UNIT ONE

INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM

Unit overview

TEXTBOOK:

Turn to Chapter 1 on pages 2-16 of your

READING textbook and read the overview and
introduction sections.

Now turn to Chapter 2 on pages 22-40 of

your textbook and read the overview and
introduction sections.

After reading these sections, you should now understand the main elements of Unit
1. The unit is divided up into four sections corresponding to the four learning
objectives set out below.

The first section of the unit, based on Chapter 1 of your textbook, discusses the
emergence of tourism as an area of academic study. The second section looks at the
problems of defining tourism and, following on from this, the third section
examines how and why tourism is measured. The final section of the unit discusses
the historical development of tourism in order to understand the factors that have
influenced the development of tourism over the last 200 years.

Learning outcomes
On completion of this unit, you should be able to:

 Explain how tourism has developed as an area of academic

study;
 Define key terms relating to tourists and tourism;
 Explain the different forms of tourism and the difference
between domestic and international tourism; and
 Outline the changing nature of global tourism.
MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-2

Key terms
This is a list of important terms in the order that you will come across them in this
section. Where they are first used, these terms appear in bold text to help you
identify them in the context in which they are used.

Term Explanation
Tourism Involves the movement of people to, and their stay in,
(sometimes called various destinations and the products and services that
travel in the USA) attempt to provide for tourists’ needs.
Academic A field of study that has its own agreed theories and
discipline concepts.
Multidisciplinary A field of study that uses theories and concepts from a
number of other disciplines.
Reductionism Involves breaking tourism down into its component
parts and studying them individually in order to
understand more about the whole sector.
Systems approach Involves studying the interrelationships between
or whole systems different components in a system. In this way it helps
approach researchers dealing with very broad issues of tourism to
gain a better understanding of the whole sector and its
interactions with other sectors and the fact that a change,
particular activity or action undertaken in one small part
of the system or from outside the system may affect the
entire system or many of its parts.
Traveller The tourist’s region of residence.
generating region
Transit route Places tourists travel through on their way to the
region destination.
Tourist This is the place tourists visit during their holiday.
destination region
Leisure Time out from work and other personal obligations
when people are free to decide for themselves what kind
of relaxation or activity they engage in.
Social science Describes disciplines that study the behaviour and
activities of people in their environment. Amongst
others, this includes sociology, anthropology,
geography, history and psychology.
Term Explanation
 1-3 Introduction to tourism

TEXTBOOK:

You should now read Chapter 1 pages 2-

READING 18 of your textbook.

When you are reading, start by looking at the headings and the first sentence of
each paragraph. Once you know more or less what is in the text, go back and re-
read the rest of the article in detail. As you go through it, underline parts that you
think are important. Remember to have your notebook alongside you and note down
headings and other points you see as important. Note down any new words in your
notebook and check them in a dictionary or with your friends.

TOURISM AS AN AREA OF ACADEMIC STUDY

This section of the unit discusses different approaches to tourism and the study of
tourism by looking in particular at systems approaches as well as introducing new
terms.

Summary of textbook reading

Here are the main points you should have noted from your reading. Check the
points below against your own notes.

 Tourism is a relatively new field of study, and because of this

it does not have an agreed set of theories or definitions. As a result, much
research in tourism has tended to be descriptive and tourism is not always
recognised as a ‘serious’ academic discipline.

 Nevertheless, the popularity of tourism as a subject has

developed in the last twenty years with textbooks and journals and it is now
taught in many schools, colleges, polytechnics and universities from
certificate to PhD level as a respected academic subject.

 Tourism is multidisciplinary, located at the cross section of

many different subjects, and consequently uses ideas and concepts from a
wide range of other industrial sectors and academic subjects such as
economics, geography, business, sociology and anthropology. It is therefore
important to provide a tourism framework within which these subjects can be
integrated. (Look again at Table 1.1 on page 6 of your textbook.)
MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-4

 There are different ways to approach the study of tourism. In

the past, reductionism has been the prominent method. This involves
reducing tourism to a series of component parts and studying each of these
individually.

