MODULATION- is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal.

MODULATION- is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal. MODULATION- is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal. MODULATION- is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal.
MESSAGE SIGNAL- is the signal which is being transmitted for communication. MESSAGE SIGNAL- is the signal which is being transmitted for communication. MESSAGE SIGNAL- is the signal which is being transmitted for communication. MESSAGE SIGNAL- is the signal which is being transmitted for communication.
CARRIER SIGNAL- is a high frequency signal which has no data. CARRIER SIGNAL- is a high frequency signal which has no data. CARRIER SIGNAL- is a high frequency signal which has no data. CARRIER SIGNAL- is a high frequency signal which has no data.
DIGITAL- PCM produces a series of numbers or digits. DIGITAL- PCM produces a series of numbers or digits. DIGITAL- PCM produces a series of numbers or digits. DIGITAL- PCM produces a series of numbers or digits.
BINARY SEQUENCE -The output of a PCM. BINARY SEQUENCE -The output of a PCM. BINARY SEQUENCE -The output of a PCM. BINARY SEQUENCE -The output of a PCM.
THE TRANSMITTER SECTION- Sampling, Quantizing, Encoding. THE TRANSMITTER SECTION- Sampling, Quantizing, Encoding. THE TRANSMITTER SECTION- Sampling, Quantizing, Encoding. THE TRANSMITTER SECTION- Sampling, Quantizing, Encoding.
RECEIVER SECTION- regenerative repeater, decoder, reconstruction filter. RECEIVER SECTION- regenerative repeater, decoder, reconstruction filter. RECEIVER SECTION- regenerative repeater, decoder, reconstruction filter. RECEIVER SECTION- regenerative repeater, decoder, reconstruction filter.
PULSE CODE MODULATION- we used to convert analog signal to digital data. PULSE CODE MODULATION- we used to convert analog signal to digital data. PULSE CODE MODULATION- we used to convert analog signal to digital data. PULSE CODE MODULATION- we used to convert analog signal to digital data.
LOW PASS FILTER-This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input LOW PASS FILTER-This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input LOW PASS FILTER-This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input LOW PASS FILTER-This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input
analog signal. analog signal. analog signal. analog signal.
SAMPLER-This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data. SAMPLER-This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data. SAMPLER-This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data. SAMPLER-This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data.
QUANTIZER- Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data. QUANTIZER- Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data. QUANTIZER- Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data. QUANTIZER- Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data.
ENCODER- The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. ENCODER- The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. ENCODER- The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. ENCODER- The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder.
DECODER-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original DECODER-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original DECODER-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original DECODER-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original
signal. signal. signal. signal.
REGENERATIVE REPEATER- This section increases the signal strength. REGENERATIVE REPEATER- This section increases the signal strength. REGENERATIVE REPEATER- This section increases the signal strength. REGENERATIVE REPEATER- This section increases the signal strength.
RECONSTRUCTION FILTER-After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative RECONSTRUCTION FILTER-After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative RECONSTRUCTION FILTER-After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative RECONSTRUCTION FILTER-After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative
circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to
get back the original signal. get back the original signal. get back the original signal. get back the original signal.
DIGITAL MODULATION- provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system DIGITAL MODULATION- provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system DIGITAL MODULATION- provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system DIGITAL MODULATION- provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system
availability with great quality communication. availability with great quality communication. availability with great quality communication. availability with great quality communication.
ASK – AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the ASK – AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the ASK – AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the ASK – AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the
input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending
upon the carrier frequency. upon the carrier frequency. upon the carrier frequency. upon the carrier frequency.
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying - is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary ASK Amplitude Shift Keying - is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary ASK Amplitude Shift Keying - is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary ASK Amplitude Shift Keying - is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary
data data data data
FSK – FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING- The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, FSK – FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING- The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, FSK – FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING- The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, FSK – FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING- The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low,
depending upon the input data applied. depending upon the input data applied. depending upon the input data applied. depending upon the input data applied.
PSK – PHASE SHIFT KEYING- The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the PSK – PHASE SHIFT KEYING- The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the PSK – PHASE SHIFT KEYING- The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the PSK – PHASE SHIFT KEYING- The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the
input. input. input. input.
PHASE SHIFT KEYING- is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier PHASE SHIFT KEYING- is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier PHASE SHIFT KEYING- is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier PHASE SHIFT KEYING- is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier
signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time
Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK -This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK -This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK -This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK -This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In
this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180° this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180° this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180° this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK- This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK- This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK- This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK- This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the
sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.
