5th IEEE International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing(PDGC-2018), 20-22 Dec, 2018, Solan, India

Overview on Microgrid System

1,2
Vijay Kumar Garg, 3Sudhir Sharma
1
(Research Scholar) IKG Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, India
2
Dept. of Electrical Engg, UIET, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
3
Dept. of Electrical Engg, DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jalandhar, India
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: - Demand of the electricity is increasing day by Government of India targeting the production of 175GW from
day due to industrial development and rise in living standards renewable energy with 100 GW from Solar, 60 GW from
of human beings. The need of electricity can’t be fulfilled Wind, 10GW from Bio- energy and 5GW from mini and
alone by fossil fuels as they are depleting with passage of micro Hydro power up to 2022. Indian power sector is having
time. We have to find out others ways to fulfil the energy number of issues like minimization of the aggregate technical
demand of such. In recent time, there is research going on in & commercial (AT&C) losses, power theft, insufficient grid
the field of renewable energy which seems to be achieving a infrastructure, low metering efficiency etc.
great height day by day. Development of smart grid and
microgrids are in a full swing. Along with development of 2. MICROGRID SYSTEM
distributed generation under smart and microgrid, there is Microgrid is a combination of Distributed generation
need for managing the energy utilization too. In this paper, resources (DER), Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and various
various terms related to microgrid, control structure, types of electrical loads. Microgrid appears as a single
distributed energy sources and energy management in component with respect to the main grid which is governed
microgrid etc. are discussed and an overview is given to by control signals. The DERs in the Microgrid may be micro
understand the microgrid. turbines, fuel cells, solar cells, wind turbine, or any
conventional or non-conventional power sources. Microgrid
Keywords: Distributed generation resources, Energy can be defined as a collection of Loads, DER and ESS
storage elements, Energy management system, Microgrid, operated in synchronization for supplying reliable electric
Renewable energy power, which is linked with the host power system at the
consumption level to a single point of connection, known as
1. INTRODUCTION the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) [2][3]. It is generally
G ENERATION of electricity can be done with
conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
at low voltage side of distribution power system. Microgrids
are known as building blocks of smart grids. The objective of
The conventional energy sources are exhausting at a high rate the microgrids is to deliver electricity in sustainable,
and they will be lasted for next few decades. Imagine the economical and secure way by intelligent monitoring, control
world without power and that too in the 21st century, and self-healing technologies. To the utility microgrid can be
everything will be at halt whether industries, transportation, a sort of load which can call for power at any time e.g. at night
food manufacturing as well as home appliances. Day by day as in case of a solar cell which does not have power at night
power is becoming an important aspect of our life. The or at cloudy day[4]. Microgrids seems like a new, local and
everlasting energy demand, along with environmental small scale grid which maximizes its local resources available
anxieties and emerging of private players as well as in a geographical region and minimizes the AT&C losses. The
microgrids operate in two types, i.e. island mode and grid
competition has attracted interest in large deployment of Non-
connected mode.
Conventional Sources (NCS) [1].
The electricity grid is most magnificent engineering
achievement of today world. It is the electrical power web 2.1 Island Mode
covers a lattice of generating plants, transformers, the Microgrid, which do not have PCC are termed as isolated
interconnection of the transmission lines, the distribution microgrid or it can simply be termed as standalone microgrid.
lines, the substation and the end users. Due to upgradation in The remote areas, which are not connected to the utility grid
technology, economic benefits and environment due to the technical or financial restrictions are examples of
apprehensions, there are lot of changes in power system. this type of grid and power can be supplied to these areas
Distributed generation are coming up with Centralized through standalone microgrid. The islanding capability
generation plants. The Indian economy is moving at a good lowers the outages and improves service, power quality and
pace with inclusion of digitalization and goods and services reliability. Islanding can be either planned or unplanned.
tax (GST) in recent times. In overall power production, Planned islanding can occur in states such as planned
Renewable generation (20.06%) secure second position after maintenance or when power quality of the utility main grid
Thermal (64.8%) while other sources like Hydro (12.38%) can threaten microgrid operation and quality. Unplanned
and Nuclear (2%) are lacking behind as per report of the islanding can happen due to faults and other spontaneous
Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE). The proceedings that are indefinite to the microgrid.

