Students should be able to:
Understand concepts and fundamentals in
expression / operator
Write expression in C programming language
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Given the following statement:
2x + 3 – z = y
expression
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Process involves in money withdrawal scenario
balance – drew out money = current balance
Expression in C :
currentBalance = withdrawMoney – balance;
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Operator
example
x+3 - z
Operand
arithmetic
Consists of
relational
logical
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Known as
Mathematic Expression
using
Arithmetic Operator
Unary Operator Binary Operator Ternary Operator
Represents by Represents by
Operator Meaning
Operator Meaning
* multiply
- Negative
/ divide
+ Positive
% modulus
-- Decrement
+ add
++ increment
- subtraction
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Arithmetic operators can be used with any numeric type.
They operate on numbers and the result is a number.
The type of the result depends on the types of the operands.
If the types of the operands differ (e.g.: an integer added to
a floating point number), one is “promoted” to other.
The “smaller” type is promoted to the “larger” one
char int float double
Result of an operator depends on the types of operands
If both operands are int, the result is int
If one or both operands are double/float, the result is
double
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Unary Operator Operates for one operand
example
Computer memory cell
a = -20
a -20
b = +15
b +15
Increment Decrement
Prefix ++h --h
Postfix h++ h--
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EXERCISE 1
int A = 5;
++A;
printf(“%d”,A); // output??
A--;
printf(“%d”,A); // output??
A++;
printf(“%d”,A); // output??
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EXERCISE 2
int B;
B = 2;
printf(“%d”, 3 + --B); // output??
printf(“%d”, B); // output??
B = 9;
printf(“%d”, 3 + B--); // output??
printf(“%d”, B); // output??
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EXERCISE 3
Given the value of num1 = 8. Determine the
value of num2 after the execution for each of the
following statements:
num2 = num1++ - 2;
num2 = num1;
num2 = ++num1 – 3;
num2 = num1-- +1;
num2 = num1;
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Located between constants or variables
Binary operator
or both combination
example
A + z
Operator
Operand
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Multiplication Use symbol " * "
example
A * z
Operator
Operand
Mathematic Arithmetic Expression
2x + y 2*x+y
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Division Use symbol " / "
example
A / z
Operator
Operand
Mathematic Arithmetic Expression
2÷y 2/y
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int x = 5;
float y = 2.0, result; The result of the “double
result = x / y; division” is 2.5.
printf(“%f”, result);
Before the division
result = 5.0 / 2.0 process, 5 is promoted
result = 2.5 from integer 5 to float
5.0
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int x = 5, y = 2, result;;
result = x / y; The result of the “integer
division” is 2.
printf(“%d”, result);
There is no promotion
result = 5 / 2 occurred. Both operands
result = 2 are the same type.
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Modulus Use symbol " % "
example
A % z
Operator
Operand
Return a balance when 2 numbers is divided
Can only be used with an integer variable
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int A, B;
float C;
A = 2;
B = 5;
C = 2.4;
B % A; Valid answer is 1
C % A; Invalid! C is float
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Output for
B/A=2
int A, B;
2
float C; 2 5
A = 2; 4
B = 5; 1
Output for
B % A;
B%A=1
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Has two parts and requires three
Ternary operator
operands.
2nd operand
is a value
example
(a > 2) ? 1 : 0
1st operand 3rd operand is
is a condition another value
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Store value or result of process to variable
Use operator symbol “=”
Assignment statement
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variable = value;
Format
Syntax
variable = constant; or variable = variable;
variable = expression;
1. average = (6 + 4) / 2; average 5
2. grossSalary = 1800; grossSalary 1800
nettSalary = grossSalary + 300; nettSalary 2100
3. price = 55.00; price 55.00
pay = price; pay 55.00
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int a = b = c = d = e = 250;
int b = 2, number = 0, total = 0, average = 3;
int age = workhour = 0;
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Operator Expression Meaning
+= total + = 300 total = total+ 300
-= total - = count+ 300 total = total - (count + 300)
*= total *=300 total = total * 300
/= total /= count– 10 total = total / ( count –10)
%= total % = 7 total = total % 7
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To determine the order in which different operators.
The higher precedence will done first followed by the lower
precedence.
Compiler will follows the following precedence to execute the
arithmetic expression based on priority.
Operator Priority
() First
++, -- Second
*, /, % Next
+, - Last
If the operators have the same precedence, then follows the rules
of associativity
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Example
1. 5 + 2 * 6 – 4 / 2 2. 3 * 4 / 2 + ( 3 – 1 )
5 + 12 - 4 / 2 3*4/2 + 2
5 + 12 - 2 12 / 2 + 2
17 - 2 6+2
15 8
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Example
3. Prefix unary arithmetic expression
int kira = 5, nilai_pertama = 10;
nilai_kedua = 5 * --kira + nilai_pertama;
printf(“%d %d”, kira, nilai_kedua);
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Example
3. Prefix unary arithmetic expression
int kira = 5, nilai_pertama = 10;
nilai_kedua = 5 * kira-- + nilai_pertama;
printf(“%d %d”, kira, nilai_kedua);
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Associativity can be form either the left or the right
Left associativity evaluates expression by starting
on the left and moving to the right
Right associativity –from right to the left
Associativity is used only when the operators all
have the same precedence level
Example: Associativity from left to right
3*8/4%4*5
((((3 * 8) / 4) % 4) * 5)
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Compiler will follows the following associativity to execute the
arithmetic expression if the operators have the same precedence.