M-ary Encoding - the methods where more than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously M-ary Encoding - the methods where more than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously M-ary Encoding - the methods where more than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously M-ary Encoding - the methods where more than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously
on a single signal 3 types: M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK. on a single signal 3 types: M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK. on a single signal 3 types: M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK. on a single signal 3 types: M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK.
BAND LIMITING FILTER-shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase. BAND LIMITING FILTER-shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase. BAND LIMITING FILTER-shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase. BAND LIMITING FILTER-shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase.
2 types of ASK Demodulation techniques: 2 types of ASK Demodulation techniques: 2 types of ASK Demodulation techniques: 2 types of ASK Demodulation techniques:
Asynchronous ASK detector- consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a Asynchronous ASK detector- consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a Asynchronous ASK detector- consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a Asynchronous ASK detector- consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a
comparator. comparator. comparator. comparator.
Synchronous ASK Demodulator -Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, Synchronous ASK Demodulator -Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, Synchronous ASK Demodulator -Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, Synchronous ASK Demodulator -Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector,
low pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter. low pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter. low pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter. low pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter.
Square law detector-A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the Square law detector-A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the Square law detector-A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the Square law detector-A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the
square of the amplitude modulated input voltage. square of the amplitude modulated input voltage. square of the amplitude modulated input voltage. square of the amplitude modulated input voltage.

MODULATION- is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal. MODULATION- is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal. MODULATION- is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal. MODULATION- is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal.
MESSAGE SIGNAL- is the signal which is being transmitted for communication. MESSAGE SIGNAL- is the signal which is being transmitted for communication. MESSAGE SIGNAL- is the signal which is being transmitted for communication. MESSAGE SIGNAL- is the signal which is being transmitted for communication.
CARRIER SIGNAL- is a high frequency signal which has no data. CARRIER SIGNAL- is a high frequency signal which has no data. CARRIER SIGNAL- is a high frequency signal which has no data. CARRIER SIGNAL- is a high frequency signal which has no data.
DIGITAL- PCM produces a series of numbers or digits. DIGITAL- PCM produces a series of numbers or digits. DIGITAL- PCM produces a series of numbers or digits. DIGITAL- PCM produces a series of numbers or digits.
BINARY SEQUENCE -The output of a PCM. BINARY SEQUENCE -The output of a PCM. BINARY SEQUENCE -The output of a PCM. BINARY SEQUENCE -The output of a PCM.
THE TRANSMITTER SECTION- Sampling, Quantizing, Encoding. THE TRANSMITTER SECTION- Sampling, Quantizing, Encoding. THE TRANSMITTER SECTION- Sampling, Quantizing, Encoding. THE TRANSMITTER SECTION- Sampling, Quantizing, Encoding.
RECEIVER SECTION- regenerative repeater, decoder, reconstruction filter. RECEIVER SECTION- regenerative repeater, decoder, reconstruction filter. RECEIVER SECTION- regenerative repeater, decoder, reconstruction filter. RECEIVER SECTION- regenerative repeater, decoder, reconstruction filter.
PULSE CODE MODULATION- we used to convert analog signal to digital data. PULSE CODE MODULATION- we used to convert analog signal to digital data. PULSE CODE MODULATION- we used to convert analog signal to digital data. PULSE CODE MODULATION- we used to convert analog signal to digital data.
LOW PASS FILTER-This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input LOW PASS FILTER-This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input LOW PASS FILTER-This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input LOW PASS FILTER-This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input
analog signal. analog signal. analog signal. analog signal.
SAMPLER-This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data. SAMPLER-This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data. SAMPLER-This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data. SAMPLER-This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data.
QUANTIZER- Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data. QUANTIZER- Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data. QUANTIZER- Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data. QUANTIZER- Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data.
ENCODER- The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. ENCODER- The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. ENCODER- The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. ENCODER- The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder.
DECODER-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original DECODER-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original DECODER-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original DECODER-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original
signal. signal. signal. signal.
REGENERATIVE REPEATER- This section increases the signal strength. REGENERATIVE REPEATER- This section increases the signal strength. REGENERATIVE REPEATER- This section increases the signal strength. REGENERATIVE REPEATER- This section increases the signal strength.
RECONSTRUCTION FILTER-After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative RECONSTRUCTION FILTER-After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative RECONSTRUCTION FILTER-After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative RECONSTRUCTION FILTER-After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative
circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to
get back the original signal. get back the original signal. get back the original signal. get back the original signal.
