Lesson 1:

Human Rights and

Social Justice
“HUMAN RIGHTS ARE NOT ONLY VIOLATED BY TERRORISM , REPRESSION OR ASSASSINATION,
BUT ALSO BY UNFAIR ECONOMIC STRUCTURES THAT CREATE HUGE INEQUALITIES “
—POPE FRANCIS
 Human Rights and Quest for
Meaning
Humanity has evolved from its most animal instincts motivated simply by its will to

survive,procreate, and gather to what has become now a complex web of actors
that are interdependent and rellant on their set laws and norms to justify their own
existence.

Early History of Rights

 The social structures,particularly in politics and religion,ushered in the rise of monarchs that becamne
symbols of power and authority. Rulers such as kings and emperors claimed that they derived ther rights
rule from God, thus legitimized by their faith and reinforced by their people's beliefs of a higher being.
During this kind of rule,power was centralized and the privileges of people, such as having their rights
protected by laws,were lim ited to a select few.As such, these"rights" were mostly reserved to those who
ruler close to the ruler.
 Cyrus the great ruled Persia from 60o to 530 BC. He freed slaves and gavpe the people
religious freedom.
 This early example of social equity influenced some of the earliest and most influential
civilizations, such as the Greek and Roman political and legal traditions that recognized
social protection and equity under the law.
 The next great shift occurredin 1215 in England when a rebellion broke out against King
John. The barons who led the rebellion struck a deal with King John resulting in the
signing of a document now called the Magna Carta (The Great Charter) which specified
laws, rights, and policies that was aimed at balancing the power of the king and
protecting citizens from abuses.
Emergence of International
Relations and Human Rights
 The effect of the two wars that nearly eradicated half of the world
both called for nations to unite,and in thoseinstances became the
turning point in global affairs.First,after World Warl,nations formed
the League of Nations signed by 44 states during the Paris Peace
Conference of 1919.
 This was the first official attempt in creating an international
association that provided a forum for resolving international disputes
and served as the platform of diplomatic exchanges among
nations.
Achievements of the League of Nations:
 Creation of an International Court
 Creation of international bodies
 Policy of Disarmament
 Settlement of pacts and treaties
 Aversion and arbitration of conflict
 Renouncement of War(Kellogg-Briand Pact)
Article 1. Right to Equality
 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward
one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2. Freedom for discrimination

 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set fourth in this
Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status.

Article 3. Right to Life, Liberty,Personal Security

 Everyone has the right to life,liberty, and security of person.
Article 4. Freedom from Slavery
 No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and
the slave trade shall be prohibited in allther forms.

Article 5.Freedom from Torture and

Degrading Treatment
 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman
or degrading treatment,or punishment.

Article 6.Right to Recognition as a Person

before the Law
 Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a
person before the law.
Article 7.Right to Equality before the Law
 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any
discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to
equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this
Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Article 8.Right to Remedy by Competent

Tribunal
Everyone has the right.to an effective remedy by the competent

national tribunals for acts violatingthe fundamental rights granted
him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9. Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile

 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile.
Article 10.Right to Fair Public Hearing
 Everyone is entitled in fullequality to a fair and public hearing by an
independent and impartial tribune in the determination of his rights
and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11.Right to be Considered Innocent

until Proven Guilty
 Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be
presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public
trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his
defense.
 No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account to any
act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence , under
national or international law, at the time when it was committed.
Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed that the one that was
applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.
Articde 12.Freedom from Interference with
Privacy,Family,Home and Correspondence
 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy,
family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and
reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law
against such interference or attacks.

Article 13.Right to Free Movement in and

out of the Country
 Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within
the borders of each state.
 Everyone has the right to leave any country,including his own, and to
return to his country.
Article 14.Right to Asylum in other Countries
from Persecution
 Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from
persecution.
 This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from
nonpolitical crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United
Nations.

Article 15.Right to a Nationality and

the Freedom to Change It
 Everyone has the right to a nationality.
 No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to
change his nationality.
Article 16.Right to Marriage and
Family
 Men and women of full age,without any limitation due to race, nationality or
religion, have the right to marry and to found a family.They are entitled to equal
rights as to marriage,during marriage and at its dissolution.
 Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the
intending spouses.
 The family is the natural and fundamental group unit ofsociety and is entitled to
protection by society and the State.

Article 17.Right to Own Property

 Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with
others.
 No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article 18.Freedom of Belief and Religion
 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,conscience and religion; this right
includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom,either alone or in
community with others and in public or private,to manifest his religion or belief in
teaching, practice,worship and observance.

Article 19.Freedom of Opinion and

Information
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes

freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20. Right of Peaceful Assembly and

Association
 Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
 No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Article 21.Right to Participate in Government
and in Free Elections
 Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country,directlyor
chosen representatives.
 Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
 The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government;this will hall
be expreaed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and
equal suffrage and shallbeheldby secret vote or by equivalent free voting
procedures.

