Written as per the revised syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board

of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.

STD. XI Sci.
Perfect Physics

Salient Features
• Exhaustive coverage of syllabus in Question Answer Format.
• Covers answers to all Textual Questions, Intext Questions and relevant
NCERT Questions.
• Includes Solved and Practice Numericals.
• Exercise, Multiple Choice Questions and Topic test at the end of each chapter
for effective preparation.
• Important inclusions: NCERT Corner and Apply Your Knowledge

Printed at: India Printing Works, Mumbai

© Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.

P.O. No. 107634

TEID: 12494_JUP
 Preface
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get through
to you.
“Std. XI Sci. : PERFECT PHYSICS” is a treasure house of knowledge that’d not only prepare you to face the
conspicuous Std. XI final exam but also equip you up on parallel ground to face the prospective NEET and JEE exam.
This book is specifically aimed at Maharashtra Board students. The content of the book is framed in accordance with
Maharashtra State board syllabus splattered with additional snippets of information from the NCERT syllabus. This lethal
combination of apt material from both the boards makes it the ultimate reference material for Std. XI.
This book has been developed on certain key features as detailed below:
 Question and Answer format of the book provides students with apropriate answers for all textual and intext
questions. We’ve also included additional questions to ensure complete coverage of every concept.
 Solved Examples provide step-wise solution to various numerical problems. This helps students to understand
the application of different concepts and formulae.
 NCERT Corner and Notes cover additional bits of relevant information on each topic.
 Apply Your Knowledge and Brain Teasers cover brain-storming questions to stengthen the students’
conceptual understanding.
 Quick Review and Formulae sections facilitate instant revision at a glance.
 Exercise helps the students to gain insight on the various levels of theory and numercial-based questions.
 Multiple Choice Questions and Topic Test assess the students on their range of preparation and the amount of
knowledge of each topic.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on : mail@[Link]
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
Best of luck to all the aspirants!
Yours faithfully,
Publisher
Edition: Second

Disclaimer
This reference book is transformative work based on textual contents published by Bureau of Textbook. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair
use of textual contents which are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same
in examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune. Every care has been taken
in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents, the Authors and the Publishers shall not be responsible for any loss or damages caused to any
person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of any third party on the point of view expressed in the reference book.
© reserved for all the contents created by our Authors.

No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for the benefit of students.

Contents
No. Topic Name Page No. No. Topic Name Page No.
1 Measurement 1 8 Refraction of light 214
2 Scalars and Vectors 29 9 Ray optics 245
3 Projectile motion 56 10 Electrostatics 276
4 Force 88 11 Current Electricity 314
5 Friction in solids and liquids 127 12 Magnetic effect of electric current 341
6 Sound waves 160 13 Magnetism 367
7 Thermal expansion 183 14 Electromagnetic waves 389
Note: All the Textual questions are represented by * mark
All the Intext questions are represented by # mark
 Chapter 01: Measurements

01 Measurements

Syllabus
1.0 Introduction 1.6 Methods of Measurements
1.1 Need for Measurement 1.7 Dimensional Analysis
1.2 Units for Measurements 1.8 Order of magnitude and
1.3 System of Units significant figures
1.4 S.I. units 1.9 Accuracy and errors in
1.5 Fundamental and derived units measurements

