Vl Fon = fat ie oN Le l lf _ a a f Pree 4) Tere Me: I+ @’¢? 4 _ him aan iG RE Cr Q.|64HR Numeicod LOriue): _ an th Ig00KHz _ | / te: fun Per ay ——— en ——a — | 36 7 a MA. i = — — = COOKH>?. 7 = You CUM. take Losin 7 , a> Ths 1985- Cos = Yop -_ ~ _ 7 cor » | te = U5! uss U89_ Wwo7E es = Ben ~ lod TE J > 10554 UBS = Slo \tHe. | ’ ler - ,o88-uBS = COOK. | | $= 1810 GOO ~ 2.92: [ 600 ISO: gaye ——- Tepe = i+ (80%) (eagal" 169 B41 | an > /——— eeTeasing. Feese: ' -A—_—_____ —— TE ete Error) are S| } feat hot 4 - 1 OC ob pl, be eS pectmee ¢ A AnvFt. he ater frez outer TT EGU easy + firma = foe + Teocking Evtar + Lonace ( mod fea) | aH J L PIF min = for Tra cing Srop - Liman | Mod beg) ——4—¥ |» SF ae - 2ULé2uU, fire: bug KH «ew 2 foe. — Fermin) = Liv wip — . FT €OtA fan es Xi) Naor & Ira acts} ng crror-| DSB-{ Leet ~—__| Powe A CON a aoe aG1,. -—--____——~__ > _———__ Powter dy SBS. pet = FSF | ee LBs 058- FELD. gids Bond Sp a 17-4 Donip 22 2240pered Duin Fond koalas SUMO ye a nenents Fey eta ST ee Oe ae Si Foam ——_ 2. Bun wle- ci [cr |ea | ey pds rye i yi a Pees youge O- SH eS 74 reas yale cae iad ea ae 5; oa fii Bye aaa>| L FPA | enable | E)—_ [ry | ff] 5 [Pen 98) Fm 1 at 7 } mA iplies T ass, | 1 Mul Piplen | Stat _ fEesnce 4, = t00 kH2 GRY] deca ct. toy? Wem [t Ot -BS Ho f,2 29mm lb He Oh 708 ats time ff A | eetst = to-a ie free, bipltes (atehet oscil sos [| E. tas wet ? [wo [ler | XH) = 659 -@S oct a. ~ far = yt amy ads + 4, Xe fe enn = Me tA +a,GO +4, WO4 Ws* 6 2 Ct Gx 16) Ose a 4 Gs © + Gs 20) YO) + bot b, wat b,Gs26 +b, as30 4 b.% ve - [HRD = ete boa =Example 7-12 For the Armstrong transmitter shown in Figure 7-27 and the phase-shifted carrier (V.), upper side fre- quency (Vys¢), and lower side frequency (Vj.¢) components shown in Figure 7-28, determine a. Peak carrier phase shift in both radians and degrees. b. Frequency deviation for a modulating-signal frequency f,, = 15 kHz. Solution a. The peak amplitude of the modulating component is Vin = Vase + Vise = 0.0048 + 0.0048 = 0.0096 Peak phase deviation is the modulation index and can be determined by substituting into Equation 7-71: @ = m = arctan 10 = 0.055 = 0.055° x 24 = 0.00096 rad , 180° b, Rearranging Equation 7-22 gives us Af = mf, = (0.00096)(15 kHz) = 14.4 Hz From the phasor diagrams shown in Figure 7-28, it can be seen that the carrier am- plitude is varied, which produces unwanted amplitude modulation in the output waveform, and Vecmax) occurs when Vy. and Vis are in phase with each other and with V,. The maxi- mum phase deviation that can be produced with this type of modulator is approximately 1.67 milliradians. Therefore, from Equation 7-22 and a maximum modulating-signal fre- quency finmax) = 15 kHz, the maximum frequency deviation possible is Afmax = (0.00167)(15,000) = 25 Hz From the preceding discussion, it is evident that the modulation index at the output of the combining network is insufficient to produce a wideband FM frequency spectrum and, there- fore, must be multiplied considerably before being transmitted. For the transmitter shown in Figure 7-27, a 200-kHz phase-modulated subcarrier with a peak phase deviation m = 0.00096 rad produces a frequency deviation of only 14.4 Hz «\ (i. output of the combining network. To achieve 75-kHz frequency deviation at the antenna, |. frequency must be multiplied by ap- proximately 5208. However, this would produce a transmit carrier freque the antenna of f, = 5208 < 200 kHz = 1041.6 MHz which is well beyond the frequency limits for the commercial FM broadcast band. It is ap- parent that multiplication by itself is inadequate. Therefore, a combination