DIGITAL MODULATION- provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system DIGITAL MODULATION- provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system DIGITAL MODULATION- provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system DIGITAL MODULATION- provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system
availability with great quality communication. availability with great quality communication. availability with great quality communication. availability with great quality communication.
ASK – AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the ASK – AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the ASK – AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the ASK – AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the
input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending
upon the carrier frequency. upon the carrier frequency. upon the carrier frequency. upon the carrier frequency.
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying - is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary ASK Amplitude Shift Keying - is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary ASK Amplitude Shift Keying - is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary ASK Amplitude Shift Keying - is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary
data data data data
FSK – FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING- The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, FSK – FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING- The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, FSK – FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING- The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, FSK – FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING- The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low,
depending upon the input data applied. depending upon the input data applied. depending upon the input data applied. depending upon the input data applied.
PSK – PHASE SHIFT KEYING- The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the PSK – PHASE SHIFT KEYING- The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the PSK – PHASE SHIFT KEYING- The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the PSK – PHASE SHIFT KEYING- The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the
input. input. input. input.
PHASE SHIFT KEYING- is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier PHASE SHIFT KEYING- is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier PHASE SHIFT KEYING- is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier PHASE SHIFT KEYING- is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier
signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time
Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK -This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK -This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK -This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK -This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In
this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180° this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180° this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180° this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK- This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK- This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK- This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK- This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the
sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.
M-ary Encoding - the methods where more than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously M-ary Encoding - the methods where more than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously M-ary Encoding - the methods where more than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously M-ary Encoding - the methods where more than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously
on a single signal 3 types: M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK. on a single signal 3 types: M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK. on a single signal 3 types: M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK. on a single signal 3 types: M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK.
BAND LIMITING FILTER-shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase. BAND LIMITING FILTER-shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase. BAND LIMITING FILTER-shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase. BAND LIMITING FILTER-shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase.
2 types of ASK Demodulation techniques: 2 types of ASK Demodulation techniques: 2 types of ASK Demodulation techniques: 2 types of ASK Demodulation techniques:
Asynchronous ASK detector- consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a Asynchronous ASK detector- consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a Asynchronous ASK detector- consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a Asynchronous ASK detector- consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a
comparator. comparator. comparator. comparator.
Synchronous ASK Demodulator -Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, Synchronous ASK Demodulator -Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, Synchronous ASK Demodulator -Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, Synchronous ASK Demodulator -Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector,
low pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter. low pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter. low pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter. low pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter.
Square law detector-A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the Square law detector-A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the Square law detector-A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the Square law detector-A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the
square of the amplitude modulated input voltage. square of the amplitude modulated input voltage. square of the amplitude modulated input voltage. square of the amplitude modulated input voltage.

MODULATION- is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal. MODULATION- is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal. MODULATION- is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal. MODULATION- is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal.
MESSAGE SIGNAL- is the signal which is being transmitted for communication. MESSAGE SIGNAL- is the signal which is being transmitted for communication. MESSAGE SIGNAL- is the signal which is being transmitted for communication. MESSAGE SIGNAL- is the signal which is being transmitted for communication.
CARRIER SIGNAL- is a high frequency signal which has no data. CARRIER SIGNAL- is a high frequency signal which has no data. CARRIER SIGNAL- is a high frequency signal which has no data. CARRIER SIGNAL- is a high frequency signal which has no data.
DIGITAL- PCM produces a series of numbers or digits. DIGITAL- PCM produces a series of numbers or digits. DIGITAL- PCM produces a series of numbers or digits. DIGITAL- PCM produces a series of numbers or digits.
BINARY SEQUENCE -The output of a PCM. BINARY SEQUENCE -The output of a PCM. BINARY SEQUENCE -The output of a PCM. BINARY SEQUENCE -The output of a PCM.
THE TRANSMITTER SECTION- Sampling, Quantizing, Encoding. THE TRANSMITTER SECTION- Sampling, Quantizing, Encoding. THE TRANSMITTER SECTION- Sampling, Quantizing, Encoding. THE TRANSMITTER SECTION- Sampling, Quantizing, Encoding.
RECEIVER SECTION- regenerative repeater, decoder, reconstruction filter. RECEIVER SECTION- regenerative repeater, decoder, reconstruction filter. RECEIVER SECTION- regenerative repeater, decoder, reconstruction filter. RECEIVER SECTION- regenerative repeater, decoder, reconstruction filter.
