of natural or employ the behavior of

physical same humans as a

UNDERSTANDING science is scientific people or
often model in human
CULTURE, SOCIETY AND characterized order to societies,
as fixed and obtain their
POLITICS straightforwa information. production,
rd, with the Some and
constant branches of operations.
element of each science This type of
standard even employ. science is
What is Science? measuremen Both natural also very
Science is both a body of knowledge and a ts. Physical and social concerned
and natural science with cultural
process. In school, science may sometimes
sciences components. and human
seem like a collection of isolated and static work in a Both have contexts and
facts listed in a textbook, but that's only a small closed general laws tries to
part of the story. Just as importantly, science is system that have explain how
also a process of discovery that allows us to where numerous the world
link isolated facts into coherent and variables can applications. works. Its
be controlled, Both use main aim is
comprehensive understandings of the natural
and the work empirical and to study the
world.
is executed measured complex and
within a data that is ever
intellectual and practical activity encompassing particular observable changing
the systematic study of the structure and framework or by the phenomena
behavior of the physical and natural world paradigm. senses. that occur in
through observation and experiment. Additionally, human and
theories in social life as
both well as their
According to Britannica Inc., Science, any sciences can interactions
system of knowledge that is concerned with the be tested to with one
physical world and its phenomena and that produce another.
entails unbiased observations and systematic theoretical
experimentation. statements
and general
propositions.
In general, a science involves a pursuit of
knowledge covering general truths or the
operations of fundamental laws.
Introduction to Social Sciences
Basically science is a system of knowledge that
is concerned in providing description,
prediction, and explanation/understanding of Social sciences has origin in the common stock
the physical world and its phenomena. of Western philosophy and shares various
precursors, but began most intentionally in the
Science has two categories: Natural Science early 19th century with the positivist philosophy
and Physical. of science. Since the mid-20th century, the term
"social science" has come to refer more
generally, not just to sociology, but to all those
disciplines which analyze society and culture;
Science Similarities Social Social
from anthropology to linguistics to media
sciences
studies.
The Both revolve
methodology sciences around the
The idea that society may be studied in a Disciplines under Social
standardized and objective manner, with
scholarly rules and methodology, is Sciences
comparatively recent. While there is evidence of
early sociology in medieval Islam, and while Social science is both multidisciplinary and
philosophers such as Confucius had long since interdisciplinary. Like natural and physical
theorized on topics such as social roles, the science wherein it carries various branches
scientific analysis of "Man" is peculiar to the within, same goes with social sciences that
intellectual break away from the Age of have various branches called disciplines.
Enlightenment and toward the discourses of
Modernity. The main disciplines are: Anthropology,
Sociology, Economics, Geography, Demography,
In today's time, social science is called the History, Political Sciences and Psychology.
“Science of Society.” It focuses on studying the
following: (1) Changes in human relationship Each discipline carries a different lens –
brought about by events; (2) Interactions imagine looking at one issue using differently
between humans and their social and physical colored eyeglasses.
environment; (3) Effects and implications of
past events to the present time; and (4) Social According to David Sills, editor of the
systems, process, and institutions – and how International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences,
humans relate to these. social sciences differ in their scope from one
generation to another, making the areas under
Social Science has been given an array of social sciences flexible
definitions by many authors, depending on the
situation at the time. The following are some
prominent definition given by people in the field
of Social Sciences: Anthropology Sociology Psychology

Considered The study of The study of

1. Peter Lewis – “Social Sciences are as the the origins, the mind and
concerned with the laws that govern society complete organization, the ways of
and the social department of man.” So, we can “Science of and thought in an
say that social sciences embraces all those Man,” institutions, attempt to
subjects which deal with human affairs. The because it and explain the
focuses on development ways people
social sciences overlap each other.
the of human think, act and
integration of beings and feel. It is the
2. Merriam-Webster - “A branch of science that Social how these science of
deals with the institutions and functioning of Sciences, findings mental
human society and with the interpersonal Humanities, apply to process and
relationship of individuals as members of Physical society behavior. The
society.” Sciences, today. emotions are
and Human studied.
Biology. The
3. Mitchell – “Social Science is any study study of the
concerning man and society. It should refer to origin and the
the application of scientific method to the study physical,
of the intricate and complex network of human social, and
relationships and the form of organization cultural
designed to enable people to live together in development
and behavior
societies.”
of humans.
 Finally, we can say that anthropology describe
the distinctive features of different culture, and
Economics Political Geography
3d3 Sciences organizes fundamental similarity among human
The beings around the world. In terms of nature,
The 4W, The distribution scope, and fields of anthropology differs from
distribution organizations of the one another, because anthropology have two
and people have features of scope and fields these are Physical / Biological
consumptiee developed to the physical
Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology and
on of make rules environment
resources, and laws for and of the Applied Anthropology
goods and their society. people who
services use those Biological anthropology, also known as
among features physical anthropology, is a scientific discipline
individuals concerned with the biological and behavioral
and groups aspects of human beings, their extinct hominin
within a
ancestors, and related non-human primates,
society.
particularly from an evolutionary perspective.

