JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY-MOLO, INC.

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS

Learning Module
GMMW – Math in the Modern World

Name of Student: ___________________________________________

Year and Section: ___________________________________________

Contact Number & Email Address: ___________________________________________

Instructor: ___________________________________________

Prepared by:

RUDY PEREZ, M.A. Ed. (Math)

First Semester 2020

 MODULE 2: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS
Objectives:

At the end of the lessons, the students must be able to:

1. Classify group of words or symbols as mathematical expressions or

mathematical sentence.
2. Identify the verbs in the mathematical sentence.
3. Write the English sentences into mathematical symbols.
4. Express logic statements into symbols
5. Acknowledge that Mathematics is a useful language.

Lesson A: The Language of Mathematics

Characteristics of a Mathematical Language

1. It is precise because it can be stated clearly.

2. It is concise because it can be stated briefly.
3. It is powerful because it is capable of expressing complex ideas into simpler
forms.
4. It is nontemporal (no tenses) which makes it so unique as compared to other
languages.
5. It also has vocabulary and parts of speech.

Examples of Mathematical Symbols

✓ Σ − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓
✓ ∃ − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
✓ ∀ − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦)
✓ ∈ −𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 (𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓)
✓ ∉ −𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 (𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓)
✓ ⊆ −𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓
✓ ⇒ −𝑖𝑓 … , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
✓ ⇔ −𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓
✓ ℝ − 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
✓ ℕ − 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
✓ ℤ − 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠
✓ ℚ − 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
✓ ∞ − 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦
Parts of Speech for Mathematics

1. Numbers are the very first symbols that can be used to represent quantity.
These are nouns (objects) in the English Language.
2. Operation symbols like, +, ÷, ∧, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∨, can act as connectives in a
mathematical sentence.
3. Relation symbols such as =, ≤, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∼ are used for comparison and act as verbs
in the mathematical language.
4. Grouping symbols such as ( ) , { } , and [ ] are used to associate groups of
numbers and operators.
5. Variables are letters that represent quantities and act as pronouns.

❖ You want to learn more? Visit the URL below to extend your knowledge.
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwKfiXGdo1A

Lesson B: Expressions and Sentences

Mathematical Expression – refers to objects of interest acting as the subject in the

ordinary language.

✓ Is a group or characters or symbols representing a quantity and/or an

operation.

Examples of Mathematical Expressions

69
1. 𝑛 + 19 4. 7. 2𝑒
𝑦
4
2. 𝑥 − 36 5. 5 𝑧
3. 34𝑥 6. 5 + 2

Verbal Phrase and their Equivalent Expression

Mathematical Sentence – is a sentence with a complete thought and which can be
regarded as true or false.

Open Mathematical Sentence – is a sentence which could be true or false depending

on the value or values of unknown quantities in the sentence.

Closed Mathematical Sentence – is a sentence which is known to be true or known to

be false.

Examples of Mathematical Sentence

• 5 plus 2 is equal to 7.
(Here the symbol “+” is a connective while “=” is the verb.
5+2=7
The sentence is true.)

• 10 divided by 2 is less than 3.

(Here the symbol “÷” is a connective while the operator “<”
10 ÷ 2 < 3
is the verb. The sentence is false.)
Truth of Sentences

✓ Mathematical sentences may either be true or false but not both.

Examples: Write as English sentences and say whether they are true or false.

a. ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 2 ≥ 0
b. ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
c. ∃𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ, 𝑚 − 𝑛 ≤ 𝑚 + 𝑛
d. ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℚ, 𝑎𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 0 ∨ 𝑏 = 0

Solution:

1. For any real number 𝑥, its square is greater than or equal to 0. True
2. For any real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, the square of their sum is equal to the sum of
their squares plus twice their product. True
3. There exist integers 𝑚 and 𝑛 such that 𝑚 minus 𝑛 is less than or equal to 𝑚
plus 𝑛. True
4. For any rational numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏, if their product is zero, then either 𝑎 or 𝑏
equals 0. True

Examples: Write as mathematical sentence. Discuss how the word “is” is used.

a. Ten is the square root of 100.

Solution: √100 = 10. Here “is” is used for equality.

b. Ten is greater than 9.

Solution: 10 > 9. Here “is” is used for inequality.

c. Ten is an even number

Solution: 10 ∈ {2𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ}. Here “is” is used to say that the number 10
belongs to the set of multiples of 2.

Lesson C: Operations on Mathematical Expressions

Set – is a well-defined collection of objects.