of multiplying and mixing is necessary to develop the desired transmit carrier frequency with 75-kHz fre- quency deviation. The waveform at the output of the combining network is multiplied by 72, producing the following signal: f, = 72 X 200 kHz = 14.4 MHz m = 72 X 0.00096 = 0.06912 rad Af = 72 X 14.4 Hz = 1036.8 Hz The output from the first multiplier is mixed with a 13.15-MHz crystal-controlled fre- quency (f,) to produce a difference signal (5) with the following characteristics: fo = 14.4 MHz — 13.15 MHz = 1.25 MHz (down-converted) m = 0.6912 rad (unchanged) Af = 1036.8 Hz (unchanged) Chapter 7‘ed modulator is a double- Suppressed-carrier wave that i i work to produce a low-index, Phase-modulated waveform. Figure 7-283 shor Sor for the Original carrier (V.), i quency components of the Suppressed-carrier wave (Vase suppressed-carrier voltage (V2) is 90° out of phase with V., bands combine to produce a component (V,,) that is always gles) with V.. Figures 7-28a through f show the Progressive and Vise. It can be seen that the output from the combining Phase is varied at a Tate equal to f,, i magnitude of V,,. From Figure 7-28, it can be seen that the peak phase deviation (mod. ulation index) can be calculated as follows: V, 8 = m = arctan (7-71) ve For very small angles, the tangent of the angle is approximately equal to the angle; therefore, Vin =m=— (7-72) 8=m v. yeetoy Viet = 0.0048 V , ” Vm “8 Ve ‘NS Veet = 0.0048 V Vm 20.0048) = (0.0096) V Ve=0V a o) Vist Viet Vust Ze Meat Vie Vn =O} Ve Vp =O} Vin *¥ Ve Vn (max) Ve - . Vest Vee mast Te) e (a) (c) ier phasor; (b) sideband phasors; addition of V,, ee een * FIGURE 7-28 Phasor ition. Part (d) shows the peel (cH{f] progressive phasor 239 le Modulation TransmissionFm genmatin hy Indirect Metwd at emsbeng L |Etoseack - —E, Sinet (me) 4,44 7] 5] Fr #} 5 FM | i -EStant | iBFa ay | Podut cfm bE | | fren TP Bit A O©— [nb | o['Sa bp anl >S = ] = U.emib Femat 7 fate kH2 ; T ashe fog? 1-4 M2, ss svete, r% ot > 8S He G> 2 | Usclabey > Ld KH * . ["] At, = 16 Ate s “s . =o: “ne | ceuont Cyd Maples. (anyches >| > flee asl \bs | Eo toy wet xe) = GQ 2 Bs Ot on qn a yt AKG) TF ee + a¥ nt. = Ae t% ws 9 + Anas O 4a Wot seort bos? 62 tat Os 26) ose» $C wot 38), ae aren | nv ad) & Lb. fey 2quency modulation frequencies above above the break 7-20-1 Armstrong Indirect FM Transmitter With indirect FM, the modulating signal directly deviates the phase of the carrier, which indi- rectly changes the frequency. Figure 7-27 shows the block diagram for a wideband ArmstrongB= SkHz BaSktz B= 10 kHz Ba BkHz ! —l a] C14 i] Bk 22.006M 22.1M 22.105M 22.1M 22.105M Modulating signal input (a) BPF requirements: sherp filter ' | .s8_————_ fo rn] 22.096 MHz 22.1 MHz 22.108 MHz (b) 17.896 MHz 17.9 MHz \ ' 20 MHz 22:1 MHz cc) FIGURE 6-13 Single conversion SSBSC transmitter, filter method: (a) block diagram: {b output spectrum and filtering requirements for a single-conversion transmitter: (c) output spectrum and fitering requirements for a three-conversion transmitter where @ = quality factor 234/307 f, = center or carrier frequency 'S = GB level of suppression of unwanted sideband Af = frequency separation between the nighest lower sideband frequency and the lowest upper sideband frequency Example 6-1 Determine the quality factor (Q) necessary for a i i filter with a 1-MHz carrier quency, 80-dB unwanted sideband suppression, and the following frequency spectrum: Filter res 0.997 MHz “THe 1.003 MHz Af = 200 kHz 232 Chapter 617.896 Miz FIGURE 6-13 Single conversion SSBSC transmitter, fiter method: (a) block diagram; (b output spectrum end