Article 22. Right to Social Secuirity

 Everyone, as a member of society,has the right to social security and is entitled to
realization,through national effort and international cooperation and in
accordance with the organization and resources of each State,of the economic,
social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the fre development of
his personality.
Article 23.Right to Desirable Work and to Join
Trade Unions
 Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment,to just and
favorable conditionsdf work and to protection against unemployment.
 Everyone,without any discrimination,has the right to equal pay for equal work.
 Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for
himself andhis family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if
necessary,by other meansot social protection.
 Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his
interests.

Article 24. Right to Rest and Leisure

 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of
working hours and penadi holidays with pay.
Article 25.Right to Adequate Living Standard
 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and of his
family,including food,clothing,housing and medical care and necessary social
service and the right to security in the event of
unemployment,sickness,disability,widowhood, other lack of livelihood in
circumstances beyond his control.
 Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance.All children,
whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Article 26.Right to Education

 Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and
fundamental stages.Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional
education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally
accessible to all on the basis of merit.
 Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the
strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.It shall promote
understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall
further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
 Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.
Article 27.Right to Participate in the Cultural
Life of Community
 Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultura life of the community,to
enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
 Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests
resulting from any scientific,literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

Article 28.Right to a Social Order that

Articulates this Document
 Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and
freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.
Article 29.Community Duties Essential to Free
and Full Development
 Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his
personality is possible.
 In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such
limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition
and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of
morality,public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.
 These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and
principles of the United Nations

Article 30.Freedom from State or Personal

Interference in the above Rights
 Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person
any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of
any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.
Social Justice and the Protection of
Rights Inevery
 spite of the UN declaration,there are still atrocities that happen
single day in all parts of the world. According to the
international human rights advocates Amnesty International and
Human Rights Watch,there were still large-scale violations in over
159 countries that they have observed in 2017-2018.
 2018 Human Rights Violations Overview
(Amnesty International):
 Africa:  Americas:
1. Public security and human rights
1. Repression of dissent •Venezuela crisis
•Attacks on human rights •Violence and impunity in Mexico
•Unlawful killings
defenders,journalists, and opposition
2. Refugees,migrants and stateless people
activists •Denial of protection by the USA
•Political repression and •Refugee crisis
•Stateless and internally displaced people
violations in the context of elections
3. Indigenous people’srights
2. Armed conflict and violence •Use of violence
•Land rights
•Abuses by armed groups
•Torture and other ill- 4. Rights of women and girls
•Sexual and reproductive rights
treatment
5. Rights of lesbian,gay,transgender, and intersex
3. Discrimination and marginalization people
•People with albinism
•Rigthts of lesbian, gay,
transgender, and intersex people
 Asia Pacific  Europe and Central Asia:
1. Repression of dissent 1. Restrictive laws
•Attacks on human rights
2. Freedom of association and assembly
defenders,journalists, and opposition
activists 3. Refugees and migrants
•European collaboration with Libya
2. Enforced disappearances •EU/Turkey migration deal
3. Use of death penalty •Curtailing access to asylum
4. Discrimination 4. Impunity and accountability in the former
•Gender-based discrimination Yugoslavia
•Myanmar’s violence against the
5. Discrimination
Rohingya
•Women’s rights
•Minority rights
6. Rights of lesbian,gay, transgender,and
intersex people
 Middle East 5. Right to work
1. Freedom of association and assembly •Trade unions
•Crackdowns in Egypt and Saudi •Migrant worker’s rights
Arabia •Attacks on human rights 6. Rights to housing,water,and health
defenders,journalists, and opposition •Israel and the occupied
activists •Online repression Palestinian territories
•Gulf political crisis •Water,sanitation,and health
•Civil society fight-back
7. Use of death penalty
2. Freedom of religion and belief 8. Armed conflict
•Abuses of armed groups •Yemen conflict
•Restrictions by governments •International response to Islamic
3. Rights of women and girls State(ISIS)
4. Rights of lesbian,gay,transgender,and •Sieges and displacement of
intersex people civilians inSyria
•Kurdistan region of lraq
•Lawlessness in Libya
Here in the Philippines, according also to Amnesty International, it
has been a hotbed of human rights abuses. In the same
year(2018), the human rights watchdog has duly recorded and
observed the following:
2018 Human Rights Violations:

1. Extrajudicial executions and summary killings

2. Attacks on human rights defenders, journalists, and opposition activists
3. Internal armed conflict
4. Torture and other ill treatment
5. Threat to children’s rights
6. Intention to reinforce death penalty
7. Right to health
8. Sexual and reproductive rights
Social Justice
 Social justice, in the status quo,is a hotly debated topic. Its definition is relative to the
context of its application and implications.The United Nations provided this definition of
the term:
 "Social justice may be broadly understood as the fair and compassionate distribution of
the fruits of economic growth.“
 The debate is now hinged with the “Right to Protect,” or humanitarian intervention in
other context, which was endorsed by the member states of the United Nations in 2005.
This is the global commitment of international bodies to intervene in the conflict
between the member states in order to protect their citizens.
The Human Rights Regime in the Philippines
 The mandates of CHR are as follows:
1. Investigate,on its own or on complaint by any party, all forms of human rights violations involving civil
and political rights;
2. Adopt its operational guidelines and rules of procedure,and cite for contempt for violations thereof in
accordance with the Rules of Court;
3. Provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of all persons within the
Philippines,as well as Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for preventive measure and legal aid
4. Exercise visitorial powers over jails,prisons,or detention facilities;
5. Establish a continuing program of research,education,and information to enhanc respect for the
primacy of human rights
6. Recommend to Congressefective measures to promote human rights and to provide for comperstian to
victims of violations of human rights,or their families;
7. Monitor the Philippine Government’s compliance with international treaty obligations rights;
8. Grant immunity from prosecution to any person whose testimony or whose possession of documents or
other evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the truth in any investigation conductedby it or
under its authority;
9. Request the assistance ofany department,bureau,office,or agency in the performance of its functions;
10. Appoint its officers and employees in accordance with law;and
CHR Specializations and Thematic Programs:
 Child Rights Center-The CRC serves as the focal point of coordination and facilitation of all
CHR functions, programs and activities relating to child rights.
-Convention of the Rights of the Child(CRC)

 Center for Gender Equality and Women’s Rights-The Center serves as the central point of
coordination for the implementation of the CHR’s role as Gender Ombud.
-Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW)
 Center for Economic,Social and Cultural Rights-The Center shall serve as the focal point for
all programs, activities and projects of the CHR in relation to business and human rights, the
UN Sustainable Development Goals(SDG),and the Right to Development with special focus
on vulnerable and disadvantaged sectors,such as the elderly and PWDs.
 Center for Crisis,Conflict and Humanitarian Rights-The Center shall serve as the secretariat
to coordinate the implementation of mechanisms to protect people who are affected by
crisis and conflict brought by armed conflicts, disasters and other emergency situations.
Lesson 2.
Empowerment, Advocacy, and
Participatory Development
“NEVERBEAFRAID TO RAISE YOUR VOICE FOR HONESTY AND TRUTH AND
COMPASSION AGAINST INJUSTICE AND LYING AND GREED. IF PEOPLE ALL OVER THE
WORLD…WOULD DO THIS,IT WOULD CHANGE THE EARTH.”
-WILLIAM FAULKNER
The Birth of Community Action
 The very idea of community action originated in the United States during the 1960s. It
was the time when the US was beset with social problems within communities in a
post-war economy,such as problems on poverty, drugs, and crime especially in urban
communities and even in the suburbs.These were mostly concentrated in housing
projects that later became haven for criminal activities and illicit acts.The US
government took initiatives to “wage war” not against another state actor this
time,but with these social ills that have ruined lives, endangered communities, and
destroyed properties.
 The US government,then under President Lyndon Johnson,enacted the Economic
Opportunity Act of 1964 that later became the focal point of community action
initiatives that were focused with emphasis on the protection of its citizens.This led to
the implementation of several projects and programs that helped the state bring
welfare to its citizens. President Johnson’s “war on poverty” was the heart of the state
programas
The Basics of Community Empowerment
 Community empowerment therefore stretches the very idea of engagement and
participation to another level of community welfare,which is long-term and
independent of external aid.A community can only be said to be fully empowered
once it can act on its own and mobilize its members for the common good.

The Public Sector and Community

Empowerment
 The public sector is fundamentally controlled by the government. As such, it hasa very specific
take on community empowerment which is state-centric.The leading agency that ensures social
community development is the Department of Social Welfare and Development or DSWD.It is the
central government agency that is tasked to create welfare initiatives for the efficient
redistribution of government aid to those in need. It is also mandated to deputize the police to
enforce the law against violators and abusers of minors.
 The DSWD was created under Executive Order 292 of 1987 and was reorganized under Republic
Act 7160 for the devolution of some of its duties to the local government units. It has the
followingmandates:
Sec.4.Mandate
1. Care,protect and rehabilitate the physically and mentallyhandicapped and
sociallydisabled Constituents for effective social functioning;
2. Provide an integrated welfare packageto its constituents on the basis of their
needs and coordinatethe can best provide them;
3. Arrest the further deterioration of the socially disabling or dehumanizing
conditions of the disadvantaged segment of the population at the community
level;and
4. Advocate for policies and measures addressing social welfare concerns.
 DSWD PROJECT SUMMARY
Adoption and Foster Care DSWD is the agency that facilitates and monitors
adoption and
foster care for orphans