PULSE CODE MODULATION- we used to convert analog signal to digital data. PULSE CODE MODULATION- we used to convert analog signal to digital data. PULSE CODE MODULATION- we used to convert analog signal to digital data. PULSE CODE MODULATION- we used to convert analog signal to digital data.
LOW PASS FILTER-This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input LOW PASS FILTER-This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input LOW PASS FILTER-This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input LOW PASS FILTER-This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input
analog signal. analog signal. analog signal. analog signal.
SAMPLER-This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data. SAMPLER-This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data. SAMPLER-This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data. SAMPLER-This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data.
QUANTIZER- Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data. QUANTIZER- Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data. QUANTIZER- Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data. QUANTIZER- Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data.
ENCODER- The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. ENCODER- The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. ENCODER- The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. ENCODER- The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder.
DECODER-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original DECODER-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original DECODER-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original DECODER-The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original
signal. signal. signal. signal.
REGENERATIVE REPEATER- This section increases the signal strength. REGENERATIVE REPEATER- This section increases the signal strength. REGENERATIVE REPEATER- This section increases the signal strength. REGENERATIVE REPEATER- This section increases the signal strength.
RECONSTRUCTION FILTER-After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative RECONSTRUCTION FILTER-After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative RECONSTRUCTION FILTER-After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative RECONSTRUCTION FILTER-After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative
circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to circuit and the decoder, a low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to
get back the original signal. get back the original signal. get back the original signal. get back the original signal.
DIGITAL MODULATION- provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system DIGITAL MODULATION- provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system DIGITAL MODULATION- provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system DIGITAL MODULATION- provides more information capacity, high data security, quicker system
availability with great quality communication. availability with great quality communication. availability with great quality communication. availability with great quality communication.
ASK – AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the ASK – AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the ASK – AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the ASK – AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING-The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the
input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending input data whether it should be a zero level or a variation of positive and negative, depending
upon the carrier frequency. upon the carrier frequency. upon the carrier frequency. upon the carrier frequency.
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying - is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary ASK Amplitude Shift Keying - is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary ASK Amplitude Shift Keying - is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary ASK Amplitude Shift Keying - is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary
data data data data
FSK – FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING- The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, FSK – FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING- The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, FSK – FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING- The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, FSK – FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING- The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low,
depending upon the input data applied. depending upon the input data applied. depending upon the input data applied. depending upon the input data applied.
PSK – PHASE SHIFT KEYING- The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the PSK – PHASE SHIFT KEYING- The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the PSK – PHASE SHIFT KEYING- The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the PSK – PHASE SHIFT KEYING- The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the
input. input. input. input.
PHASE SHIFT KEYING- is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier PHASE SHIFT KEYING- is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier PHASE SHIFT KEYING- is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier PHASE SHIFT KEYING- is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier
signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time
Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK -This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK -This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK -This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK -This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In
this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180° this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180° this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180° this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK- This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK- This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK- This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK- This is the phase shift keying technique, in which the
sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. sine wave carrier takes four phase reversals such as 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.
M-ary Encoding - the methods where more than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously M-ary Encoding - the methods where more than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously M-ary Encoding - the methods where more than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously M-ary Encoding - the methods where more than two bits are made to transmit simultaneously
on a single signal 3 types: M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK. on a single signal 3 types: M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK. on a single signal 3 types: M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK. on a single signal 3 types: M-ary ASK, M-ary FSK, M-ary PSK.
BAND LIMITING FILTER-shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase. BAND LIMITING FILTER-shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase. BAND LIMITING FILTER-shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase. BAND LIMITING FILTER-shapes the pulse depending upon the amplitude and phase.
2 types of ASK Demodulation techniques: 2 types of ASK Demodulation techniques: 2 types of ASK Demodulation techniques: 2 types of ASK Demodulation techniques:
Asynchronous ASK detector- consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a Asynchronous ASK detector- consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a Asynchronous ASK detector- consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a Asynchronous ASK detector- consists of a half-wave rectifier, a low pass filter, and a
comparator. comparator. comparator. comparator.
Synchronous ASK Demodulator -Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, Synchronous ASK Demodulator -Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, Synchronous ASK Demodulator -Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, Synchronous ASK Demodulator -Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector,
low pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter. low pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter. low pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter. low pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter.
Square law detector-A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the Square law detector-A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the Square law detector-A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the Square law detector-A square law detector is one whose output voltage is proportional to the
square of the amplitude modulated input voltage. square of the amplitude modulated input voltage. square of the amplitude modulated input voltage. square of the amplitude modulated input voltage.
Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital. Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital. Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital. Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital.
Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along
woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information. woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information. woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information. woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information.
If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty. If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty. If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty. If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty.
If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise. If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise. If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise. If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise.
If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information. If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information. If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information. If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information.
Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of
communication communication communication communication
message source The first component of the model message source The first component of the model message source The first component of the model message source The first component of the model
encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being
sent. channel is the medium that carries the message sent. channel is the medium that carries the message sent. channel is the medium that carries the message sent. channel is the medium that carries the message
Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal.
decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message
receiver can comprehend. receiver can comprehend. receiver can comprehend. receiver can comprehend.
message receiver is the object that gets the message message receiver is the object that gets the message message receiver is the object that gets the message message receiver is the object that gets the message
Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states
Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities
that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example. that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example. that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example. that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example.
1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and 1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and 1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and 1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and
visual symbols to communicate over long distances. visual symbols to communicate over long distances. visual symbols to communicate over long distances. visual symbols to communicate over long distances.
2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of 2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of 2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of 2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of
the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail.
3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that 3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that 3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that 3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that
transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's
4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication 4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication 4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication 4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication
with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi
5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century 5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century 5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century 5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century
revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock,
6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects 6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects 6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects 6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense, Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense, Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense, Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense,
7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the 7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the 7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the 7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the
commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim
Berners-Lee Berners-Lee Berners-Lee Berners-Lee
8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the 8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the 8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the 8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the
proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data
capacity. capacity. capacity. capacity.
9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the 9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the 9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the 9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the
2000s revolutionized data storage and processing. 2000s revolutionized data storage and processing. 2000s revolutionized data storage and processing. 2000s revolutionized data storage and processing.
10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected 10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected 10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected 10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected
devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT), devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT), devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT), devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT),

Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital. Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital. Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital. Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital.
Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along
woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information. woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information. woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information. woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information.
If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty. If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty. If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty. If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty.
If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise. If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise. If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise. If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise.
If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information. If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information. If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information. If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information.
Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of
communication communication communication communication
message source The first component of the model message source The first component of the model message source The first component of the model message source The first component of the model
encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being
sent. channel is the medium that carries the message sent. channel is the medium that carries the message sent. channel is the medium that carries the message sent. channel is the medium that carries the message
Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal.
decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message
receiver can comprehend. receiver can comprehend. receiver can comprehend. receiver can comprehend.
message receiver is the object that gets the message message receiver is the object that gets the message message receiver is the object that gets the message message receiver is the object that gets the message
Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states
Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities
that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example. that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example. that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example. that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example.
1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and 1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and 1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and 1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and
visual symbols to communicate over long distances. visual symbols to communicate over long distances. visual symbols to communicate over long distances. visual symbols to communicate over long distances.
2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of 2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of 2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of 2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of
the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail.
3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that 3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that 3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that 3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that
transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's
4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication 4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication 4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication 4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication
with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi
5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century 5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century 5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century 5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century
revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock,
6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects 6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects 6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects 6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense, Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense, Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense, Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense,
7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the 7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the 7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the 7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the
commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim
Berners-Lee Berners-Lee Berners-Lee Berners-Lee
8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the 8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the 8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the 8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the
proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data
capacity. capacity. capacity. capacity.
9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the 9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the 9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the 9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the
2000s revolutionized data storage and processing. 2000s revolutionized data storage and processing. 2000s revolutionized data storage and processing. 2000s revolutionized data storage and processing.
10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected 10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected 10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected 10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected
devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT), devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT), devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT), devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT),

Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital. Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital. Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital. Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital.
Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along
woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information. woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information. woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information. woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information.
If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty. If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty. If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty. If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty.
If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise. If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise. If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise. If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise.
If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information. If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information. If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information. If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information.
Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of
communication communication communication communication
message source The first component of the model message source The first component of the model message source The first component of the model message source The first component of the model
encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being
sent. channel is the medium that carries the message sent. channel is the medium that carries the message sent. channel is the medium that carries the message sent. channel is the medium that carries the message
Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal.
decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message
receiver can comprehend. receiver can comprehend. receiver can comprehend. receiver can comprehend.
message receiver is the object that gets the message message receiver is the object that gets the message message receiver is the object that gets the message message receiver is the object that gets the message
Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states
Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities
that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example. that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example. that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example. that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example.
