GYANDEEP Sr. Sec.

SCHOOL
Pol. Sc.
Executive Class 11
Q1. Differentiate between parliamentary Executive and Presidential Executives.
Ans: Parliamentary executive and Presidential executive are two different types of the executive
which are found in most of the countries of the world suiting their conditions. Differences
between Parliamentary executive and President executive are as under
Parliamentary Executive Presidential Executive

1. Two types of Executive-one is 1. One executive and that is the real

real arid other is nominal executive

2. Leadership of Prime-minister 2. Leadership of President

3. Based on the close relationship 3. There is a separation between the

between executive and legislative. executive and the legislative.

4. Executive is responsible to the 4. Executive is not responsible’ to

legislature the legislative.

5. Individual and collective 5. Ministers are not responsible for

responsibility of ministers the legislative.

6. Political Homogeneity 6. No political Hamogenity

Q2.Why India adopted a Parliamentary system?

Answer: There was a debate in Constituent Assembly whether to adopt a Parliamentary system
of government or Presidential system. Some members were in favour of the Parliamentary
system and others were for the Presidential system. ‘But ultimate constitution-makers took the
decision in favour of Parliamentary system as we had already experience of running a
Parliamentary system under the Government of India Act 1919 and 1935.
This experience had shown that in the Parliamentary system executive is effectively controlled
by the legislature. Constitution makers wanted a responsible and responsive Government for
India which can be answerable to the people and could serve the need of the people. The
parliamentary system provides an effective mechanism to check the executives by the people in
the Parliamentary system.
Q3.Explain the process of Presidential Election.
Answer: The President of India is the highest executive in India. His election is indirect. He is
sleeted by an elected college which consists of elected members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
and elected members of all the state Assembly. This election is conducted by a single
transferable vote system which every vote can express as many preferences as there are
candidates in the election. The person who gets the desired quota on the basis of counting of the
first preference is elected the President. The formula for getting the desired quota is