Bottom-Up Planning and Budgeting A kind of budgeting approach that is rooted

from the needs of the community in consultation
with the LGUs, CSOs, and communities

Disaster Response Operations, Under the Disaster Response Assistance and

Management Bureau, the DSWD aids in disaster
relief and aid operations

Gender and Development, One of the primary projects of DSWD that focuses
on the empowerment and protection of women
and their rights

International Social Welfare Servicesfor Filipino A program dedicated to Filipinos serving abroad
Nationals, by providing welfare and protection services
 DSWD PROJECT SUMMARY

Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive One of the primary community-driven initiatives

and Integrated Delivery of Social by the government as it aims to empower
Services(KALAHI-CIDSS) communities

Listahanan A project that identifies stakeholders via a

systematic survey of poor communities in the
country
PAMANA Concentrates on peace and development of
communities within conflict-affected and prone
areas
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4ps) One of the biggest and most talked about
projects by the DSWD as it helps poor families via
conditional cash transfers for financial support
Protective Services Program Protective and aid services to those who are in
need
Residential and Nonresidential, Another well entrenched program that promotes
access to shelter for those in need
 DSWD PROJECT SUMMARY

The Recovery and Reintegration Program for Focuses on the problem of human trafficking and
Trafficked Persons (RRPTP) the rehabilitation of its victim

Social Pension Program for Indigent Senior Citizens The pension subsidy of the DSWD targeted toward
financial support for poor senior citizens (P500)

Supplemental Feeding Program Feeding programs that supplement the programs

of LGUs and other partner organizations against
malnutrition and hunger

Sustainable Livelihood Program Serving as partners of the community, the DSWD

supports the entrepreneurial capacity-building
and development
The Private Sector and Community
Empowerment
 The private sector also contributes to community development in
various levels, ways, and processes. The private sector is the division
of our society that is not under government control. This sector
includes private companies, nongovernmental organizations, civil
society organizations, people’s organizations, and other nonpublic
collectives.
 The continued social development project is not simply the burden
of the government. In this age of globalization and
collaboration,the dividing lines between local and global and
between private and public have been blurred by collaborative
community action programs.
Corporate Social Responsibility
 Corporations are often depicted as power-hungry, profit-and rent-seeking entities that only
exist to exploit consumers and workers. They only cared for profit more than anything else,
even to the extent of exploiting their workers. Worker’s wages were barely livable, work
conditions were full of health risks, and the corporations themselves did not care about the
community at all.

Examples of Corporate Social Responsibilities:

1. Ethical production practices that protect the rights of its workers, the
community,among other norms
2. Consideration of business impact on political, economic,
sociocultural,technological,and environmental factors
3. Observance of laws and state policies
4. Support or sponsorship of other institutions and movements such as ethical sourcing of
raw materials and community programs
5. Redistribution of needs such as the creation of programs that aid social inequalities
Social Entrepreneurship and Social
Business
 The path to social entrepreneurship has been long and forthcoming.
The world was on its heels in the 198os where companies roamed
across the business landscape controlling much of the agenda.It
was in this period when businesses formed new entities that
challenged the established notions of a for prot business. In
1987,budding entrepreneurs Josh Mailman and Wayne Silby co-
founded and spearheaded to be the common platform to support,
influence, and inspire would-be entrepreneurs whowant to business
not primarily driven by profit but by values that are aimed at
creating a better world.
The B-Corp Movement →According to B Lab, their main goals are
as follows:
 The transition from strictly for-profit 1) Building a global community of Certified
organizations to social enterprises and social B CorporationsTM who meet the highest
standards of verified, overall social and
business heralded en o t her form of environmental performance, public
businessmodel andthis is the B-corporation or transparency, and legal accountability;
the Benefit Corporation.The 2) Promoting Mission Alignment using
benefitcorporation is a type of for-profit innovative corporate structures like the
corporate entity that includes positive benefit corporation toalign the interests of
business with those of society and to help
impact on society,workers,the high-impact businesses be built to last;
community,and the environment in addition
3) Helping tens of thousands of businesses,
to profit as its legally defined goals. investors, and institutions measure what
 Another set of pioneering entrepreneurs, Jay matters, by using the B Impact Assessment
and B Analytics to manage their impact-
Coen Gilbert, Bart Houlahan, and Andrew and the impact of the businesses with
Kassoy,set the stage for what is now one of whom they work-with as much rigor as their
the most disruptive business ideas to date. profits;
With the combined efforts af the three 4) Inspiring millions to join the movement
entrepreneurs, they created B Lab, a through storytelling by B the Change
Media.
nonprofit organization serving amovement
of people using business as a force for good.
Microfinance
 Dr.Muhammad Yunus's quest for social change started in Bangladesh when he
noticed the lack of the poor's access to capital. He saw that the main problem of
people and familes across Bangladesh was that no bank was willing and able to
lend money to the poor.The main reason is that banks will not lend to those who
cannot give a definitive guarantee that the loans will be paid on time or at
all,since the poor cannot give any collateral or assurance of pay.
 Dr. Yunus vowed to remedy the situation by providing the poor an opportunity to
have access to capital. He first started to lend money to the poor in 1976 with just
$27 as a guarantor for 44 people. Being the guarantor, he signed all the
necessary documents. Theoretically, Dr. Yunus's idea would not work since it was
often assumed that the poor would not pay and were inclined to use the money
in different vices. This, however,did not deter Dr. Yunus and his quest for giving
financial access to the poor. Despite assuming all the risks as the guarantor for
the loans, his plan gained support and the poor repaid the loans by using the
money in starting their own small business.
Participatory Development: Public,
Private, and the Community
 The community traverses the public and private sectors as it is
affected by any relational shiftin structures, policies, and institutions.
The term "participatory development" first emerged in mainstream
academic discussion with the release in 1983 Aof the book rural
development: Putting the last first by Robert Chambers.
Stakeholder Groups:
 General public-those who are directly or indirectly affected by the project
(women’s groups, individuals and families, indigenous groups, religious groups).
 Government-civil servants in ministries, cabinets, and the like.
 Representative assemblies-elected government bodies(parliament,national and
local assemblies, district and municipal assemblies, elected community leaders).
 Civil society organizations – networks, national and international NGOS,grassroots
organizations,trade unions, policy development and research institutes, media,
community based organizations.
 Private sector- umbrella groups representing groups within the private sector,
professional associations, chambers of commerce.
 Donor and international financial institutions-resource providers and development
partners.
 Aiding the stakeholders in their quest for community development, the
ADB also has specified the processes that are needed to be improved to
better carry out development projects for the community.
 Decentralization of power and authority to the local government units
 Cooperation with civil society organizations and nongovernment
organizations
 Harmonization of development policies and initiatives among government
and development partners
The aforementioned points reinforce our assumptions on how
development should be about the renegotiation of power and empowering
communities. Development in this line takes on a more aggressive stance in
fulfilling inclusive partnerships with the community. A more robust partnership
will garner more support from the collective as the sense of ownership on the
projects takes root as they go about from engagement and planning to
execution and review.
Lesson 3.
Gender Equality
“SOME GIRLS CANNOT GO TO SCHOOL BECAUSE OF CHILD LABOR AND CHILD
TRAFFICKING.”
–MALALA YOUSAFZAI
Global Struggle for Gender Equality
 There are still thousands of women subjected daily to abuse,maltreatment, and
women’srights deprivation, among other kinds of violence.Given the differences
on state policy,culture,and norms,there are states that have not internalized
international norms such as human and women’s rights. Internalization of
cascaded normsfrom international organizations such as the United Nations can
only be effective once states have institutionalized such norms as local policies.
Women’s Global Condition by the Numbers:
 It is estimated that 35% of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or
sexual intimate partner violence or sexual violence by a non-partner at some point in
their lives. However, some national studies show that up to 70% of women have
experiencedphysical and/or sexual violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime.
 Women who have been physically or sexually abused by their partners are more than
twice as likely to have an abortion, almost twice as likely to experience depression, and
in some regions, 1.5 times more likely to acquire HIV, as compared to women who have
not experienced partner violence.
 Although little data is available-and great variation in how psychological violence is
measured across countries and cultures-existing evidence shows high prevalence rates.
Forty-three percent of women in the 28 European Union (EU) member states have
experienced some form of psychological violence by an intimate partner in their
lifetime.
 It is estimated that of all women who were the victims of homicide globally in 2012,
almost half were killed by intimate partners or family members, compared to less than six
percent of men killed in the same year.
 In 2012,a study conducted in New Delhi found that 92% of women reported having
experienced some form of sexual violence in public spaces in their lifetime, and 88% of
women reported having experienced some form of verbal sexual harassment (including
unwelcome comments of a sexual nature,whistling, leering, or making obscene
gestures) in their lifetime.
 Worldwide, more than 700 million women alive today were married as children (below
18 years of age). Of those women, more than 1 in 3-or some 250 million-were married
before 15. Child brides are often unable to effectively negotiate safe sex, leaving them
vulnerable to early pregnancy as well as sexually transmitted infections including HIV.
 Around 120 million girls worldwide (slightly more than 1 in 10) have experienced forced
intercourse or other forced sexual acts at some point in their lives. By far the most
common perpetrators of sexual violence against girls are current or former husbands,
partners,or boyfriends.
 At least 200 million women and girls alive today have undergone female genital
mutilation/cutting in 30 countries, according to new estimates published on the United
Nations’ International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation in 2016. In
most of these countries,the majority of girls were cut before the age of 5.
 Adult women account for almost haIf of all human trafficking victims detected globally.
Women and girls together account for about 70%, with girls representing two out of
every three child trafficking victims.
 One in 10 women in the European Union reported having experienced cyber-
harassment since the age of 15 (including having received unwanted, offensive sexually
explicit emails or SMS messages, or offensive, inappropriate advances on social
networking sites). The risk is highest among young women between 18 and 29 years of
age.
 An estimated 246 million girls and boys experience school-related violence every year
and one in four girls say that they never feel comfortable using school latrines,
according to a survey on youth conducted across four regions.
Local Struggle for Gender Equality
 The Philippines has been one of the most progressive countries in Asia that
internalizes international norms and bridges them to local policies, with
focus on the protection of women’s rights and promotion of their welfare.
With the enactment of Republic Act 9262,or the Anti-Violence Against
Women and Their Children Act of 2014, the government finally
consolidated a policy that protects women and children from abuses.The
statute covers issues of physical, psychological, and economic abuses
against women,as well as the protection of children’s rights under the law.
While it is one of the most important steps in advancing women’s rights
and welfare, our government needs more statutes to cover other needs of
women,such as equity in education and reproductive health.
Reproductive Health
 Reproductive health was one of the biggest issues in Congress and in the public forum
during the deliberation of the Reproductive Health (RH) Bill which was introduced in the
floor of Congress in 1988. Several politicians, faith-based organizations, and pro-life
advocates lobbied against the bill,basing their arguments on the sanctity of life, effects
of thepromotion of contraceptives on the community,and their alleged negative effects
to women. Supporters of the bill said that the RH Bill supports the community by making
reproductive health equipment accessible to combat childbirth and pregnancy
mortality, HIV/AIDS, and unwanted pregnancies.
 By creating the law,the state mandated the improvement of access to reproductive
health to millions of Filipinos by the use of state funds to provide reproductive health
services. Specifically, the law indicated the importance of the protection of the
women’s rights by defending the following:
a.The right of spouses tofound a family in accordance with their religious convictions and
the demands of responsible parenthood;
b.The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and special
protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions
prejudicial to their development;
c.The right of the family to a family living wage and income; and
d.The right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and
Human Trafficking
 Every year,thousands of women become victims of illegal trafficking or
white slavery and other forms of sexual exploitation, pornography, sex
tourism, and forced labor. To implement the legal structure that protects
women in the status quo from these illicit activities, the government
enacted R.A. 9208 (Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003) and R.A. 10364
(Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012).