 Another approach that has gained a considerable following is a

systems approach. In contrast to reductionism, this involves studying the
whole of tourism and the interrelationships between its various components. It
can be used to provide an organising framework for the study of tourism. A
system consists of inputs, outputs, flows and external factors.

 Leiper’s tourism systems provide a simplified model of tourism

activities comprising of a tourist generating region (input), a transit region
(flow) and a tourist destination region (output) In essence, this is customers,
suppliers and products. It can be used on any geographical scale and
demonstrates how all the elements of the tourism are related and interact.
(Look again at Figure 1.3 on page 8 of your textbook.). Leiper argues that
tourism systems function at a personal level, with each tourist operating
within his or her own tourism system.

Please remember that it is in your interests to complete each activity before you
check the answers against those provided at the end of each module.

ACTIVITY 1.1


Look again at Figure 1.3 on page 8 of your
textbook. Think about Bruce, a self-employed
plumber from Sydney, who is going on a package
tour to Bali. Now answer the following
questions:

1. In this example, where is the tourist generating region?

………………………………………………………………………………
2. Name one or more places in the possible transit route region.
………………………………………………………………………………
3. What is this tourist’s destination region?
………………………………………………………………………………
4. In which of Leiper’s regions will this tourist have made his travel bookings?
………………………………………………………………………………
5. In which region will he spend the most time on his holiday?
………………………………………………………………………………
 1-5 Introduction to tourism

Discussion points
One concept that is often confused with tourism is leisure. Leisure can be defined
as things that are done in free time when work and other personal obligations are
completed. As such, tourism is a special form of leisure. Simmons and Leiper
(1998, pp. 87-89) note that tourism has a number of characteristics which
differentiate it from leisure. These are:
 Withdrawal. Tourism differs from other forms of leisure in that
it requires temporary withdrawal away from one’s normal residential region.
 Duration. Tourism tends to occur in larger blocks of leisure
time than other leisure activities.
 Infrequency. Tourism is, for most of us, infrequent whereas
other spells of leisure may occur on a daily or weekly basis.
 Socialising. Tourism provides more scope for socialising than
other forms of leisure.
 Costs. Tourism is more expensive than many other forms of
leisure.
 Exclusiveness. Tourism is a relatively exclusive activity and at
any one time only a few people in a community will be on holiday.

? Think about what type of leisure activities you

enjoy. Are these tourism?

Tourism is normally categorised as a social science, and in a university it is often

located within a school of management, business or economic development. The
placing of tourism within a department will often tell you something about how
tourism is approached in a particular university or polytechnic.

According to Tribe (1997, p. 654) tourism can be conceptualised as two distinct

fields of study - the business of tourism and the non-business of tourism. He
suggests that recently there has been greater focus on business studies, but notes
that the pursuit of non-economic tourism knowledge needs to be protected so that
this does not come at the expense of other disciplinary areas.

“..within the disciplinary approach, each discipline provides a particular pair of

disciplinary spectacles…This way, the economist may see tourism in terms of its
resources, and may see resource utilisation in terms of the production unit – the firm.
MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-6

The economist may explore the territory of efficiency of resource use, profitability, and
resource allocation within tourism. On the other hand the anthropologist may wish to
explore those issues of tourism that result from tourism generated contact between the
host and guest cultures.”
(Tribe, 1997, pp. 654-655)

Take a few minutes to think about what

perspective you will be bringing to your study of

? tourism? What perspective will your tutor

bring?

ACTIVITY 1.2

Now look at Table 1.1 on page 6 of your


textbook. Study the column that shows the
different disciplines contributing to the study
of tourism.

Which of these fall into Tribe’s business or

non-business categories of tourism?

Business of tourism Non-business of tourism

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………
1-7 Introduction to tourism
MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-8

Your notes

Use this space to note down important things that you have learnt, or things
that you want to ask during your next tutorial.