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 5th IEEE International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing(PDGC-2018), 20-22 Dec, 2018, Solan, India

2.2 Grid Connected Mode 4. MICROGRID CONTROL LAYER

In this mode, the microgrid is connected with electricity To maximize the benefits of DER’s, they should be connected
grid. It can also be of two type i.e. one, which is connected with utility grid. DER’s covers large geographical area so
with grid but does not supply surplus power to the grid and requirement of communication as well as computation
the other which supply surplus power to the utility grid. increase to a great extent in centralized control system
Frequency should be synchronized with the main electric grid whereas decentralized control is also not feasible due to
so that electricity can be transfer to the main grid without any strong coupling between different controller. A control
technical issues. There are various techniques for matching hierarchical can be made for achieving the positive points of
the different parameters of the microgrid like droop control, both schemes with three control layers i.e. primary, secondary
artificial intelligence techniques such as fuzzy logic, neural and tertiary which are different due to their speed response,
network, genetic algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization operation time and infrastructure requirement. There are
(PSO) etc. The work of the PCC is to isolate and link the main different types of entities present in the microgrid like
and micro grid. In case of peak demand when DER are not Distributor Network Operator (DNO), Market Operator
able to fulfil the demand then it is fulfilling by the main grid (MO), Microgrid Central Controller (MCC) and Local
through PCC. This mode insures the non-stop supply of Controller (LC) with each DER/Load [7][8][9].
power as if there is fault in the DER, the utility grid can act as
a backup power source. Hence load shaving is minimum in 4.1 Primary control
this case [5]. It is also known as field level/local/internal control having
fastest response. It is based on measurements by Local
3. MICROGRID SUPERVISORY CONTROL Controller (LC) so that there is no requirement of
In support of maximum output power from the microgrid communication system. It manages DERs output, local loads,
system two supervisory control strategies are discussed in active and reactive power. In centralized control system, they
various literature [6][7], which are Centralized and got the set point instructions for DERs and loads from
Decentralized. Microgrid Central Controller (MGCC) (secondary
controller), whereas perform local optimization in
3.1 Centralized Control System decentralized system. Voltage source Inverter (VSI) uses as
In this system, there is an microgrid central controller who an interfacing device between DERs and the microgrid. It is
takes all the decisions. Microgrid central controller (MCC) having two stages: one is DG power sharing responsible for
gathers all information regarding forecasted generation and active and reactive power mismatches; second one is inverter
load demand, SOC of each storage devices, utility grid status output controller which perform the function of voltage and
and after that perform multi-stage optimization as per the frequency control consisting two layer: outer loop for voltage
constraints related to power flow, market and network control and inner loop for current control.
parameters etc. and then direct each DER for power
production. In case of shortage of power, guide for unit 4.2 Secondary control
commitment too. This system requires heavy computation It is also known as energy management microgrid
system as well as reliable and advanced communication system(EMS)/ MGCC, which is responsible for reliable,
system. secure and real time optimized operation of the microgrid in
grid connected as well as islanded mode. It manages voltage
3.2 Decentralized Control System and frequency at PCC depending upon operating
When number of DER’s are connected then their owner characteristics. Active and reactive power dispatch from each
may be different so it creates lots of management issues in DER is also managed. Unit commitment is also applied if
centralized control system and a certain level of intelligence generation and demand mismatches. It operates in slow time
is required so as to manage critical loads of its own grid, response for fulfilling decoupling secondary system from
which is not possible in it. In decentralized control system, primary, reducing communication bandwidth and managing
each DER have its own local controller who is responsible for complex calculations. In Islanded grid, it is highest level of
maximum power generation as well as for meeting load control system.
demand. The bids for energy selling/purchasing are sent to
central microgrid operator. Local controller manages its own 4.3 Tertiary control
grid and adjust the loads as per energy availability. Multiple It is highest level of control system in grid connected mode
agents are used for controlling purpose along with artificial which is responsible for selling and buying of electricity with
intelligence techniques. There are more co-ordinations utility, when multiple microgrids are connected. The
between the local controllers of the different microgrid as optimized and intelligent system is operated in this layer. The
compared to central control system as well as freedom for Distributor Network Operator (DNO) is responsible for
optimized operation of the microgrid. There is very less optimal management with utility grid whereas Market
requirement of communication system. Operator (MO) manages market functions. Both of them are