IACAT's Strategic Plan:Prevention and

 AdvocacyProtection, Rehabilitation, and
 ReintegrationProsecution and Law
 EnforcementPartnership and Networking
Lesson 4.
Financial
literacy
“THE NUMBER ONE PROBLEM IN TODAY’S GENERATION AND ECONOMY IS THE LACK
OF FINANCIAL LITERACY.”

– ALLAN GREENSPAN
Introduction to Financial Institutions
 A financial institution is an entity that offers loans, investments, and deposits to would-
be customers. In a way, all have already transacted with such institutions directly or
indirectly. Their services cannot only be availed by individuals but also by companies
and other institutions. Financial institutions are not only limited to banks; since not all
banks cover all transactions, there are a plethora of different actors within the financial
system that cover a specific customer need.

Money and the Concept of Value

 It was said that during the great depression in the United States, whentheir economy hit
rock bottom, many lost confidence with banks, that the ensuing hysteria and distrust to
the system paved the way for people to store their money in creative and unsecure ways
(stuffing it inside the mattresses, hiding it within walls,and even burying it under soil)
because of the absence of policy safety nets for depositors. From this point until today,
numerous financial bubbles and crashes have happened.
Classical Economics
 The forefather of the modern economic system and thinking is classical economics by
none other than the great thinker Adam Smith,who is known to have written the theoretical
foundations in his seminal book “The Wealth of Nations" in 1776. As discussed in the last
chapters, his idea of the free market has opened avenues for the growth of modern-day
capitalism, from its infancy during the industrial revolution.
 Early economists pushed for the idea of the free market or the "laissez-faire" economy,
which directly translates to “let it be,” that gives an importance to free competition and
noninterference from government actors.
Neoclassical Economics
 Neoclassical EconomicsThe classical school was later challenged by
academics as they proposed new concepts that capture the
nature of the relationship between supply and demand, creation of
value, and factors of production, and the term "Neoclassical
Economics" was first used in 1900. One of the most important shifts in
neoclassical thinking is the emphasis on mathematics as a tool to
explan economic concepts and the relationship of variables in a
clear and measurable method or what we know now as
econometrics.
 Following the tradition of looking into several
perspectives,neoclassical economics later gave birth to other
specialized perspectives on the economy by differentiating
microeconomics to macroeconomics; whereas the former focuses
on the interaction of firms and households, the latter investigates the
bigger picture by using markets and their relationships with general
The Concept and Value of Money
 Money has three distinct functions. First, money in the simplest sense is a holder
of value. Its second function is to serve as unit of account that is used to
calculate. Finally, with money,we buy things and avail of services, and it has
single-handedly changed our civilization as it is also our medium of exchange.