Key terms
Visitor or Anyone who travels away from home for any reason
traveller (sometimes confused with tourist in the USA).
Tourist In general terms, tourists are understood to be people
who travel away from their normal place of work or
residence (more than 80km), for less than 12 months,
for any purpose other than permanent residence or paid
employment.
Excursionist A tourist who does not spend the night in the place
(same day visitor) visited.
International A visitor who travels to a country outside his or her
excursionist normal place of residence for less than one day.
International International inbound tourists (overnight visitors) are
tourist tourists who travel to a country other than that in which
they have their usual residence, but outside their usual
environment, for a period of between one night and not
exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose in
visiting is other than an activity remunerated (UNWTO,
2018).
Domestic tourist A visitor who travels for between one day and one year
to another part of his or her country of residence.
Visiting friends A commonly used category for purpose of visit. It
and relatives categorises tourists whose main purpose is to visit
(VFR) friends and relatives.

What type of visitors are these?____________

Where are the Pyramids? _________________

But the pyramids in Las Vegas had
a twenty-four hour shrimp buffet!
 1-9 Introduction to tourism

TEXTBOOK:

You should now read Chapter 1 pages 2-

READING 18 of your textbook.

DEFINING TOURISM
This section of the unit examines different definitions of tourism and tourists,
differentiates between visitors and tourists and international and domestic tourism.
It also identifies the key characteristics of each group.

Summary of textbook reading

Here are the main points you should have noted from your reading. If you have not
already noted these key points, go back to the text again, find them and underline
them. This will make them easy to see when you revise this section.

 The broad concept of tourism is difficult to define and is often

used interchangeably with the term travel. It is normally considered to
involve:
- The movement of people;
- An economic or industrial sector; and
- A system that results from the tourists’ need to travel and the services that
supply these needs.

 Technical definitions of tourism have been developed by

organisations that wish to measure tourism flows. The key issues in defining
tourism include details of the journey, the length of stay and the activities
undertaken whilst away. (Look again at Figure 1.1 on page 5 of your
textbook.)

 It is useful to consider definitions in a hierarchy. The first layer

of the hierarchy is travellers or visitors. These terms can be used
interchangeably; ‘travellers’ tends to be used more in the USA and ‘visitors’
elsewhere. Anyone who travels away from home for any reason is a visitor.
Not all visitors are tourists, but all tourists are visitors.

 To be considered tourists, visitors are generally understood to

need to travel away from their normal place of work or residence (more than
80km), stay overnight (for anywhere between one night and one year), and
not be looking for permanent residence or paid employment. (Look again at
Table 1.5 on page 11 of your textbook.)
MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-10

 Excursionists (day visitors) are defined in a similar way to

tourists but they do not stay overnight (e.g. cruise ship visitors).
International excursionists are same day visitors to a country outside their
normal place of residence (e.g. a day trip from Samoa to American Samoa).

 International tourists are those who travel to a country other

than their own normal country of residence. Domestic tourists, on the other
hand, are those who travel within their own country of residence.

 Tourists can be categorised by their purpose of visit or travel.

Four main categories are given at the bottom of Figure 1.4 on page 11
(business, visiting friends and relatives [VFR], personal business, or
pleasure). Other categories might include sport or religious purposes.

 From reading your textbook and the above summary you will
understand that in order to decide whether visitors or travellers are tourists,
and what type of tourist they are, you need specific information about:

 Why they are travelling (purpose of visit);

 How far they are travelling from home (country and place of
normal residence); and
 How long they are away for (length of stay).

Once you have this information, you can categorise travellers according to the
technical definitions provided in the summary above. Remember that tourists not
only include holiday travellers but also visitors to a country for business, meetings,
conferences, study, religion or other activities. Although these tourists’ primary
activity is not pleasure, their secondary activities often include sightseeing, dining
out, shopping and recreation, so they may in many ways behave similarly to
pleasure tourists.

(Source:
[Link]
 1-11 Introduction to tourism

ACTIVITY 1.3
You should now look at Figure 1.5 on page 11 in


your textbook.