Elements/Members – is the object of the set

Examples of Sets

1. 𝐴 = {𝑥/𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 10}

2. 𝐶 = {𝑥/𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑡 }
 3. 𝐸 = {𝑥/𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠}

Two Ways to Represent The Elements of The Sets

1. Roster Method – lists down all the elements and separated by comma.

Examples

Set A is the set of counting numbers less than 6.

Roster Method: 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4,5}

Set B is the set of all days in a week.

Roster Method: 𝐵 = {𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑇𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑊𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑦}

2. Set Builder Notation – presents the elements by stating their common

properties. It is useful when describing infinite sets.

Examples

𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4,5,6}

Set Builder Notation: 𝐴 = {𝑥/𝑥 ∈ ℕ, 𝑥 ≤ 6}

𝐵 = 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 5

Set Builder Notation: 𝐵 = {𝑥/𝑥 = 5𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ}

Empty/Null Set – is a set with no elements.

✓ Represented by { } 𝑜𝑟 ∅

Example

𝐾 = {𝑥/𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 2 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1}.

Finite Set – is a set whose elements are limited or countable.

Example

𝑆 = {𝑥/𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 10}.

Infinite Set – is a set whose elements are unlimited or uncountable.

 Example

𝑀 = {𝑥/𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 }.

Unit Set – is a set with only one element, it is also called singleton.

Example

𝑉 = {𝑥/𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 3}.

Cardinal Number of a Set – is the number of elements or members in the set.

Example

𝑃 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}; the cardinality of set 𝑃 is 𝑛(𝑃) = 5

Equal Sets

✓ Two sets are equal (𝐴 = 𝐵) if and only if 𝐴 and 𝐵 have the same
elements.

Example

𝐴 = {𝑡, 𝑒, 𝑛}; 𝐵{𝑛, 𝑒, 𝑡} 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

∴𝐴=𝐵

Equivalent Sets

✓ Two sets are equivalent (𝐴~𝐵) if and only if 𝐴 and 𝐵 have the same
number of elements.

Example

𝐴 = {𝑙, 𝑜, 𝑣, 𝑒}; 𝐵{ℎ, 𝑎, 𝑡, 𝑒} 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝐵) = 4

∴ 𝐴~𝐵

Subset of a Set

✓ Set 𝐴 is a subset of set 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵, if and only if every

element of 𝐴 is also an element of 𝐵.
 Example

Suppose 𝐴 = {𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒}, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴 ⊆

𝐵, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐵.

Proper Subset of a Set

✓ Set 𝐴 is a proper subset of set 𝐵 (𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵) if and only if every element of

𝐴 is in 𝐵 but there is at least one element of 𝐵 that is not in 𝐴.

Example

✓ Suppose 𝐴 = {𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒}, 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒}, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 =

{𝑒, 𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝑑} 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐶 ⊄ 𝐵.

Language of Functions and Relations

Relation – is a rule that relates values from a set of values called the domain to a
second set of values called the range.

✓ Is a set of ordered pairs.

Function – is a relation in which, for each value of the first component of the ordered
pairs, there is exactly one value of the second component.

✓ A function can be described in the following ways:

• Verbally
• Equations or formulas
• Diagrams

Example

Which of the following is a function?

1. 𝐴 = {(−2, 4), (−1, 1), (1, 1), (2, 4)}

2. 𝐵 = {(4, −2), (1, −1), (1, 1), (4, 2)}

Solution:

1. Set A is a function since every first element in any ordered pair (x, y) is
assigned with exactly one element.
f
-2 1
-1
1 4
2
 2. Set B is not a function since 1 is paired with two numbers, -1 and 1, which
violate the definition of a function.

f
1 -1
-2
4 1
2

Unary and Binary Operations

Unary Operation – accepts only one value or operand

✓ The plus and minus signs may not mean addition or subtraction when
they are attached before a single number.
✓ Instead, they are read as positive and negative signs.

Examples

1. −5
2. sin 𝑥
3. cos 45°
4
4. tan 5

Binary Operation – takes two values, and include addition, subtraction,

multiplication, division, and exponentiation

Examples

1. 4 + 5 = 9
2. 13 − 7 = 6
3. 6 𝑥 8 = 48

Properties of Binary Operation

1. Closure of Binary Operation

✓ The product and the sum of any two real numbers is also a real number.
✓ ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 ∈ ℝ
Example

To test for closure property, we choose any two positive integers, 8 + 4 = 12,
and 5 + 10 = 15. Notice that the sum of two numbers of the set, the result is always a
number of the set. Thus, it is closed.