Cultural anthropology refers to the customary

Goals, Nature, and Perspective ways of thinking and behaving of a particular
population or society. It includes language,
religious beliefs, food preferences, music,
Anthropology work habits, gender roles, how they rear their
children, how they construct their houses, and
The word "anthropology" comes from the Greek many other learned behaviors and ideas that
anthropos ("human") and logia ("study"). have come to be wildly shared or customary
Anthropology is the study of people everywhere among the group. Sub-classification under
— today, yesterday, and long ago. cultural anthropology are: Archeology,
Linguistics, and Ethnology
According to Gwaynne and Hicks, 1994 -
“Anthropology is the study of people and all the Applied anthropology refers to the application
things they do, think, say and make”. Same of method and theory in anthropology to the
with Jary and Jary, 2005 said that analysis and solution of practical problems. In
“Anthropology is the study of human beings, as much as anthropology proper comprises
divided into the branches of biologically four sub-disciplines -- biological, cultural,
oriented, physical anthropology and social linguistic, and archaeological anthropology --
oriented, social anthropology” the practical application of any of these
sub-disciplines may properly be designated
According to Havilland, W. A.1975 "applied anthropology". For example,
“Anthropology the study of human kind ethnography may involve assessing the current
everywhere, throughout time , seeks to produce and recent historical cultural characteristics of
useful generations about people and their the community, linguistics may be applied to
behavior and to arrive at the fullest possible restoring language competence, and biological,
understanding of human diversity”. or more specifically "medical" anthropology
may be applied to determine the factors
With these definitions we can say that the contributing to dietary deficiency diseases, etc.
characteristics of Anthropology focus mainly
on: (1) study of human beings; (2) scientific Based on the characteristics and classification
process; (3) explain human diversity; (4) of Anthropology, Anthropologists across the
Tendency to make generalizations. subfields use unique perspectives to conduct
their research. These perspectives make
anthropology distinct from related disciplines – the theory that sees society as the result of
like history, sociology, and psychology — that three stages of historical development : The
ask similar questions about the past, societies, theological stage , Metaphysical Stage and
and human nature. The key anthropological Scientific Stage .The Theological Stage: The
perspectives are holism, relativism, developmental period from the beginning of the
comparison, and fieldwork. There are also both human life to the end of European Middle age
scientific and humanistic tendencies within the A sociologist is interested in the general study
discipline that, at times, conflict with one of social behavior as it occurs in groups (large
another. or small), and lays special stress on
understanding social life in the contemporary
These are the different goals of anthropology: world. The word 'general' has been used as
Discover what all people have in common – by other social science disciplines deal with more
studying commonalities (folklores, traditions, specific areas. It is, however, difficult to draw an
language, etc.) in all humanity; Produce new exact line of difference. Social psychology,
knowledge and new theories about humankind social anthropology, political science and
and human behavior – This new knowledge is economics are all in a sense.
then applied in an attempt to alleviate human
challenges; Discover what makes people As sociology is a relatively young discipline
different from one another in order to compared with the discipline of philosophy,
understand and preserve diversity – economics and political science, sometimes,
Anthropology attempts to answer questions people confuse it with social work.
like, “What does it mean to be a Filipino and a
citizen of the world?” It is not enough that Sociology is used in the discipline of social
anthropologists find out the characteristics that work to analyze and understand social
make Filipinos unique, it is also important to problems. Social work is concerned with the
emphasize the Filipino traits that makes them uplift of those socially deprived, physically
“one” with the rest of the world; Look at one’s handicapped, etc. Sociology is not concerned
own culture more objectively like an outsider – with the reformation of society as such nor is it
It aims to make “the strange familiar and the directly involved in social planning or directed
familiar strange.” Anthropology also challenges change. The sociological understanding and
individuals to evaluate and criticize their own research can help in better planning and in
culture. This is important so that people will be finding ways and means of acceptance of
aware of the faults in their own culture and improved practices, in the formulation of
make necessary changes for its betterment. development policies and programs. It is
generally accepted that sociologists do not
Sociology interfere with social process. They are
supposed to be value-neutral, i.e., they are not
ficient, usually large group of people who supposed to have any bias or prejudice in the
maintain direct or indirect contact with each analysis of the social behavior. There are,
other through a culture. Culture is generally however, at present, some who question this
understood as the shared language, beliefs, and feel that sociologists must take an active
goals, artifacts and experiences that combine role in the development process.
together to form a unique pattern. In other
words, culture is a society’s way of life. Scientific study of sociology enable us to: (1)
Obtain possible theories and principles about
The French Philosopher, Auguste Comte is society as well as various aspects of social life;
known as the “Father of Sociology”. He coined (2) Critically study the nature of humanity,