Using the flow diagram in Figure 1.5, and the

definitions given at the beginning of this
section, decide which of the following people
are visitors, excursionists, domestic tourists,
international tourists, or other travellers (not
included in tourism statistics). Some may fit
into more than one category.

1. Cruise ship visitor from Australia staying for eight hours at Port Vila in Vanuatu.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Foreign diplomat travelling to Tonga to work for two years.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Fijian resident travelling to another part of Fiji for a three-day funeral.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

4. A business person from Auckland in transit in Apia for 48 hours on the way to
Honolulu.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Rugby player from Tonga on tour overseas with his team for one week in Samoa.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

6. Student from Solomon Islands in Fiji for one semester to study at USP.

……………………………………………………………………………………..
MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-12

Discussion points
Although the main focus of this course is on international tourism, in some
countries domestic tourism is a very important part of the economy. It is even
thought to be greater in volume than international travel. On a worldwide basis,
domestic tourism is thought to be ten times greater in volume than international
tourism. Certain types of travellers, such as members of the armed forces, diplomats
or representatives of international organisations who stay in the country for an
extended period, can also provide an important market for domestic tourism.

Think about what type of domestic tourism

? occurs in your country. Have you ever been

domestic tourist?
a

Your notes
Use this space to note down important things that you have learnt, or things
that you want to ask during your next tutorial.
 1-13 Introduction to tourism

MEASURING TOURISM
This final section looks at the importance of, as well as the difficulties involved in,
measuring tourism flows. It also identifies some of the variables used to collect
demand-side information.

Key terms
Term Explanation
Tourist arrivals The number of travellers categorised as tourists,
crossing international borders.
Receipts Also termed expenditure, this is the amount of money
tourists spend, often calculated on the basis of average
daily expenditure per tourist. It is used as a measure of
the economic importance of tourism.
% annual change The difference between year 1 and year 2 calculated as a
percentage of year 1.
Tourism balance The total amount residents of that country are thought to
spend on tourism (expenditure) minus the total amount
tourists to that country spend
Average annual The average percentage annual change over a number of
growth rate years.
Bed places Number of beds available in commercial
(thousands) accommodation.
Market share (%) Proportion of the market (beds, arrivals or receipts)
located in a particular area.
Rank Ordering a destination or region relative to other
destinations or regions according to the number of
arrivals or receipts. The place with the highest number is
given a rank of 1 and so on.
Purpose of visit Reason why a tourist is travelling (e.g. business,
pleasure, VFR, sport).
Demand-side Information about tourists travelling to a particular
information region usually collected using face to face interviews or
questionnaires. This can include personal information
(such as age), as well as travel behaviour information
(such as expenditure and type of accommodation used).
Demand-side information is used by tourism marketers
to target their marketing campaigns.
MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-14

TEXTBOOK:

You should now read Chapter 3 pages 42-

READING 63 of your textbook.

Summary of textbook reading

Here are the main points you should have noted from your reading.

 Measuring tourism is important for research purposes. It also:

- Helps to assess tourism’s impact on the destination area (its effects and
value);
- Assists in planning and development (its volume, scale and patterns); and
- Helps with marketing activities (its characteristics).

 It is important to treat tourism statistics with caution as there

are a number of problems with their measurement. These include:
- The time lag between their collection and publication;
- The errors involved when a small sample of tourists is presumed to be
representative of all travellers to a destination;
- The differences in international definitions of tourists;
- Errors tourists make when completing arrival cards; and
- Surveys or the methodologies used to analyse the results.

 There are three important types of tourism statistics. These are:

- Statistics that measure tourist volume (tourist arrivals, overnight stays);
- Expenditure based surveys that quantify tourist receipts or spending; and
- Demand based surveys used to develop tourist profiles for marketing
purposes.