Operator Associativity
() Left to right
+ (unary), - (unary), ++, --, ! Right to left
*, /, % Left to right
+, - Left to right
<, <=, >, >= Left to right
==, != Left to right
&& Left to right
|| Left to right
?: Right to left
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= Right to left
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Example: Left associativity
3*8/4%4*5
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Example: Right associativity
a += b *= c -= 5
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Header file designed for basic mathematical
operations (math.h)
Syntax #include <math.h>
Below are lists of some common math
functions:
Function Description
sqrt(x) compute the non-negative square root of x
pow(x,y) computes x raised to the power of y
cos(x) compute the cosine of x (measured in radians)
sin(x) computes the sine of x (measured in radians)
tan(x) compute the tangent of x (measured in radians)
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Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
int x = 25, y;
y = sqrt(x);
printf(“%d”, y);
}
5
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1. Convert the following mathematic expression to a valid
arithmetic expression :
a) b = 3 + b b) x = (a – b)(a – c2)
a+4
c) d = (3e – d) - ( 4 – 3c3 ) d) r = 2s + 3(s – 9)
x–9 4y s
2. Given a= 3, b = 5, c=1. What is the output of the following
expression?
a. ( 6 * c – 6 / a) - b b. (5 * c) +( a* b / b)
c. ++a d. c + a * c / (3 * c)
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3. Assume i, j and k are integer variables with i = 5 and j = 3.
Determine the value for each of the following statement:
a) k = j++; b) k = i * j--;
c) k = j + i * j++; d) k = ++j;
e) k = i * --j; f) k = 27 / j++ - 16 % i;
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use
Relational Operator
Combination of more than one statement
Consists of
Produce
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Operator Description
== Equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
!= Not equal
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Notes:
a, b and c are variables.
Replace with the given values
int a=6, b =1, c = -2;
1) a+ b == c 2) a != b
6 + 1== -2 6 != 1
7 == -2
Answer: 0 (False) Answer : 1 (True)
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int a=6, b =1, c = -2;
3) b < c 4) b + c <= a
1 < -2 1 + -2 <= 6
-1 <= 6
Answer: 0 (False) Answer : 1 (True)
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Notes:
Relational operator has less
priority than other operators.
int a=10, b = 3, c = 7; Start evaluating from left to right.
(a+b >= 3*c)==( a != 2*c+b)
(10+3 >= 3*7)==(a != 2*c+b)
(13 >= 21)==(10 != 14+3)
(13 >= 21)==(10 != 17)
0 == 1
0 (false)
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An Example program which uses Relational Expression
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int age;
printf(“Please enter your age: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &age);
if (age > 21)
printf(“You are qualified to vote”);
return 0;
}
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use
Logical Operator
Combination of one or more expressions
Consists of
Produce
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Operator Description
&& AND
|| OR
! NOT
Logical operator && and || is used between 2 or
more relational expression
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Logical operator truth table for AND
AND (&&) Logical Operator Result
False AND False False
Value 0 1
False AND True False
0 0 0
True AND False False
1 0 1
True AND True True
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Logical operator truth table for OR
OR (||) Logical Operator Result
False OR False False
Value 0 1
False OR True True
1 0 1
True OR False True
1 1 1
True OR True True
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Logical operator truth table for NOT
NOT (!)
Logical Operator Result
Value Result
False OR False False
!0 1
False OR True True
!1 0
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Evaluate the following logical expression:
a) (2 < 5 ) && ( 5 < 10) b) (7 % 2 < 2) || ( 2 * 3 == 6)
1 && 1 (1 < 2) || (6 == 6)
1 1 || 1
1
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Evaluate the following logical expression:
Given a = 3, b = 4;
c) !((5 * b <= 23 - a )) d) ! ((b +3 != 8) && ( 3 * a < 2))
!((5 * 4 <= 23 – 3)) !(( 7 != 8 ) && ( 9 < 2 ))
!(20 <= 20) !( 1 && 0 )
!(1) ! ( 0)
0 1
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An Example program which using Logical Expression
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int marks;
printf(“\nPlease enter your marks >> ”);
scanf(“%d”, &marks);
if (marks >= 85 && marks <= 100)
printf(“\nGred A”;
else if (marks >= 80 && marks <= 84)
printf(“\nGred A-”;
return 0;
}
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1. Given with i = 2, j = 5 and k = 15. Evaluate each of the following expression:
a) i>j–k g) k == j + i * j
b) i != k h) k <= k / j
c) (i >= 1) && (j == 5) i) (j < i) || (k > j)
d) ! (i > j) j) (i > 0) && (j < k) || (k < i)
e) i<j<k k) i * k < k / j
f) (i < j) && (j < k) l) i–j>k
2. Complete the following statements with suitable logical expression.
int angka1, angka2;
if (angka1 is less than or equal to angka2)
printf(“%d is less than or equal to %d”, angka1, angka2);
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