MA-414 (Galois Theory)

Tutorial-6

March 30, 2023

Notation: For any prime number p > 0 and an integer n > 0, we denote by Fpn
the finite field of order pn .

1. Show that for any integer n > 0, there is an irreducible polynomial f (X) 2
Fp [X] of degree n.

2. Let F be a finite field of characteristic p > 0. If ↵ 2 F be a root of a polynomial

f (X) 2 Fp [X], show that ↵p is also a root of f (X).

3. Let F be a field such that F ⇥ := F \ {0} is a cyclic group. Show that F is a

finite field.

4. Let n, r be two positive integers such that r divides n. Then for any prime
r n
number p > 0, show that X p X divides X p X.

5. Find the number of distinct irreducible polynomials of degree 3 over the field
F3 .

6. Let F be a finite field. Show that the product of all non-zero elements of F is
equal to 1 in F .

7. Show that every element of Fp has exactly one pth root.

8. Factorize X 16 X in F4 [X] and in F8 [X].

n
9. Show that the polynomial X p X factors over Fp [X] as the product of all
monic irreducible polynomials of degree d, where d divides n.

10. Let ↵ 2 Fp . If E/Fp (↵) is an algebraic field extension, determine if E is

separable over Fp or not.

11. Let F be a field of characteristic p > 0. Show that f (X) = X p X a 2 F [X]

is reducible over F if and only if f (X) has a root in F .

12. Let F be a subfield of C such that F is not a subfield of R. Show that F is a

dense subset of C in the standard topology.

13. Let F be a finite field. Show that, for each element ↵ 2 F , there exists , 2F
such that ↵ = 2 + 2 .

1
14. Let E be the unique finite field of order pn . Show that for every m 1
there is a unique extension Km of E such that [Km : E] = m. Show that
Aut(Km /E) = hF rn i. (HINT: Imitate what we did in class for n = 1)

15. Show that every element of Aut(F̄p /Fp ), except for the identity map of F̄p , has
infinite order.

/ F p . Show that
16. Let F be a field of characteristic p > 0. Let ↵ 2 F̄ and ↵ 2
n
Xp ↵ 2 F [X] is irreducible, for all integer n 1.

17. Let F be a field. Let f (X) 2 F [X] be a monic irreducible polynomial of degree
at least 2 such that all of its roots (in an algebraic closure of F ) are the same.
n
Show that char(F ) = p > 0, for some prime number p and f (X) = X p ↵,
for some integer n 1 and ↵ 2 F .

18. Let F be a field of characteristic p > 0. Let E/F be a finite degree field
extension such that p - [E : F ]. Show that E is separable over F .

19. Let F be a field of characteristic p > 0. Show that ↵ 2 F̄ is separable over F

n
if and only if F (↵) = F (↵p ), for all integer n 1.

20. Let f (X) 2 F [X] be an irreducible polynomial of degree n > 0. If the charac-
teristic of F does not divide n, show that f (X) has no multiple roots.

21. Let F be a field and let V be an F vector space. Let Vi ⇢ V be finitely many
proper subspaces. If V = [ri=1 Vi , show that there is a subset S ⇢ {1, 2, . . . , r}
such that

(a) V = [j2S Vj
⇣ ⌘
(b) For j 2 S, we have Vj 6⇢ [l2S\j Vl .

(We are simply finding a minimal collection whose union is V ) So we may

assume that V = [ri=1 Vi and the Vi satisfy the second property above. Let
v1 2 V1 be such that v1 2 / [i6=1 Vi . Similarly, let v2 2 V2 be such that v2 2
/
[i6=2 Vi . Show that for any i there is at most one 2 F such that v1 + v2 2 Vi .
If F is infinite, show that V cannot be written as a finite union of proper
subspaces.
p p
22. Let F be a field of characteristic p > 0. Let E = F ( p ↵, p ), for some
↵, 2 F , be such that [E : F ] = p2 . Show that

(a) F is an infinite field,

(b) E 6= F ( ) for any 2 E, and
(c) there are infinitely many intermediate field extensions of E/F . Contrast
this with the situation when we have a Galois extension.