 Tourism data is collected by commercial organisations,

consultants and national government organisations. It is expensive to collect
and organisations tend to only collect that information which meets their
particular need. International organisations such as the World Tourism
Organisation (WTO) [Link] and regional tourism
organisations like the South Pacific Tourism Organisation (SPTO)
[Link] collate and publish data from a number of member nations.

 Domestic tourism statistics are often ignored as these visitors

do not always use commercial accommodation or pass through airports where
 1-15 Introduction to tourism

most surveys are carried out. It is important to remember that worldwide, the
volume of domestic tourism by far exceeds international tourism.

 The main ways used to collect tourism statistics include

counting individuals at border crossings using arrival/departure cards,
interviewing a sample of arriving or departing tourists or calculating nights
spent in commercial accommodation.

Due largely to the social and economic factors that we will explain in the next unit,
tourism is not spread evenly around the world. Not all people have an equal ability
to travel, and not all countries have the resources and services available to cater for
large numbers of tourists. Measuring tourism can give us a good idea of the
importance of tourism in different areas.

TEXTBOOK:

You should now study Table 3.2 and Table

READING 3.3 on page 59 of your textbook. Look
first at the table title and then at the
column headings. These will help you to
understand what the table is showing.

Some of the terms used in the tables will be new to you. % annual change, refers
to the difference in tourist arrivals between the year shown and the previous year, as
a percentage of the previous year. Tourism balance is what residents of a country
are thought to spend on tourism (expenditure) minus what tourists to that country
spend (receipts). The average annual growth rate is the average annual change
over a number of years. Bed places are the number of beds available in commercial
accommodation. Market share is the proportion of the market (beds, arrivals or
receipts) located in a particular area or region. Finally, the rank given to a
particular country is its position, relative to other countries, in terms of whatever is
being measured (in this case arrivals) The place with the highest number is given a
rank of 1 and so on.
MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-16

ACTIVITY 1.4

 It is important that you understand the terms

above so you can interpret tables of statistics.
Refer to the key terms at the beginning of this
section and the previous readings and try to
answer the following questions:

1. How many world-wide international arrivals were there in 2003?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

2. How many US$ did tourism generate in Europe in 2003?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

3. What was the average annual growth rate between 2002-2003 in the East Asia
Pacific region?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Which were the top five ranking countries in terms of tourism arrivals in 2003?

……………………………………………………………………………………..
Asia Pacific Region Map

(Source: UNWTO, 2022)

 1-17 Introduction to tourism

Discussion points
Various categories can be used to measure tourists. These are:
 Age;
 Gender or Sex;
 Education;
 Occupation;
 Purpose of visit;
 Income;
 Family or group
composition;
 Length of stay;
 Type of transportation;
 Expenditure; and
 Type of accommodation.

This is called demand-side information. This type of information is normally

collected using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Other important but less
detailed information is gathered using arrival and departure cards. These cards are
designed to help categorise tourists and also provide some basic demand-side
information about the characteristics of tourists.

On the following page you will find an arrival

card for visitors entering New Zealand.
Compare the card with the socio-economic
categories listed above.

? Now instead of completing the form, try to

write in each box which category of information
it is requesting.
MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-18

New Zealand arrivals card

 1-19 Introduction to tourism

Your notes
Use this space to note down important things that you have learnt, or things
that you want to ask during your next tutorial.

GLOBAL PATTERNS OF TOURISM

There are no key terms being introduced in this section.

The purpose of this section of the unit is to convey some sense of tourism’s
geography and significance on a global scale. Despite the fact that tourism is
considered by some to be a rather lightweight academic subject, it is certainly not a
lightweight industry. You should be reassured by the fact that this is one of the
largest (if not the largest) industries in the world, and a field very much worthy of
attention.

TEXTBOOK:

You should now read Chapter 1 pages 2-4

READING of your textbook.

Then go on to read pages Chapter 3 44-

63 of your textbook and examine the
statistics in Appendix 1 again.
MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-20

Summary of textbook reading

Tourism statistics go out of date rapidly but some important ones are included
below to give you an idea of the scale and scope of current international tourism.
The geography of international tourism will be covered in more detail in TS213
International Tourism.
 Although estimates vary, tourism is generally regarded as the
world’s largest industry.