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 5th IEEE International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing(PDGC-2018), 20-22 Dec, 2018, Solan, India

part of the grid system. Its response time is of minutes and a expressed as,
good communication system is required for getting good
results. (β, α)
=( − 273 ) + ( − 20) (2)
800
5. DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES
Distributed energy resources/ distributed generation(DG)/ Here, and are the ambient and nominal operating cell
dispersed generation/ embedded generation/ decentralized temperature.
generation are electric power sources connected to the
distribution network [10]. Distributed resources can be set up 1
in distribution system on either the consumer end or utility ( :
end of the meter. They can be owned and operated by utility )
grid or by consumer. There are number of advantages of DER
2
like consumption of power at generating point which :
( ℎ )
minimize the transmission losses as well as provision of
power at inaccessible region [11]. The distributed energy −
ℎ
resources are dispatchable (which can adjust their output :
power as per the requirement i.e. hydroelectric, natural gas, −
pumped storage power plant, biomass, geothermal, ocean : ( )
thermal etc.) and Non-dispatchable (which are not able to −
adjust their output power as per need i.e. wind, solar, tidal, −
wave etc.) DERs supplies real as well as reactive power. They ( )
−
can influence real as well as reactive power flow so as to −
manage demand as well as transmission loss. During fault − ( )
condition or disturbances, the DER can operates as low −
voltage ride through (LVRT) or Fault ride through (FRT) or
under voltage ride through (UVRT) for some specified time 3
periods in milliseconds and voltage range as per norms of ( :
utility. In this condition, they remain connected to the grid and )
temporarily supply the reactive power for specified time . .
period [12]. Out of these different distributed energy
resources the special attention within this section is given on ( )
photovoltaic and wind power generations.
5.2 Wind Turbine Generation
5.1 Photovoltaic Generation The principle of operation of wind turbines is very simple.
A PV system is an interface that converts light into The wind energy rotates the blades around a rotor which is
electricity. A photovoltaic cell is the fundamental generating connected to the generator through main shaft. Wind turbines
unit of a PV system, which in itself generates miniscule are fixed at a height with the help of a tower. Mathematically,
power. These are connected in either series or parallel to the wind turbine power can be given as [13],
produce higher voltage or current levels. PV modules are the
basic building blocks of a PV system. The architecture ( ) 1
shown represents the material classification for PV panel with = ρA (3)
2
different generations.
A Photovoltaic panel includes one or more PV modules Where is the output power of the wind turbine, ρ the
that are wired together as a field installable unit. A PV module air density ( / ), wind speed at hub height
power output depends upon different factors that include ( / ), rotor swept area ( ), power coefficient
temperature, incident irradiance, material, etc. of wind turbine. The values of rotor swept area and wind
Mathematically, the power output of a PV module can be turbine power coefficient are provided by the wind turbine
expressed as [13]: manufacturer itself. Air density is affected by the
environmental conditions such as temperature, atmospheric
(β, α) pressure, etc. For equation (3) the air density ρ plays very
= 1+ ( − ) (1)
important role that can be given as,

Where is the output Power of PV module under .

ρ= (4)
standard test conditions (STC), (β, α) incident irradiance .
falling on the solar panels, incident irradiance under The term represents the molar mass of air ( / ),
STC, power temperature coefficient, temperature in atmospheric pressure ( / 2), universal gas constant
under STC and cell temperature. For equation (1) the cell ( / ). The wind turbine power estimation requires
temperature plays very important role which can be the extrapolation of the wind speed at turbine’s hub height.

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 5th IEEE International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing(PDGC-2018), 20-22 Dec, 2018, Solan, India

6. ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM cut off the power delivered/absorbed by the battery. Some
Renewable Energy Sources(RES) are interminnent in nature amount of energy lost while charging and discharging of ESS
i.e. their output power is not avaiable as and when required. as the cycle efficiency is not 100%, so an optimized operation
Energy storage system overcome this drawback by storing will yield more benefits. The speed as well as amount of
their power. There are many benefits of storage in the RES charging/discharging depends upon SOC of the ESS.
that are of particular interest. While RES are support pillars
of the microgrid. With lack of storage facilities, RES 7. ELECTRIC LOADS
generation cannot improve the reliability of the Microgrid. A Microgrid serves as an electric load on power system and
storage unit can be compared to the inertia of a generator, behaves like an electrical “Slack Bus” who supply/absorb the
which absorbs temporary transients between the generation power from the utility grid depending upon operational
and the demand. Similarly, the storage acts as the up-downs strategies or contractual obligations. There are different types
of the microgrid. Storage system increase the amount of of electric loads which can be connected to the microgrid.
loading while charging and decrease the loading during
discharging. This type of the behavior continues in 24 hours ;
and therefore storage devices should be of optimal size as well ( ℎ ℎ
as placed at a suitable distance. In spite of its advantages, )
energy storage has not been fully utilized. The limiting factors ;
involves their cost, lack of management strategies and ( ℎ ℎ
appropriate control. Further researches are needed to explore
)
and enhance control methods for energy storage [14] [15]
[16]. The architecture ( )shown represents the classification ;
of energy storage elements of microgrid system. ( ℎ ℎ
)
:
( ) ;
( ℎ ℎ
. . )
ℎ
ℎ ;
.
. ( ℎ ℎ
ℎ )
.
;
.
( ℎ
. .
( ): )
. .
( )