2. Commutative of Binary Operations

✓ Addition and multiplication of any two real numbers is also a real
number
✓ ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 (addition)
✓ ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 = 𝑦 ∙ 𝑥 (multiplication)

Example

1+2=2+1

5∙2=2∙5

3. Associative of Binary Operations

✓ Given three real numbers you may take any two and perform addition or
multiplication as the case maybe and you will end with the same answer
✓ ∀𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ, (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑧 = 𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)
✓ ∀𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ, (𝑥 ∙ 𝑦) ∙ 𝑧 = 𝑥 ∙ (𝑦 ∙ 𝑧)

Example

(3 + 7) + 9 = 3 + (7 + 9)

(5 ∙ 7) ∙ 3 = 5 ∙ (7 ∙ 3)

4. Identity Elements of Binary Operations

✓ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 + 𝑒 = 𝑒 + 𝑥 = 𝑥
✓ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 = 𝑒 ∙ 𝑥 = 𝑥
✓ This means that the identity is the number that you add to any real
number and the result will be the same real number

Example

✓ 7+0=0+7=7
✓ 5∙1=1∙5=5

5. Inverses of Binary Operations

✓ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 + (−𝑥) = −𝑥 + 𝑥 = 0
1 1
✓ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ∙ (𝑥) = 1; where 𝑥 in ≠ 0.
𝑥
Example

✓ 14 + (−14) = 0
1
✓ 17 ∙ (17) = 1

Lesson D: Some Fundamentals of LOGIC

Why do most people argue over some issue and never get to the bottom of it?
In many cases, the disagreement lies on not being able to present sound arguments
based on facts, or failure to convince the contending party using logical arguments.
To avoid such a scenario, Mathematics employ the powerful language of logic in
asserting truths of statements.

Logic – is defined as the science or study of how to evaluate arguments and reasoning.

Proposition/Statement – is a declarative sentence which is either true (T) or false (F)

but not both.

Example

1. Each of the following statements is a proposition. Some are true and some are
false. Can you tell which are true and which are false? If it is false, justify your
Answer.
a. 9 is a prime number.

Answer: False because prime numbers have no other factors than 1 and
itself.

9 can be expressed as 3 x 3.
b. 5+3=8

Answer: True

Propositional Variable – is a variable which is used to represent a proposition.

The Truth Table

✓ Is a table that shows the truth value of a compound statement for all
possible truth values of its simple statements.
Negation

✓ A statement is a negation of another if the word is not introduced in the

negative statement. Let 𝑃 be a proposition.
✓ The negation of 𝑃 is “not 𝑃 ” or ¬𝑃.

𝑷 ¬𝑷

T F

F T

Examples

What is the negation of the following statements?

1. 𝑃: √2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.
2. 𝑅: 6 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.

Solution:

1. √2 is not a rational number or √2 is irrational. In symbols, ¬𝑃.

2. 6 is not an odd number or 6 is an even number. In symbols, ¬𝑅.

Logical Connective – combines simple statements into compound statements.

✓ A logical connective is the Mathematical equivalent of a conjunction in

English.
✓ The most common conjunction in Mathematics are “and” and “or” which
are denoted by ∧ and ∨ respectively.
 Propositional
Connectives Symbols Example Read
Logic
Not 𝑝 ( 𝑝 is
Not negation ¬ ¬𝑝
false)
𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 (Both
And/But conjunction ⋀ 𝑝∧𝑞
𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 are true
𝑝 𝑜𝑟 𝑞 (Either 𝑝
is true, or 𝑞 is
Or disjunction ⋁ 𝑝∨𝑞
true or both are
true)
Implies conditional → 𝑝→𝑞 If 𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞
𝑝 implies 𝑞 and
If and only if biconditional ↔ 𝑝↔𝑞 𝑞 implies 𝑝
𝑝 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑞

P Q 𝑷∧𝑸 P Q 𝑷∨𝑸
T T T T T T

T F F T F T

F T F F T T
F F F F F F

Implication/Conditional

✓ Suppose 𝑃 and 𝑄 are propositions. The proposition 𝑃 → 𝑄 (read as “if 𝑃

then 𝑄") is called the implication.
✓ 𝑃 is called the premise and 𝑄 is called the conclusion.