 Global patterns of tourism vary due to the volatility or

unpredictability of the industry which can result in rapid changes in fortune of
different tourism destinations. For example – look at the downturn in Fiji’s
tourism arrivals and earnings after the 2000 and 2006 coups.

 Europe remains the most visited of all regions of the world and
the East-Asia Pacific region is experiencing the highest growth rates.

 Global patterns of tourism are measured in terms of

international arrivals (measured at international borders) and receipts (see
previous section for definitions), regional patterns, hotel capacity and the
ranking of destinations.

 Domestic tourism is estimated to be ten times greater in volume

(number of arrivals) than international tourism. Domestic tourism is harder to
measure because it is less visible, more informal and less structured than
international tourism. It is used to help calculate the economic importance of
tourism for marketing and planning purposes.

 Between 1997-1998, tourism arrivals grew by 2.5% to 635

million, and receipts rose to US$439 billion. In 1997 tourism receipts
comprised 8% of the exports of world goods and 35% of services.

 Global tourism is divided by the World Tourism Organisation

into six regions. These are:
- Africa
- Americas (USA and Canada);
- East-Asia Pacific;
- Europe, Middle East; and
- South Asia.
 1-21 Introduction to tourism

In 1999, Weaver and Oppermann (2000, p.3) noted that tourism accounted for 6%
of the global economy, or US$8 trillion (as much as agriculture and mining). In
2007, the WTO registered 898 million international arrivals, a growth rate of 6% on
the previous year. Domestic tourism is thought to have been in the region of 8
billion trips based on the premise that domestic tourism is estimated as ten times
greater than international tourism (Page & Connell, 2006, p.52).

Table 1.1

International International Change Change

tourist tourist (2018 to (2017 to
Rank Destination
arrivals arrivals 2019) 2018)
(2019) (2018) (%) (%)
1 France – 89.4 million - 2.9
2 Spain 83.5 million 82.8 million 0.8 1.1
3 United States 79.3 million 79.7 million 0.6 3.3
4 China 65.7 million 62.9 million 4.5 3.6
5 Italy 64.5 million 61.6 million 4.8 5.7
6 Turkey 51.2 million 45.8 million 11.9 21.7
7 Mexico 45.0 million 41.3 million 9.0 5.1
8 Thailand 39.8 million 38.2 million 4.3 7.3
9 Germany 39.6 million 38.9 million 1.8 3.8
2.2
10 United Kingdom 39.4 million 38.7 million 1.9

(Source: UNWTO, 2020).

ACTIVITY 1.5

 Examine the above Table and Table 3.3 and

Table 3.4 of your textbook again and then
answer the following questions:

1. Describe the trend in international arrivals between 2005-2006.

MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-22

……………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Which years had the highest growth rates in arrivals over this period?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Rank the WTO world tourism regions in terms of international receipts in 2006.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Did China or Canada have the greatest number of arrivals in 2006?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

Discussion Points
The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) ([Link]) estimates that
tourism accounts for more than 200 million jobs worldwide. This means that one in
every fifteen people is working, either directly or indirectly, in the tourism industry.

Think of the people you know who are working.

How many of them are directly or indirectly

? working in the tourism industry?

Europe, and to a lesser extent the Americas, have for some time dominated
international tourism. However, 2002 was also the year for the Asia-Pacific region.
For the first time in the history of the tourism industry, it surpassed the Americas to
become the second most visited region of the world. In 2002 the Asia-Pacific region
received 130 million international arrivals, a growth rate of 7.9%.