1.0 Introduction iii. Based on the observations of these

experiments, scientists have developed
Physics is the branch of science which deals various laws and theories.
with the study of nature and natural phenomena. iv. For the experimental verification of
There are two domains in the scope of physics: various theories, each physical quantity
i. Macroscopic domain: should be measured precisely.
The macroscopic domain includes phenomena at v. Therefore, accurate measurement of
the laboratory, terrestrial and astronomical scales. physical quantities with appropriate
ii. Microscopic domain: instruments is necessary.
The microscopic domain includes atomic,
vi. Example: Consider the statement “The
molecular and nuclear phenomena.
water boiled after some time.” In the
Q.1. What are physical quantities? given statement, the physical quantity
Ans: Those quantities which can be measured time is not defined precisely. A
i.e., subjected equally to all three elements of numerical value for time, which is
scientific study, namely : detailed analysis, measured on a watch is necessary.
precise measurement and mathematical
treatment, are called physical quantities. 1.2 Units for Measurements
Example: Mass, length, time, volume,
pressure, force, etc. The magnitude of a physical quantity ‘x’ is:
Magnitude of physical quantity
1.1 Need for Measurement = Numerical value of physical quantity  Size of its
unit.
*Q.2. What is the need for measurement of a
i.e., x = nu
physical quantity?
Ans: i. To study phenomena in physics, where, n = number of times the unit is taken.
scientists have performed different u = size of unit of physical quantity.
experiments. Example:
ii. These experiments require measurement If the length of a rod is 5 metre it means that the rod
of physical quantities such as mass, is 5 times as long as the standard unit of length (i.e.,
length, time, volume, etc. metre).
1
Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Physics
*Q.3. What is meant by unit of a physical 1.3 System of Units
quantity?
Ans: i. The reference standard used for the Units are classified as fundamental units and
measurement of a physical quantity is derived units. In 1832, Gauss had suggested to
called the unit of that physical quantity. select any three physical quantities as
ii. Example: fundamental quantities. Accordingly, many
systems of units came into existence.
Physical Quantity Standard (unit)
Length metre, centimetre, inch, Q.5. A. What is a system of units?
feet, etc. *B. Briefly describe different types of
Mass kilogram, gram, pound etc. systems of units.
Ans: A. The whole set of units i.e., all the basic
Q.4. State the essential characteristics of a good
and derived units taken together forms a
unit.
system of units.
Ans: Characteristics of a good unit:
B. System of units are classified mainly
i. It should be well-defined.
into four types:
ii. It should be easily available and
i. C.G.S. system:
reproducible at all places.
It stands for Centimetre-Gram-Second
iii. It should not be perishable. system. In this system, fundamental
iv. It should be invariable. quantities i.e., length, mass and time are
v. It should be universally accepted. measured in centimetre, gram and
second respectively. It is a French
vi. It should be comparable to the size of
metric system of unit.
the measured physical quantity.
ii. M.K.S. system:
vii. It must be easy to form multiples or sub It stands for Metre-Kilogram-Second
multiples of the unit. system. In this system, fundamental
quantities i.e. length, mass and time are
Note measured in metre, kilogram and second
respectively. It is a French metric
Choice of unit depends upon its suitability for
system of unit.
measuring the magnitude of a physical quantity
under consideration. Hence, we choose different iii. F.P.S. system:
scales for same physical quantity. It stands for Foot-Pound-Second system.
In this system, length, mass and time are
measured in foot, pound and second
Various units to express a physical quantity:
respectively. It is a British imperial
system.
Power of Power
Prefix Symbol Prefix Symbol iv. S.I. system:
10 of 10
It stands for Standard International
Exa E 1018 deci d 101 system. This system has replaced all
Peta P 1015 centi c 102 other systems mentioned above. It has
Tera T 1012 milli m 103 been internationally accepted and is
being used all over world.
Giga G 109 micro  106
Mega M 106 nano n 109 #Q.6. Can you call a physical quantity large or
Kilo K 10 3
angstrom Å 10 10 small without specifying a standard for
2 comparison?
Hecto H 10 pico p 1012
Ans: No, we cannot call a physical quantity large or
Deca Da 101 femto f 1015
small without specifying a standard for
atto a 1018
comparison.
2
 Chapter 01: Measurements