1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and 1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and 1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and 1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and
visual symbols to communicate over long distances. visual symbols to communicate over long distances. visual symbols to communicate over long distances. visual symbols to communicate over long distances.
2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of 2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of 2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of 2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of
the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail.
3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that 3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that 3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that 3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that
transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's
4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication 4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication 4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication 4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication
with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi
5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century 5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century 5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century 5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century
revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock,
6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects 6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects 6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects 6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense, Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense, Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense, Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense,
7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the 7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the 7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the 7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the
commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim
Berners-Lee Berners-Lee Berners-Lee Berners-Lee
8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the 8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the 8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the 8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the
proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data
capacity. capacity. capacity. capacity.
9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the 9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the 9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the 9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the
2000s revolutionized data storage and processing. 2000s revolutionized data storage and processing. 2000s revolutionized data storage and processing. 2000s revolutionized data storage and processing.
10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected 10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected 10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected 10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected
devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT), devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT), devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT), devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT),

Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital. Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital. Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital. Information is the source of a communication system, whether is analog or digital.
Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along Information Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of coding of information along
woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information. woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information. woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information. woth the quantification, storage, and communication of information.
If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty. If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty. If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty. If the event has not occurred, there is a condition of uncertainty.
If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise. If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise. If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise. If the event has just occurred, there is a condition of surprise.
If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information. If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information. If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information. If the event has occurred, a time back, there is a condition of having some information.
Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of Shannon’s Communication Model, Shannon developed a very simple, abstract model of
communication communication communication communication
message source The first component of the model message source The first component of the model message source The first component of the model message source The first component of the model
encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being encoder is the object that connects the message to the actual physical signals that are being
sent. channel is the medium that carries the message sent. channel is the medium that carries the message sent. channel is the medium that carries the message sent. channel is the medium that carries the message
Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal. Noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of a signal.
decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message decoder is the object that converts the signal, as received, into a form that the message
receiver can comprehend. receiver can comprehend. receiver can comprehend. receiver can comprehend.
message receiver is the object that gets the message message receiver is the object that gets the message message receiver is the object that gets the message message receiver is the object that gets the message
Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states Discrete signals can represent only a finite a number of different, recognizable states
Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities Continuous signals, also known as analog signals, are commonly used to transmit quantities
that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example. that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example. that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example. that can vary over an infinite set of values-sound is a typical example.
1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and 1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and 1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and 1. Early Forms Of Communication . Early civilizations used smoke signals, drumbeats, and
visual symbols to communicate over long distances. visual symbols to communicate over long distances. visual symbols to communicate over long distances. visual symbols to communicate over long distances.
2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of 2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of 2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of 2. The Telegraph The 19th century marked a significant breakthrough with the invention of
the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. the electric telegraph by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail.
3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that 3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that 3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that 3. The Telephone The late 19th century witnessed the birth of the telephone, a device that
transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's transformed data communication by allowing voice transmission. Alexander Graham Bell's
4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication 4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication 4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication 4. The Rise Of Radio The early 20th century saw the emergence of wireless communication
with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi with the invention of radio. Pioneers like Guglielmo Marconi
5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century 5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century 5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century 5. The Internet And Packet Switching The birth of the internet in the late 20th century
revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock, revolutionized data communication on a global scale. Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock,
6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects 6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects 6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects 6. ARPANET And The Birth Of The Internet In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense, Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense, Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense, Agency Network (ARPANET) was established by the U.S. Department of Defense,
7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the 7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the 7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the 7. Commercialization And The World Wide Web The 1990s witnessed the
commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim commercialization of the internet and the advent of the World Wide Web (WWW) by Sir Tim
Berners-Lee Berners-Lee Berners-Lee Berners-Lee
8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the 8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the 8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the 8. Broadband And Mobile Communication The early 21st century witnessed the
proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data proliferation of broadband internet connections, offering higher speeds and increased data
capacity. capacity. capacity. capacity.
9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the 9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the 9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the 9. Cloud Computing and Big Data The development of cloud computing technologies in the
2000s revolutionized data storage and processing. 2000s revolutionized data storage and processing. 2000s revolutionized data storage and processing. 2000s revolutionized data storage and processing.
10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected 10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected 10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected 10. The Internet Of Things (IoT) and Data Security The proliferation of internet-connected
devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT), devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT), devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT), devices in the 21st century gave rise to the Internet of Things (IoT),