23. Let F be a field of characteristic p > 0. Let E/F be a finite extension. Let
[E : F ]i = pn be the inseparable degree of E/F . Suppose that there is no
r
exponent pr , with r < n, such that the composite field E p F is separable over
F . Show that E = F (↵), for some ↵ 2 E.

2
24. Let F be a field of characteristic 6= 2. Let F ⇥ := F \ {0}. Let E/F be a
quadratic field extension (that is, [E : F ] = 2). Let

S(E) = {a 2 F ⇥ : a = b2 , for some b 2 E}.

2
(i) Show that S(E) is a subgroup of F ⇥ containing F ⇥ .
(ii) Let E and E 0 be two quadratic extensions of F . Show that there is an
F -isomorphism : E ! E 0 if and only if S(E) = S(E 0 ).
(iii) Show that there is an infinite sequence of quadratic field extensions Ei /Q,
i 2 N, such that Ei Ej , for all i 6= j in N. Contrast this with the fact
that for a finite field K, and for an integer m > 1 there is only one
extension of K of degree m.

3
Sd Consider the polynomial
gee XP X E Fp Ex

Let E be a splitting field of go over a field

Ip Then we know that El P why
Hence IE Fp n
Also Ip is perfect E Fp is algebraic
Hence E Fp is separable
F LE IE S t IE Fp Cd
Let f by e Fp x be an irreducible polynomial
of d over Ip Then deg fay E Fp n

Hence f is required polynomial

Let fax sent any od t t do E FpEx

Tfrippose def is a root of a polynomial fat
Then f 2 o 2 t and t do o

Consider flap LP't and'm t ta

12 PT a Ln Pt Go
Gif Ep a P Ai fi on n
il
P
tht and t 1 Go
O
 Method I
se I Char CIF o

Fince I e IF chance o I 0C IF
A
A C

Note that Q is subgroup of F

If F is cyclic then so is O
But we know that Q is not cyclic
hence Chan CK to

Caset Chan F p
Then Fp C F
Since F is cyclic I d e F s.t L
IF Ip d
Consider the element 2 2 E IF
If 2 2 0 a 2 2 4 3
if charCIF
if char IF
2
2 7 IF
2 1
I 3
a Fetz We
II are done

If 212 to a 242 E F I 2417 4K for some REZ

h o o 2 2 2 2 0 X as LEIF
h o a d is root of the polynomial
x K ie FpEx 2 is algebraic Fp
IF Fp is finite a F is finite
heo te d is root of the polynomial
of sit z o e d is algebraic Ip
IF is finite
 Method 2 In case of char CF 2

Suppose IF is infinite field

Then so is IF
But then IF I 21 Cas K is cystic
only cyclic group of
infinite order is 121 H

Let It be a subfield of IF geinerated by

1

i
It char IF O then E O and I Q
which is not cyclic

Which is finite and has p 1 elements

And again we set ontrudiation as the one
subgroup of I 2 are 0 or cyclic group of
infinite ante

Rede It char CF 2 then in method I

we can take the element 2 E IF instead of
2 I
 XP X x xp 2 2
x yeah 47 1
Let Me M E Z Then
ph z pet at
pl 27 palm t palm t 27
p 21 k where he f t 2 E Z

Hence XP x x xp in
k
1h
X XP 2 yh
2
X XP 1 RPS 2 t 2
XP X XP 2 t 2

XP X xp X

Method E

Let 2 be a soot of XP X
Then LP 2
ape P LP g
LP L
Pre 2 repeat the process n time
or use induction
is also root ok XP X
F x I Phx If
 first find the number of distinct monic
irreducible polynomials of degree 3 over the
field Is

The idea is to find all monic polynomials of

degree 3 and remove all the reducible
Monie polynomials

Let A be the set of all monic seducible

polynomials degree 3
Since every seducible poly in IF ex has
atleast one root in Fs A Ao U A V Az
where Ai is the set of all monic redunible
polynomials with ie IF as a root