Gold Standard/Bi-Metallic System

 Standardizing and regulating value are the base where the concept of
capitalism stands. Without a consistent unit of measuring value, it is impossible to
create a conducive platform of trade and industry. The gold standard is the
primary example of an attempt to create a homogenous value system that was
later adopted by mainly western countries.
Fiat Money
 Replacing the gold standard is the fiat currency, which, notably, its global
acceptance was marked by the United States in 1971 when then president
Richard Nixon announced their move toward fiat currencies. Fiat directly
translates to “let it be done” in which the value of money is determined solely by
the interplay of state monetary policy and market conditions.
 Types of Markets in Finance
1. The Primary Market
 Being the primary market, it simply means that it comes from a source, which in this case, the
companies with their stocks or government institutions themselves, such as the treasury, in the
issuance of bonds. An example of which is during a private placement offering wherein companies
or institutions can raise funds by offering securities of their company to institutional investors or
investment banks but remain a private company as offered in their prospectus. However, at this
stage, it is still not open to the public, and thus access to such offers is out of reach from small
investors.
2 The Secondary Market
 This is the market where publicly listed companies offer their shares to be bought and sold by
the public, not coming from the companies or institutions but by buying and selling from fellow
investors. The secondary market comes into play once a privately owned company would want to
scale and expandits business and attain more money frominvestors;it goes to an initial public
offering (PO). It is where an investment bank acts as an underwriter to sell shares or a part of the
company to the investing public through the stock exchange or in the case of the Philippines, the
Philipine Stock Exchange (PSE). One significant diference of the secondary market from the primary
marketis in terms of how the prices of shares are determined. In the primary market, the share prices
are set by the issuer while the prices of securities in the secondary market are determined by supply
and demand as driven by speculation.
 Financial Institutions in the
Philippines
The Central Bank
 The BSP is the central bank of the Philippines that was created on July 3,1993
through the New Central Bank Act of 1993 and through the 1987 Philippine
Constitution.The BSP replaced the Central Bank of the Philippines,which was
established on January 3, 1949. It acts as the main regulator of financial
institutions that are directly involved with banking, money, and credit in the
country. The entities that directly work with the BSP are the major financial
institutions since the BSP has full administrative and fiscal autonomy from the
government despite being a government-owned corporation.
Commercial/Retail Banks
 These are the banks that we are accustomed to as they are the primary intermediators in
our daily financial lives. As citizens, we look for a viable way to safely keep our
possessions, and commercial banks Provide such avenue to safely store monetary assets.
Once money is deposited in banks, depositors can reap an interest that is determined by
the central bank. Another advantage of keeping money in banks aside from the security
and possible income is convenience. With an account from an accredited bank,
depositors have access to available cash, credit, and loans anywhere and anytime
through various platforms, such as bank branches, automated teller machines, and e-
banking platforms,and through check or debit/credit cards.
Investment Banks
 These institutions do not function the same as your usual banks. Investment banks only
deal with companies and are financial intermediaries that offer their services for business
and government institutions.Investment banks are specialists in underwiring equity
offerings as wellas debt.
Insurance Companies
 As the name suggests, insurance companies offer packages to individuals and
companies to protect themselves from future loses or risks. The main idea of insurance
coverage is to receive financial support during times of need such as disabilities,
accidents, illness, death, or natural disasters. Insurance companies operate by
collecting fixed contributions from its customers and scalng them by reinvesting. These
same funds are used to pay for the claims if the need arises. Risk is calculated by the
insurer by assessing the risk profile and customer need relative to the available
packages offered.

