Module 6 Compressible flow field visualization methods
Portion in red are important
Topics
1. Streamers, Liquid films, smokes
2. Optical methods
2.1 Shadowgraph
2.2 Schlieren technique
2.3 Interferometer
3. Subsonic compressible flow field -measurement (Pressure, Velocity and
Temperature)
3.1 Temperature
Inserting probe, near wall temperature, stagnation temperature
probe
3.2 Pressure
Measurement of static pressure, stagnation pressure, Prandtl pitot
static probe, Kiel probe
3.3 Velocity
Measurement in subsonic and supersonic flow, Hot wire
anemometer- constant temperature and constant current type
4. Wind tunnels- closed circuit and open circuit type
5. Shock tubes
Module 1
Velocity of fluid is denoted by “v” as well as “c”
Important derivations
1. Conservation of mass, momentum and energy
2. Expressions for velocity of sound
√ k
ie. a= dp , a=√ γRT and a= s
dρ √ ρ
3. Bernoulli’s equation for isentropic compressible flows
4. Effect of Mach no on compressibility
5. Impulse function
6. Stagnation relations
7. Various regions in flow and adiabatic ellipse
Short answer questions
1. Difference between control volume and system approaches. Closed, open
and isolated systems.
2. Continuum? Under what condition the concept is valid?
3. Law of conservation of entropy
4. Mach no and significance
5. Crocco No.
6. Reference Mach no ..significance…. flow classification
7. Reference velocities
8. Critical speed ..expression
9. Regimes of fluid flow..adiabatic ellipse
10. Critical states
11.Pressure field created by a disturbance
12.Mach angle and Mach cone
13.Flow around a wedge
Module 2
Important derivations
1. Effect of area variation on flow properties
2. Area ratio as a function of Mach no
3. Expression for mass flow rate and mass flow rate in terms of Mach no
Short answer questions
1. Isentropic flow –governing equations
2. Shape of nozzle and diffuser
3. Choking in isentropic flow
4. Impulse function ratio
5. Flow through nozzles and diffusers under varying pressure conditions
Module 3
Important derivations
1. Shock wave formation and governing equation
2. Prandtl-Mayer relation
3. Mach no downstream of a normal shock
4. Property variations across a normal shock- can be asked as short answer
questions
5. Rankine- Hugoniot relations
Short answer questions
1. Events leading to the formation of shock waves
2. Types of waves- orthogonal, oblique, attached. Detached,
compression waves, expansion waves
3. Assumptions in shock theory
4. Change in entropy across normal shock
5. Shock strength
6. Show that entropy and pressure always increase across a shock
7. Formation of oblique shock waves
8. Supersonic flow over compression and expansion corners
Module 4
Important derivations
1. Fanno relations for a perfect gas
2. Differential governing flow with friction
3. Differential equation for momentum
4. Expression for dv2/v2, dp/p, dρ/ρ, dT/T, dp0/p0, dF/F as a function of γ
and M2.
5. Maximum length of a duct
Short answer questions
1. Fanno flow –concept-assumptions
2. Governing equations
3. Change in entropy due to friction
4. Fanno curve explanation- how friction in a constant area duct
affects the flow if the flow is i) initially subsonic, ii) initially
supersonic
5. Choking in Fanno flow
6. Expression for impulse function
Module 5
Important derivations
1. Locating maximum entropy and enthalpy points
2. Property relations for a perfect gas
3. Maximum possible heat addition
Short answer questions
1. Rayleigh flow-practical examples-assumptions
2. Governing equations
3. Effect of heat addition and extraction on the flow velocity in a constant
area duct in subsonic and supersonic flow situations
4. Explain how enthalpy changes in Rayleigh flow when heat addition
continues beyond maxm enthalpy point
5. Choking in Rayleigh flow