NCA NCA UA UA
n Cao nertilthCA NCAonA NCA nAz
n CANA n CA NA NA
9 9 g 3 3 3 2
19

irreducible monic polynomials in E x

total monic poly seducible monic poly
27 19 8
 irreducible polynomials in IF Ex 8 2 16

Method 2

irreducible polynomials in E x
monic
total monic poly seducible monic poly
27 seducible monic poly

Reducible monic polys are of the form

Cal De al Coc't betel where octboctc is
irreducible in E3 Ex
b Coe ay Coo b Coo e a b C E Is

Monie irreducible polynomial of the form

of boat C E F x

If Total monic poly of degree 2

monic seducible poly of degree 2
g 31 33
9 6 3

i polynomials of the foam a

3 3 g

fi polynomials of the form Cb

poly with three repeated roots
poly with two repeated roots
pols with no repeated roots
 poly with three repeated roots 3

poly with two repeated roots 3 6

pols with no repeated roots

351 1

3 6 2
polynomials of the form b 20

I irreducible monic polynomials in E x

27 J 2 8

ethod L
Suppose IF is a finite field of
char IF p
Then Ifp CIF
Suppose IF Fp n

Then we know that every element of

F is soot of the poly set x
Hence all the nonzero elements of IF
is root of the poly XP l I
product of non zero elements of IF
is 2 by root coefficient relation
 Mff off t then
21 fit
net
Also note that a 24117
Hense thy product of all non zero elements 2

so Method 2
Let de p suppose I P J E p sit
pP 2 y perp per ca pP p
JE y
Method 2 Ideas
Show that Frobineons map scrap is
automorphism

I Note that Fa 0,2 a tea where a is

Sol of the equation sets 12 E IF X

Similarly Fg 0,2 d ltd ah 1 22 2 22,1 2 22

IF L
where 4 is root of the ear octost e F Ex

Noo X X X x 2
X x 23
X X 2 Ex't 27
 X C X 17 Cx4 x3 x Xt 1 x2 1 11 x8 X7 xS x4 x'txt
X X 17 x txt l CX 1 34 24 1 XO xs 74 4
x 1

X Xxl CX'tx til x4tX 42 4 11 744 3 11 Xttxtl

in F Ex

GIFT penance ath

If't t c 012 sat I or't ax t 21 Oct fath x t1
Oct t be I octant at Oct Atl x t ath
24 toe 2 Coc Oct a ICKX t 9 11

ftp.vice X X X X 17 Cx 97 xta.tt exttdxtll

x2 fath x T1 cos't Unctad or't Cdt Oct 19th
oil ocean octet Catil

IIIs
Since Fic Fa Is 3 L
172in 24123
212 Eg 4
3 4
Let
Iie Each and bet pay be
2 8 an irreducible poly of 8 over Fe
Fe Then deg peg 4
3 87 4
But 212 s 8 17212

Henie pees is also minimal

p
poly of 8 over 8
Hence by easy argument one can say that factorization
of X X oven Is is same as oven Fi
 Sot We know that the roots of XP X E FpEx in IF
forms a field Fp
Let L E Fpr and let 8 bbEFp x be the monic
irreducible of 2 Then clearly f can I XP X
Now let E Fp Lil E Ipu
Hence deg Cf 1317 E Fp Fpu Fp n
Similarly bet are Fp be sit 2 is not soot
of f cop and let to Gb E IfpEx be the monic
irreducible pots of 2 Then clearly faces set se
Now let Ez Fp 4 E Fpr
Hence deg film Ez Fp n
In general let the Eph be 5 t 2h is not soot
of flan fun all and let fable e FpEx be the
monic in poly of da Then clearly face xp se
Now let Eu FpChal E Fp
Hence deg then Eu Fp Fpu Ap n