fitering requirements for a single conversion transmitter; (c) output Spectrum and filtering requirements for a three-conversion transmitter where Q = quality factor fe. = center or carrier frequency ‘5 = dB level of suppression of unwanted sideband Af = frequency separation between the highest lower sideband frequency and the lowest upper sideband frequency Example 6-1 Determine the quality factor (Q) necessary for a single-sideband filter with a 1-MHz carrier fre- quency, 80-dB unwanted sideband suppression, and the following frequency spectrum: 232 Chapter 6 Solution Substituting into Equation 6-3 gives 1 MHz(log~' 80/20)' g- —~"4(200) = 125,000 Conventional LC filters have relatively low Qs and are, therefore, not selective enough for most single-sideband applications. Therefore, filters used for single-sideband generation are usually constructed from either crystal or ceramic materials, mechanical fil- ters, or surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters. 6-6-1-2 Crystal filters. The crystal lattice filter is commonly used in single- sideband systems, The schematic diagram for a typical crystal lattice bandpass filter is shown in Figure 6-14a. The lattice comprises two sets of matched crystal pairs (X, and X>, X; and X,) connected between tuned input and output transformers T, and T>. Crystals X, and X; are series connected, whereas X; and X, are connected in parallel. Each pair of crys- tals is matched in frequency within 10 Hz to 20 Hz. X, and X; are cut to operate at the filter lower cutoff frequency, and X; and X, are cut to operate at the upper cutoff frequency. The in- put and output transformers are tuned to the center of the desired peshand, which tends to spread the difference between the series and parallel resonant frequ cies. C, and C, are used to correct for any overspreading of frequenc «| “*rence under matc!\°«! crystal conditions. ‘The operation of the crystal filter is s ‘ilar (0 the operation of a bridge circuit. When the reactances of the bridge arms are equal aii uave the same sign (either inductive or ca- pacitive), the signals propagating through the two possible paths of the bridge cancel each 235/307B= 5 kHz FIGURE 6-12 Single-sideband transmitter: filter method 230 B= 5kHz B = 4.21 MHz B= 5 kHz B= 6 kHz —4- Antenna 2.1M 2.105M_ = 17.895M_17.9M #22.1M 22.105M 22.105M = 22.1M_ 22.105M DSBSC SSBSC SSBRC Bel0 ke ete B= 6 kHz B= ale 100k 106k 100k 105k = 100k = 105k. 1.895M 1.9M 2M 2.1M_ 2.1 LF carrier osc. 100 kHz SSBRC SSBRC SSBRC 14] 20M 22.1M is the center of the upper sideband frequency spectrum. The pilot or reduced-amplit carrier is added to the single-sideband waveform in the carrier reinsertion stage, which simply a linear summer. The summer is a simple adder circuit that combines the 100- pilot carrier with the 100-kHz to 105-kHz upper sideband frequency spectrum. Thus, output of the summer is a SSBRC waveform. (If suppressed-carrier transmission is sired, the carrier pilot and summer circuit can be omitted.) Chapter 6y Dodado lool Aryan Adew Syrup o Adoviy and Dalle Medulah on: Adogtin Della Modulahon: TF js used eto quanti« a a hen dtu Gaount signa ala Uh peadicald Vga, dhs allowing Si pe wwes vibictlk step Aughl un ode | pudid dtu fon. aquent Vad Advonta dapat, it uss @ dow q! le he ol A Tare hed Nit. me L ieee [ kan: Void system | Are ae , dala Searin Us fim y fous Ue hills gato de con savt eee ot Delta mo dulatien: The cute modulede lam sQa | = 1b quafize. and adil dws! okay da | — SummG_Cyuas. — Advantagu: |. ae gti2d aoe "ay a a Ae modulel> ond~ Stands fo | ida Feudbed gash an dx. | ADM fated a |