1.4 S.I. units ii. Fundamental quantities with their

corresponding units are given in
Q.7. *What is S.I. system of units? Explain its following table.
need. OR
Write a short note on S.I. units. Base Quantities and Units:
Ans: S.I. system of units: Base SI Units
i. Use of different systems of units became quantity Name Symbol Definition
very inconvenient for exchanging Length metre M The metre is the length
scientific information between different of the path travelled by
parts of the world. light in vacuum during
ii. To overcome this difficulty, it became a time interval of
necessary to develop a common system 1/299,792,458 of a
of units. second. (1983)
iii. In October 1960, at the Eleventh
International General Conference of Mass kilogram Kg The kilogram is equal
weights and measures in Paris, a to the mass of the
common system of units was accepted. international prototype
This system of units called “Systeme of the kilogram (a
Internationale dUnits” is the modern platinum-iridium alloy
metric system of unit measurement. It is cylinder) kept at
abbreviated as S.I. units. international Bureau of
iv. S.I. units consist of seven fundamental Weights and Measures,
units, two supplementary units and a at Serves, near Paris,
large number of derived units. France. (1889)
v. Nowadays, S.I. system has replaced all Time second S The second is the
the other systems of units and is greatly duration of
used to exchange scientific data between 9,192,631,770 periods of
different parts of the world. the radiation
corresponding to the
1.5 Fundamental and derived units
transition between the
*Q.8. What are fundamental quantities? two hyperfine levels of
State two examples of fundamental the ground state of the
quantities. Write their S.I. and C.G.S. units. cesium-133 atom. (1967)
Ans: Fundamental quantities: Electric ampere A The ampere is that
The physical quantities which do not depend current constant current which,
on any other physical quantity for their if maintained in two
measurements i.e., they can be directly straight parallel
measured are called fundamental quantities. conductors of infinite
Examples: mass, length etc. length, of negligible
Fundamental circular cross-section,
S.I. unit C.G.S. unit and placed 1 metre apart
quantities
Mass kilogram (kg) gram (g) in vacuum, would
Length metre (m) centimetre (cm) produce between these
conductors a force equal
Q.9. *A. What are fundamental units? to 2107 newton per
B. State the S.I. units of seven basic metre of length. (1948)
fundamental quantities.
Ans: A. Fundamental units: Thermo kelvin K The kelvin, is the
The units used to measure fundamental dynamic fraction 1/273.16 of the
quantities are called fundamental units. Temperature thermodynamic
B. Units of fundamental quantities: temperature of the
i. There are seven fundamental quantities triple point of water.
accepted in S.I. system. (1967)
3
Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Physics

Amount mole mol The mole is the amount

of of substance of a  Some units retained for general use
substance system, which contains (Though outside SI)
as many elementary
entities as there are Name Symbol Value in SI Unit
atoms in 0.012 kilogram minute min 60 s
of carbon-12 (1971)
hour h 60 min = 3600 s
Luminous candela cd The candela is the
intensity luminous intensity, in a day d 24 h = 86400 s
given direction, of a year y 365.25 d = 3.156  107 s
source that emits degree  1 = (/ 180) rad
monochromatic
radiation of frequency litre L I dm3 = 103 m3
5401012 hertz and that tonne t 103 kg
has a radiant intensity carat c 200 mg
in that direction of
bar bar 0.1 MPa = 105 Pa
1/683 watt per
steradian. (1979) curie Ci 3.7  1010 s1
roentgen R 2.58  104 C/kg
Supplementary Units
quintal q 100 kg
Plane angle radian rad barn b 100 fm2 = 1028 m2
Solid angle steradian sr are a 1 dam2 = 102 m2
hectare ha 1 hm2 = 104 m2
NCERT Corner

Q.10. *A. What are derived quantities and

 Supplementary Units derived units? State two examples.
i. Plane angle (d): B. State the corresponding S.I. and
The ratio of length of arc (ds) to the C.G.S. units of the examples.
radius (r) is called as Plane angle (d). Ans: A.
r i. Derived quantities:
ds
O d ds d = Physical quantities other than
r
fundamental quantities which depend on
one or more fundamental quantities for
Unit: radian (rad)
their measurements are called derived
Dimensions: dimensionless quantity
quantities.
ii. Solid angle (d): Examples: speed, acceleration,
The ratio of the intercepted area (dA) of momentum, force, etc.
the spherical surface described about the ii. Derived units:
apex O as the centre, to the square of its The units of derived quantities which
radius r is called Solid angle (d) depend on fundamental units for their
measurements are called derived units.
r B. Examples and units:
d
O dA Derived quantity S.I. unit C.G.S. unit
Speed m/s cm/s
Force N dyne
Unit: Steradian (sr)
Density kg/m3 g/cm3
Dimensions: dimensionless quantity.
Acceleration m/s2 cm/s2