the word Sociology to define the Systematic which also leads to examining our roles within
study of Social phenomena in their social the society; (3) Appreciate that all things (in
setting. He proposed the theory of Positivism- society) are interdependent with each other. An
individual’s personal history is connected to in any organization. In other words, politics is
his/her environment’s history, which is also tied an idea while government is the concrete
into the nation’s history; (4) Broaden our realization of that idea.
familiarity on sociological facts, which are
acquired through empirical process. Government as the agency to which the will of
Incidentally, it makes us realize our prejudices the state is formulated, expressed, and carried
on various social issues; and (5) Expose our out. At the same time government became a
minds to the different perspectives on attaining organized agency in a state tasked to impose
the truth. For instance, some theorists social control over the people it governed. The
(especially social philosophers) argue that the government exists for the benefit of the
truth is relative. This sociological viewpoint governed. They say that “government is there
diminishes the theory that there is an absolute for our benefit not for the government officials
truth. Furthermore, the determination whether to benefit from us”. It is not just governing the
an action/behavior is good or bad depends on people or the citizens but also the territory and
one’s social norms. the sovereignty or independence of the country.
Collectively, the government, people, territory,
Political Sciences and sovereignty are known as the elements of
the State.
Political Science is an academic discipline that
deals with the study of government and political People often interchangeably use the terms
processes, institutions, and behaviors. state and nation but the difference lies on how
the latter refers to an ethnic concept which
The study of Politics has something to do with means that people are bound together by
power – who wields it and how it is used. common ethnical elements such as race,
Therefore, it is important to study politics to language, and culture. On the other hand, a
understand society and to help change it for the state is more of a political concept. It refers to a
better. This means that political science is not community of persons more or less numerous
just for politicians or for aspiring lawyers permanently occupying a definite portion of
instead, it is also a give and take relationship territory, having a government of their own to
between the government (as a state apparatus) which the great body of inhabitants render
and its people (as a subject). obedience and enjoying freedom from external
control.
Due to the negative connotations of politics, the
term is now applied to many different social
situations. For example, politics is present
Nation - a State - a Nation-State -
when a teacher is bribed to include a certain nation is a state is an the idea of a
student in the honor list or when an employee group of independent, homogenous
spreads rumors against his/her officemate to people who sovereign nation
get ahead in a promotion. see government governed by
themselves exercising its own
as a cohesive control over a sovereign
Politics is often used synonymously with
and coherent certain state—where
government, however, the two (2) are distinct unit based on spatially each state
from each other. shared defined and contains one
cultural or bounded nation. This
The government that takes shape in a country historical area, whose idea is
is a reflection of the country’s political criteria. borders are almost never
philosophy. While government typically refers to Nations are usually achieved.
socially clearly
the established legislative and executive
constructed defined and
departments of a nation or state, politics is a units, not internationall
broad term that is related to the power sharing
 1. Archeology - It is the study of past
given by y recognized
nature. by other cultures, primarily through their material
states. remains.
Linguistics - interdisciplinary study of
how language influences social life.
Ethnology - the study of the
characteristics of various peoples and
the differences and relationships
FACT CHECK
between them.
2. Ferdinand Tonnies (1855- 1936), a noted
1. In the 19th century, the fields considered
German sociologist, while examining
as social sciences were jurisprudence
different kinds of societies found that
and amendment of the law, education,
there were two kinds of social groups:
health, economy, trade and art.
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.
Gemeinschaft means broadly "a
In the 20th century onwards, social
communal”, or “traditional society".
sciences began including other areas
Gesellschaft are societies have often
that are outside of the natural sciences
contractual relationships which are on
the basis of clear cut, legal contracts.
2. Franz Boas – is widely considered to be
one of the greatest and most influential
anthropologist. At the same time Boaz
also to be considered the “Father of
Modern Anthropology”

ETYMOLOGY of Word: Sociology –

3. During 19th century sociology emerged
as a separate social science in Europe
“Socius” means companion, while “Logos”
and its objective was the study of
mean study.
society.

Anthropology - “Anthrop” means man or human,

In the same actions list of sociology
while “Logos” means science or study.
emerged in the field those are: August
Comte, Spencer and Emile Durkheim.
Political Science – “Polis” means city/sovereign
They sought and establish the idea of
state, while “Scire” means to know/study
society as a matter of study that is
unique in itself.
3.
4. Aristotle as the “Father of Political
Science”. Because Aristotle was the first
Political thinker who gave his theories
based on empirical basis. Because he
studied 158 constitutions of his times
and done comparative analysis. Then he
classified political system
comparatively. He proposed solutions
which could be implemented of
problems of political system.

INSIGHTS