Since Fp is finite field the above proiess

must it at stage t
Hence stop is why fig
Here each fi is irreducible and degeti h
Also these are all the irreducible polynomial
of degree d where din c this is belause
if din then there is unique extension of
degree d over Ip and its contained in Eph
Hence one result will follow 18
Ed
Ed f g algebraic
algebraic IE Fp is
Ip CL algebraic septable
I as deep as Ip is
Fp perfect

clear

Suppose fax has no soot in F

Kim t is irredulible over F

Note that text XP x a

XP I x z a
P
X 2 ex 2 a

fax 1
Define a map
of IF x IF x
x 1 Oct2
Then clearly 0 is an isomorphism
Note that f is fixed by 0 hence the
irreducible factors are permuted by
Let the irreducible factors be Mi fi tn
Since there is no soot in IF we have hep

205 I 4pz acts on M hence we get a

homomorphism 03 I 21pz Sn
From nip we deduce that this honor is
trivial hence the action is trivial so all
irreducible factors are fixed by 0

Check O does not fix any polynomials of

degree 1,2 Pt
Suppose pan of t a sent da he 12,2 Pt
Patil Get't't Ann titlist a
och not't ane si t r t It an it t
sch at an och t t fi tant te
a t an I t a
a Cm o in

Hence the only irreducible factor can be 8

itself

Method 2 for G
Let LEE be a roof of top of a a EFX
Since for facts all the roots of fog are
9 242 Lt p 1
Hence ten be 11 x 4 1 X Catp 11 e IEN
 Suppose for is reducible in F Ex
Then I got E IFE S.t Sbs tap and
I e deg I goes nd p de.ge too

Let 961 foe a tail x ath Coc a tint then

the coefficient of send d 1 t d t t 12 so
nd that ten
na t Chit In Elf
since half is invertible di In E p CIF
LEF

In Let Cl F be the minimal closed

subset of A which contains IF

Gin c CIF is subfield of A

Let atib and aid E C2 CF then
I antiba c tide e I sit
a ibn atib entidn aid
Content icbnt d l ath ti bad
Hence Catib aid E ACF
Similarly Catiblcaidt Catibl
I
E CIC 7

Noo OCF a IRC C CF C E

Fatibe IR a R fc2 CI a CCF Q If
II Suppose chaste z

Then the A REIF St L p then 2 p't 02

Suppose char F p 7
We consider the map
0 F Ft
a tear

Then of t c if that can be written as a

for some AEF

If Gca och then we have

O al b a b rathe
Hence we have a b on a b

Since b o p n we knoo that b b

Thus the map d is a too to one map

Thue there F
are
IFI left square elements in

Since O is also a square in 17 there are

IFII i
III
square elements in the field I
Put A a'last We just observed that
IAI
HIII
Fix an element see IF and consider the subset
B Loc bl be
Clearly IBI IA IFI
Observe that both A and B are subsets in F
and IAI IB IF 2 IF
and hence A B cannot be disjoint

Therefore there exists a be IF set d k b

Oct act b
Hence ever elements at is the sum of
two square

Ed Consider the tower of extension

Note that E Fpr
Kmg Let Epmn be a field consistings of
E roots of sense
n
Then it is unique field of
Fa order pun containing E Done in
class
 Note that Aut Km E C Ant Ckmlap Fey
Sinne subgroup of cyclic group is cyclic body
Ant km E is also cystic

Moreover Ant Kate L Fe where

k is the smallest positive integer s t
Fa E Ant C Km E
Also o Aut kn E M as kn E3 m
Feb id Fa id a nm km
lk
By minimality of t pen

Sol Let re Aut Ep Fp

Suppose oco o Then we claim that 6 id
It is enough to show that ol ya it t d 1
Suppose ocr em
Consider extensions Fp E Mpd e Fpdm
Note that 61 pane Ant Fpdm
fp L Fu
pan
Hence F r e 0.1 dm i S.t 6 Fspam
ppm
But Col pan id a Fepan id
dm an car offerary dm
die
I hd for some k