Brokerage Firms
 Working as a primary intermediary between the stock market and the investing public,
brokerage firms facilitate trades for investors in exchange of commission in each buy
and sell transaction. There are two basic kinds of brokerage firms, the full service and
the discount firm.
Investment Companies
 If an investor feels that they lack the time and confidence in picking companies to
compose their investment portfolio with, an investment company is the alternative to
be engaged with. An investment company offers individuals the option to invest in a
basket of companies that are managed by professional traders. Instead of choosing
companies, investors can pick different packages that has combinations of stocks,
bonds, and foreign exchange exposures with varying risk profiles. The following types
offunds are offered by investment companies.
 Open-end Funds (Mutual Funds)-A fund manager continually trades the pooled amount
of money as agreed in the fund prospectus or the legal document that details the
investing strategy,fee breakdown,fund performance,risk disclosure,use of borrowed
money in trading,directors/officers, and their professional fees.The transactions for mutual
funds, as well as its price, are determined and done at the end of the trading day or as
known as a net asset value per share (NAVPS). To calculate the NAVPS of a mutual fund,
the formula below is used using the Net Asset Value and shares outstanding as offered by
the fund.
 Price= Net Asset Value /Shares Outstanding
 Closed-end Funds (CEFs)- Much like an open-end fund, CEFs are a collection of funds
from its investors and are managed by a fund manager. However, the difference of CEFs
from mutual funds is that while the value of mutual funds is calculated at the end of the
 Exchange Traded Funds(ETFs)-These baskets of investments share the best of
mutual funds and CEFs. ETFs may have exposure on bonds, foreign exchange,
company stocks, futures, debit instruments, and commodities along with other
more exotic investment classes, such as derivatives, which are not equity based
or hold actual value through assets since the value of derivatives are based on
contracts where options and futures derive its value from.

Savings and Loans Association and Credit Unions

Savings and loans associations (S&Ls) at first glance may seem to be just another
bank in its operations in face value.These are rather not the case, since the main
diference of S&L is the target beneficiaries of their services and loans. S&L
institutions have middle to lower income cohort,and as in their case,S&Ls offer
lower rates in borrowing and higher interest in deposits.
Different Types of Investment Scams and
White-collar Crimes
There are different types of scams and cons and that can vary on how it is done and the
magnitude of its effect.Fraud mainly involves deception of one party toward another for personal
gain.Below are just some examples of fraud to be aware of.
 Ponzi Scheme-As one of the oldest financial crimes that still exists today, the scheme takes its
namesake from its originator,Charles Ponzi, who defrauded investors during the roaring 2os best
known as the heyday of the stock market.The scheme starts with Mr. Ponzi promising would-be
investors irresistible gains of 50% to 100% profit within a set number of days. However,the grim reality
is that he wasn’t gaining from credible investments but merely by recirculating money by robbing
new investors to pay old investors.
 Pyramid Scam- As one of the most prevalent fraudulent schemes in our country,pyramid scams
take inspiration from the Ponzi Scheme.These schemes are done by recruiting investors to join the
investment for a set fee and urge them to recruit others as their own “downlines,”and in doing so,
the same scheme of robbing Allen to pay Paul becomes apparent.
 Risk-free Investments – All investments are never “risk-free.” If someone offers an investment with
guaranteed returns that are too good to be true, then it is highly possible that the offer is fraudulent.
It is the duty of the investor to exercise due diligence in researching about the company includingits
potential risks.
Financial Literacy and the Community
 Currently,only a small percentage of Filipinos invest. The fundamental reason behind this behavior is
the lack of financial education and literacy among the community.This lack prevents access to the
majority of Filipinos to contribute to our economy by investing in our own government and
homegrown companies and in turn also receive returns for their investment choices. The only way for
communities to maximize their investment potential is by understanding the basic concepts of
finance and embracing it as an integral part of our society.A community that is knowledgeable
about finance is safe from scammers and con artists. The SEC issued an investment scam checklist
and advises the public of the following guidelines to avoid being a victim of investment scams.

SEC Investment Scam Checklist

Get the following information:
1. Name of the person and the company making the offer
2. Address of both the person and the company
3. Phone number, particularly the landline.Do not accept cell phone numbers-the owner cannot be
tracked.
4. SEC registration as an investment taker.Please bear in mind the following
 Personal Finance and Risk
Types of asset classes:
 Equities/Stocks – Investors can buy a part of a company by purchasing company stocks
or shares in the secondary markets.
 Fixed Income/Bonds – These are considered as I.O.Us or a type of debt securities where
investors are paid a premium or interest after it is repaid in a later date.
 Cash Equivalents-An example of these are offered by the government from treasury
bills, treasury bonds,treasury notes,and certificates of deposit among others that are
within money markets.
 Alternative Investments- Other can also invest in alternative asset classes such as
derivatives,real estate, art and collectibles, antiques, and commodities, such as
precious metals, small business,etc.
 Types of Risks
 Systematic Risk-These are risks that are controllable. An example of
systematic risk are drastic policy changes that may alter market
behavior, such as changes in the tax system or interest rate
changes.
 Unsystematic Risk-These are risks that are unforeseen and
uncontrollable.An example of unsystematic risk are natural disasters,
crimes, or strikes.
THANK
YOU!