TRANSPORT LAYER
Transport layer is responsible for process to process delivery.
For process to process communication the client/Server paradigm is used
Addressing
o At the transport layer we need an address called a port number
o Port numbers are 16 bit integers
o Internet has decided to use universal port numbers for servers known as well-known port
number.
o IANA Ranges (Internet Assigned Number Authority)
Well-known ports 0-1023 are assigned and controlled by IANA.
Registered ports 1024 – 49151 are not assigned or controlled by IANA they can only
be registered with IANA to prevent duplication.
Dynamic ports are neither controlled nor registered they can be used by any
processes.
o Socket address
The combination of the IP address and the Port number is known as the Socket Address.
the Socket address defines the process uniquely on the net.
transport layer protocols require a pair of socket addresses one for client side and one for
server side.
o These 4 pieces of information are part of the IP header and the transport layer protocol
header. IP header contains the IP address and the TCP/UDP header contains the port
number.
CONNECTION LESS VS CONNECTION ORIENTED SERVICE
o Connection less service the packets are sent without connection establishment
connections are not numbered packets maybe delayed arrive late or lost.
there is no acknowledgement either. Example : UDP
o Connection-Oriented services
a connection is first established between sender and receiver data are transferred then the
connection is closed. Example : TCP, SCTP
UDP ( user datagram protocol )
o Connection less unreliable transport protocol does not add anything to the services of IP
also performs limited error checking
o User Datagrams also called UDP packets
Have a fixed size header of 8 bytes
The UDP checksum calculation is different
here checksum includes 3 sections :
a pseudo header, the UDP header, data coming from application layer.
pseudo header is part of the IP header packet in which the user datagram is
encapsulated.
o Connection less services
UDP provide a connectionless service.
Process that uses UDP cannot send data and expect UDP to chop it into different
related user datagrams.
Each request must be small enough to fit into one user datagram
Only processes sending short messages should use UDP.
o Flow and error control
There is no flow control mechanism in UDP.
There is no error control mechanism in UDP except checksum.
This means that the process using UDP should provide these mechanisms.
o Queuing
In UDP queues are associated with ports.
o Uses of UDP
Suitable for processes that require simple request-response communication with
little concern for flow and error control, not used to send bulk data.
Suitable for process with internal flow and error control mechanisms.
UDP is suitable protocol for multicasting.
Used for management processes such as SNMP
Used for some route updating protocols such as RIP.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
Connection oriented protocol, adds connection-oriented and reliability features to the services of
IP.
TCP segments the data coming from the application layer also called byte streaming
Uses 3 way handshake to establish a connection.
TCP uses piggybacking for more efficient transmission of data.
It has error control and flow control
Also has congestion control.
TCP HEADER
o Min 20 bytes (160 bits).
o