But then 6 Fpd fo pan Ap Fagan Epd id

as s hd
Sol Let de E X IF
pan XP L E IF X

Let PEE be the root of pens

Then XP 2 XP PP's x pP

Let fax x pit be the irreducible

IF
polynomial of p in x

Ed a p
Suppose se p then P E IF
Let d phr where p.m 2 o then

E
Since pre a pp'm e pp
Since spine na p't my h
IS t 2 5 t.ms tph z
Ms pkt tph ph
Is ttp's ph
pph pls pint e IF
apply
P I pp e IF
Le IFP X i
Cal char CIFp so for some prime number p
Suppose not that is char IF o
Let this It one knit t do die IF n 2
Since all of its roots are same Csa 27
Then 2 is also root of D font not't
A E F x

Note that Deaton 0 as neo in Fl and

d is sort of it
Which is contradiction as minimal polynomial
of 2 is for

b By theorem 4.4.2 it is enough to show that

d F is purely inseparable where 2 is
root of fan
Let Be IFK IF then IFCD IF K FCPDs
ICP IF
But FCL 35 2 IF P Is I
B is not separable
Since p is arbitema and Fca IF is finite
FCK IF is purely inseparable
Sof Note that LE F E Is E F i
Also E is of the foam ph for
some h so

p t
Since E D E D I
EE F E IF
E F is separable

Soi

Suppose d IF lap then

Claim d is separable over IF
Suppose not
Let fear fear be a minimal poly of 2
Then I goes f Ex Sit for gear as

4 is not separable
g LP o

Let his E FIX be a minimal pols of d

then her I 969
Since IFK CLP we have
IFC IF IFAD IF deg Choo e deg Seol
L P deg Sen deg g exp deg fam
ECI IF I
 Suppose de F is separable over F

Cy FCK LP F men

Fix Nein
Clean IF CAPT E Ca

Let tell be the minimal polynomial of 2

over IF and gon be the minimal polynomial
of LP over IF
IFCLP IF deg gas E deg fam IFK P

Waite for real where L is

It
splitting field of fine FX

Note that for every of Ant LIF OCP

is a root of gloss and these roots are
P
distinct as rep G CLP o CAPE 6 a
6 2 J CH T 61 5

Hence deg g FCL I IFCLP

21 IF CLP B
Id Let de F be a root of ten anoint anita
G FIX where an to and p kn p is characteristic of IF
Note that Die too havoc t ta O E FIX

Since fan is irreducible and D Ct 0

C fall D 8617 2
fax has no multiple roots

Len in Here V 11 Vi If I u s.t Vic else

then take S 1,2 r If not then we can
remove that Uj and repeat this process Eventually
we get s that satisfies a b

iit Suppose fi s t 7 ME IF CA Ml and

U Ate U MU E Vi
G u u evi Uz evi X
Iii Suppose IF is infinite
Then there is infinitely many elements of the
form Vit 762
If V can be finite union of proper subsets Ui's
then there exists ie S s.t Vi contains
infinitely many elements of the form Vit 762
Which is contradiction to Iii

Sol
a We know that every finite field is perfect
that is IF FP
Here I IF is finite
If IF is finite then so is E
Hence E is also perfect
Hence E EP
Which is contradiction as EP IF E

b If ye I 8 f Fa Ppl JPG why

LIFT F P
Hence E Ffr
Cl Suppose not
Let Ei En be a different intermediate extensions
Then E I Ei Note that each Ei is
vector space over Which is iontreediction
to previous question as IF is infinity

go
Method
 Let a be SCE then I a b e E s t
a ai b b
ab Cd bit where a b e IE t Abe Sff
SCE is closed under multiplication

Also at fail fail a are SCE

SE is subgroup of A
Clearly YF C SCE C IF

Ii Suppose there is an F isomorphism

G E E
Gim SCE SCE't
Let see SCE e Fa EE sit 2 92
Goes 0cal say
Oc lay Aca E IE
see SIE
 Suppose SCE SCE's
Since E 3 2 Id E E S t I FCL
and LEIF
Since SCE SCE FREE sit R2 d
and p F I LF FCP
Define a map 0 E E
L p
Check O is isomorphism

iii For a paine p define Ep OCP

Note that SCEp SCE if p 9
as PE Scap and P S Eal cheek
Hence Ep Eg if ptg I