To become the President of India one should attain the age of 35 years and should not hold any
office of profit under the Central Government or State Government.
Q4 How the President can be removed.
Answer: The President of India has the tenure of five years but he can be removed by the method
of impeachment in which changes are levelled is one house of the Parliament and are examined
in the second house of the Parliament. President is given 14 days notice to explain his position. If
changes are proved by 2/3 majority the present and voting members the President stands
impeached and he has to vacate the office.
Q 5.Write the legislative Functions of Indian President.
Answer: Followings are the legislative functions of President of India:
1. President is part of the Indian Parliament
2. He summons prorogues and dissolves the Parliament.
3. He gives an asset to the bills passed by Parliament to make the laws.
4. He gives assent for the introduction of the budget and finance bill and gives final
approval.
5. He nominates two members to Lok Sabha and 12 members to Rajya Sabha.
6. He can send message ho the Parliament.
7. He issues ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.
Q 6.Write the Executive functions of Indian President.
Answer:Indian President is Chief Executive. All the executives’ powers are vested in his name.
His powers can be studied as under:
1. He appoints Prime ministers and ministers.
2. He makes all. important appointments like Governors and Chairman.
3. He implements laws and policies.
4. He appoints high commissions, ambassadors and receives the credentials of foreign
dignitaries. He represents India abroad.
5. He is Supreme Commander of Indian Army.
6. He declares war and peace.
7. He has the right to be informed and to be consulted.
Question 7.How the Prime-minister of India is appointed?
Answer: The Prime-minister is appointed by the President. After the election to the Lok Sabha,
the leader of the political party or group of parties is invited to form the Government by the
President. If he agrees, the President admin¬isters them the secrecy and oath of the office of
Prime Minister. In case no party gets the majority in the Lok Sabha the discretion is used by the
President is choosing the Prime-Minister. It is his satisfaction in whom leader or party he
considers his faith to give a stable and efficient government. But when any party gets a clear out
majority in Lok Sabha, he has no choice except to invade the leader of such majority party to
form the Government.
Question 8. Write the main functions of Indian Prime-minister.
Answer:Indian Prime-minister is a very powerful post and has a free hand in a number of areas
as. We Can understand his functions in the following point
1 Formation of cabinet
2 Distribution of Portfolio among different ministers.
3 To preside over the meetings of the cabinet.
4 To coordinate among different ministries and departments.
5 To act as an advisor to the President
6 To act as the link between cabinet and President
7To act as the architect of foreign policy
8 He acts as the leader of the house
9 He acts as the important leader of the party
10 He leads the country
Question 9.How the council of ministers is constituted?
Answer:Council of the minister is a real political executive who works under the leadership and
guidance of the Prime-minister. They are appointed by the President of India in the advice of the
Prime-minister. They remain in the office at the pleasure of President. However it the prerogative
of Prime-minister to includes any member of his party in his council of ministers or not. Prime
Minister submits the selected list to the President who administers the oath of secrecy to the
members of the list. The ministers can be removed from the council of ministers on the advice of
Prime-minister. To become the minister one should be a member of either house of the
Parliament.
Question 10.Compare the powers and position of Prime-minister of India with the powers and
position of US president.
Answer:India has a Parliamentary system where Prime-minister is a real executive who
discharges all powers and responsibilities written in the name of Indian President in the Indian
Constitution. While in USA President is the real head who uses the powers which are written in
his name in the US Constitution. Both offices have their own strong and weak areas. Both posts
are powerful parts of the world. We can compare them in the following points.
1. The tenure of Indian PM is uncertain while the president of the USA enjoys fixed
tenure.
2. The Prime-minister his fewer powers over his ministers in comparison to the
ministers of USA
3. Prime-minister can dissolve Parliament but USA President cannot dissolve
Parliament.
4. The PM can implement his decision more effectively if he has the majority in the
Lok Sabha but US president cannot as he is more dependent on all the consent of
the US Senate.
5. Our Rajya Sabha has no control over Prime-minister. In USA senate has control
over the execution of the policies by the President.
Question 11.What are the functions of the council of ministers?
Answer:The cabinet is the real political executive who has vast powers and is responsible for the
total administration in all the spheres of national life. The functions and powers can be explained
in the following points.
1. Policymaking
2. Policy implementation
3. Legislative function ie; making bills and getting them passed in the parliament.
4. Financial functions (Making a budget and getting it passed).
5. Developmental functions
6. Welfare functions.
7. To act as the political executive
Question 12.How the Governor is appointed? What are its functions?
Answer:Since the state has also Parliamentary system of Government they also need a nominal
head. He is appointed as the nominal head of state by the President of India. As head of State,
Governor performs a formal function in the legislative field, executive and judicial fields.
Governor also acts as an agent of the centre and as this capacity, he acts as a watchdog of the
national and central interest in the states. Governor is also given some discretionary powers
which he uses himself without the aid and advice of council ministers and chief minister. He
sends the report to the centre under Art 356 for the imposition of President rule as the situation
demands so.
Question 13.How the Chief Minister is appointed and what are his main functions?
Answer: Chief Minister is the real executive head at the state level. He is the leader of the
Council of ministers. He is appointed by the’ Governor in the same manner in which Prime-
minister is appointed in the centre by the President of India. The leader of the majority party in
the state assembly is appointed as chief minister by the Governor. If no party gets a clear
majority in the election then he can use his discretion and may use the number of options before
him but he has to explore all the possible probabilities to formal state Government.
Chief minister performs the following functions:
1. Formation of cabinet and distribution of portfolios among the ministers.
2. To preside over the meetings of the cabinet.
3. To act as an advisor to the Governor
4. To act as the leader of the house
5. To act as a link between the cabinet and Governor
6. To act as leader of the party
7. To act as leader of the state.
Question 14.Discuss the composition and functions of UPSC and SPSCS. (State Public Service
Commission).
Answer:The Constitution has provided for UPSC (Union Service Commission) at the central
level and PSCS (Public Service Commission) at State level. They have been entrusted with the
task of conducting the process of recruitment of the civil servants for the Government of India
and State respectively. The Chairman and members of UPSC are appointed by the President and
the Chairman and member of State Public Service Commissions are appointed by the concerned
state. They can be removed from the office through an enquiry made by a judge of the Supreme
Court and High Court respectively. The UPSC conducts the exams and interviews for different
all India and Central Services. Similarly, State PSCs make necessary arrangements for the
appointment of State Services.
Question 15.Discuss the role of civil services in India.
Answer:India has established professionally qualified administrative machinery when is
supposed to be politically neutral. They are expert in their areas to play a decisive role in the
policymaking, policy implementation areas. The success of the Government depends upon the
active and faithful role of the civil servants who manage every’ department from top to bottom.
Bureaucracy is an instrument through which welfare and development policies should reach the
people. Bureaucracy is the advisor of the political executives. Civil servants are known as the
servants of the people.
Extra Questions Long Answer Type
Question 1.Discuss the increasing role of Executive in the modern state.
Answer:The executive is one of the main organs of the Government. The executive has entrusted
the task of policymaking, policy implementation and law imple¬mentation and making an
appointment. There are many types of the executive. They may be civil or military, they may be
hereditary (Monarchy) or they may be elected (Republican) They may be political executive
(Cabinet) or they may be permanent and expert executive (Civil Service) They may be
Parliamentary executive or they may be Presidential executive.
Whatever may be the nature of executive, due to the welfare nature of the modern State the
executive’s role has increased much fold. There is no area of national life where the executive
has no interference and role.
Every society is in a transitional stage where the urges and demands challenges and problems of
the people are increasing which are supposed to be looked after the executive. The executive has
guidelines not only in exclusive areas like implementation of policies and programmes but also
have a significant role in legislative financial and judicial areas. For the development and welfare
of the people, everybody looks after the executive. With a new dimension of change and
development and increasing globalisation and internationalism the role of executive increases.