Other ways of reading 𝑃 → 𝑄 are:

✓ 𝑃 implies 𝑄
✓ 𝑄 if 𝑃
✓ 𝑄 is implied by 𝑃
✓ 𝑄 only if 𝑃
 P Q 𝑷→𝑸

T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T

Biconditional/ Bi Implication

✓ The statement 𝑃 ↔ 𝑄 is true if and only if both 𝑃 and 𝑄 are either both
true or both false.

P Q 𝑷↔𝑸

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F T

Example: Write the following in symbolic form using 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 for statements and
the symbols ¬, ∧, ∨, →, ↔ where

P: Mayor Treñas is a good mayor.

Q: City Officials are corrupt.

R: People are happy.

 a. If Mayor Treñas is a good mayor, then the city officials are not corrupt.
b. If the city officials are not corrupt, then the people are happy.
c. If Mayor Treñas is a good mayor and people are happy, then the city
officials are not corrupt.
d. Mayor Treñas is not a good mayor if and only if city officials are corrupt and
the people are not happy.
Answers:
a. 𝑃 → ¬𝑄
b. ¬𝑄 → 𝑅
c. 𝑃 ∧ 𝑅 → ¬𝑄
d. ¬𝑃 ↔ (𝑄 ∧ ¬𝑅)

Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive

Suppose 𝑃 and 𝑄 are propositions. Given the implication 𝑃 → 𝑄. Its converse is

𝑄 → 𝑃, its inverse is ¬𝑃 → ¬𝑄, and its contrapositive is ¬𝑄 → ¬𝑃.

That is,

Given: If 𝑃 then 𝑄

Converse: If 𝑄 then 𝑃.

Inverse: If not 𝑃 then not 𝑄.

Contrapositive: If not 𝑄 then not 𝑃.

Inverse Converse Contrapositive

𝑷 𝑸 ¬𝑷 ¬𝑸 𝑷→𝑸
¬𝑷 → ¬𝑸 𝑸→𝑷 ¬𝑸 → ¬𝑷

T T F F T T T T

T F F T F T T F

F T T F T F F T

F F T T T T T T
Example: Give the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the following implications:

a. If this movie is interesting, then I am watching it.

b. If 𝑝 is a prime number, then it is odd.

Answers:

a. Converse: If I am watching this movie, then it is interesting.

Inverse: If this movie is not interesting, then I am not watching it.
Contrapositive: If I am not watching this movie, then it is not
interesting.

b. Converse: If 𝑝 is an odd number, then it is prime.

Inverse: If 𝑝 is not a prime number, then it is not odd.
Contrapositive: If 𝑝 is not odd, then it is not a prime number.

Quantifiers – are used to describe the variables in a statement

Types

1. Universal Quantifier - is usually written in the English language as “for all” or

“for every.” It is denoted by the symbol ∀.

Examples

• All professors handling Mathematics are accountant graduate.

• Each of the students taking Mathematics in the Modern World must have
75 grades in order to pass the subject.
• Every square has four equal sides.
2. Existential Quantifier – is expressed in words as “there exists” or “for some.”
This quantifier is denoted by ∃.
• Some parents are strict.
• There exists a relationship between Mathematics and Physics.
• There is a number whose square root is 5.

Constructing Truth Tables

Examples: Let p and q be propositions. Using truth tables, show the following.

1. 𝑝 → (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
2. (𝑝 ∧ (∼ 𝑞)) ∧ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞)𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Solution:

1.

𝒑 𝒒 𝒑∨𝒒 𝒑 → (𝒑 ∨ 𝒒)

T T T T

T F T T

F T T T

F F F T

2.

𝒑 𝒒 ~𝒒 𝒑 ∧ (∼ 𝒒) 𝒑∧𝒒 (𝒑 ∧ (∼ 𝒒)) ∧ (𝒑 ∧ 𝒒)

T T F F T F

T F T T F F

F T F F F F

F F T F F F
 ❖ You want to learn more? Visit the URL below to extend your knowledge.
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVKgYlLofZU&t=182s
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RC8DMNaYEbI

REFERENCES:

1. Sobecki, D. Math in Our World, 4th Edition

2. Earnhart, R. et. al., (2018) Mathematics in the Modern World (Outcome
Based Module)
3. Baltazar, E.C. et. Al., (2018) Mathematics in the Modern World
4. Nocon and Nocon (2018) Essential Mathematics for the Modern World
5. Reyes, J.A. (2018) Mathematics in the Modern World (OBE Approach)

Online Sources:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwKfiXGdo1A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVKgYlLofZU&t=182s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RC8DMNaYEbI