? Think about what factors may have led to this

increase and whether this is still the case
today.
 1-23 Introduction to tourism


ACTIVITY 1.6
Look at Tables 3.3 and 3.4 on page 59 of your
textbook and try to answer the following
questions:

1. Why did the Asia Pacific region become very competitive for inbound tourism from
outside the region following the Asian financial crisis?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

2. What do you think are the top Asian destinations?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Rank the top five world destinations in 2006.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

5. In which two Asian countries did international arrivals increase most between
2005-2006?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

Your notes
Use this space to note down important things that you have learnt, or things
that you want to ask during your next tutorial.
MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-24
 1-25 Introduction to tourism

REVIEW QUESTIONS
Here are some self-assessment multiple choice questions to help your revision.
Only one answer is correct.

1. Which of the following is not a feature of tourism?

a) Tourism arises from the movement of peoples to, and their stay in, various
destinations.
b) The journey and stay of a tourist take place outside the normal place of
residence and work.
c) The tourist’s movement to a destination is a short-term, temporary
phenomenon.
d) All tourists use hotel accommodation during their visit to a destination.

2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Leiper’s tourism system?

a) A tourist or traveller.
b) Service quality.
c) A generating region.
d) A transit region.

3. Which of these statements is correct?

a) Domestic tourism involves journeys from the home region to a destination
for at least 24 hours.
b) Domestic tourism comprises any trip within the tourist’s country of
residence to engage in a holiday.
c) Domestic tourism involves visits to a place within the traveller’s normal
country of residence.
d) Domestic tourism involves a trip away from a person’s normal place of
residence within a country for at least 24 hours.

4. Which of the following statements is untrue?

a) Tourism statistics are used to evaluate the significance and magnitude of
tourism in specific regions.
b) Tourism statistics are used to quantify the contribution to the economy and
balance of payments.
c) Tourism statistics are used to establish government attitudes to tourism.
d) Tourism statistics are used to evaluate and assess the effect of marketing
and promotion activities by tourism organisations.

5. Which of the following characterises a tourist?

a) The tourist is a member of a transient and highly mobile population.
b) The tourist is able to influence the price of tourism products.
MODULE 1: Unit 1 1-26

c) The tourist can be measured in a statistical sense with relative ease using
social surveys.
d) The tourist is consistently measured as a category of immigration in every
country using universally accepted criteria.

TUTORIAL EXERCISES
You should do the relevant reading(s) and prepare notes on the following questions
to be discussed in tutorial each week. Please ensure you have done your readings
before you attend tutorials.


Read Insight 1.1 on pages 14 of your textbook
“The impact of the London bombings on
tourism”.

Now answer the following questions:

1. Tourism is often described as a “volatile economic activity that can be

subject to shock waves, such as the oil crisis in 1970s, Gulf War, the Asian
Economic Crisis in 1997 and 1998, the effect of 9/11 and the impacts of
SARS. How did the London bombings affect tourist arrivals?

2. What recovery strategies were implemented to increase visitor arrivals

following the London bombings?

3. How did media reports affect tourist behaviour and travel patterns?
 1-27 Introduction to tourism

REFERENCES
These are sources that have been referred to in your study guide. Those texts
mentioned in the ‘Summary of textbook reading’ are referred to at the end of the
appropriate chapter in your textbook and have not been repeated here.

It is not necessary for you to find these texts. However, it is important to note the
referencing system used here in preparation for writing your assignments.

Simmons, D. & Leiper, N. (1998). Tourism Systems in New Zealand and Australia,
In H. C. Perkins & J. G. Cushman (Eds.), Leisure, Recreation and Tourism in
New Zealand and Australia (pp. 86-108). Auckland: Addison Wesley Longman.

Tribe J. (1997).The Indiscipline of Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24 (3)

(pp. 638-657)

World Trade Organisation. (2003). WTO in Asia and the Pacific 2002. Madrid:
World Tourism Organisation.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
If you are particularly interested in some of the themes discussed in this unit, this
section points you to some online resources. If you do not have access to a
computer, you will not be disadvantaged. These are not compulsory reading.

International tourism organisations:

[Link]
[Link]

Follow the links to your textbook and find additional information at:
[Link]/share/page

For information on tourism definitions, go to:

[Link]