. . ( )
ℎ ℎ It can be domestic load or small industrial load like Heating
. Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC), dish washer,
. dryers, washing machines, refrigerators, light load, fan, Plug
.
in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Plug in Electric Vehicle
(PEV), commercial and residential buildings, school,
. . hospitals etc. These loads can be defining as basic,
. interruptible, continuous, programmable, shift able, critical
etc. as per the costumer [17] [18]. The architecture ( )
. . shown represents the different types of electric load for
microgrid system.
( )
The battery SOC (state of charge) gives the information 8. MICROGRID COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
about energy stored in the battery in percentage [13]. The Microgrid (Grid Connected) exchanges information with the
SOC can be estimated as: utility power system with the help of communication
( )= ( −1)− ∆ ( ) (5) infrastructure. Whenever, there is any fault on utility grid, the
Where indices and ( − 1) indicates the current and microgrid isolate itself from the main grid and manage its load
previous testers and ∆ is the variation in in with its own generation as an islanded/autonomous grid. It
percentage. In addition, with the aim of preserving battery remains connected with utility grid for information sharing so
lifetime, the available battery capacity should be kept within as to decide whether to connect or remain in isolation. There
secure limits at any time. are number of electronic devices like smart meters and
In order to avoid discharging/overcharging the battery out communication systems like Home Area Networks (HAN),
of the secure limits, the energy management strategy should

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 5th IEEE International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing(PDGC-2018), 20-22 Dec, 2018, Solan, India

Wide Area Networks (WAN), Wi-Fi, ZigBee etc. With the (few minutes to an hour), Short term (upto few hours),
advancement of these devices, microgrid manages the energy Medium term (few weeks to a year) and Long term (Over a
and send/receive the surplus/deficit energy from the main grid year). This is specifically true in microgrids where various
[19]. Communication system must be secure and reliable so elements have to adjust their performance subject on the
that no unauthorized entity can have access in the system to future generation and consumption circumstances. There are
manipulate the things. different techniques like Analytical (Linear Regression
method, Box-jenkins method, Non parametric regression etc.)
9. MICROGRID ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM and Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Neural Network,
Due to the limited resources for generation of the electricity, Genetic Algorithm, Fuzzy logic, Support vector machine,
we have to manage what we have. Microgrids have to respond Adaptive Neuro fuzzy inference, self-organizing map,
for various objective which are related to economical, extreme learning machines etc.)
technical and environment. RES’s of various capacity and
characteristics are connected in the micro grid who are very 9.4 Demand side management
sensitive to voltage and angle stability due to electronically The main objective of demand side management is to
interfaced units. The main objective of energy management schedule the deferrable load so as to minimize the energy
system is to manage the forecasted/actual load demand, need from utility grid. It tries to adjust the maximum load as
forecasted/actual generation and electric grid status so as to per the availability of power from RES. It minimizes the
manage real/reactive power flow, minimizing/balancing charging and discharging cycles of the ESS. The peak demand
transients/disturbances in power system and Import/export of lasts for only 5% of the total time duration but some power
power as per the requirement of the microgrid. In case of plants are required to fulfil it which are run mainly in peak
islanded microgrid, they have to move towards load demand period and they are not utilized during remaining
management in power deficiency situation. For management time. There are various processes which are related to demand
of energy, we have to take different steps so as to conserve side management like peak clipping, valley filling, shifting of
the electricity as well as our environment [20][21][22]. various loads, reshaping of load profile, overall cost
reduction, emission reduction, strategic load growth and
9.1 Maximize the Generation flexible load shaping, storage element capacity etc. [23] [24]
Electricity production by the DER should be maximized. [25].
Various types of Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
technologies are there like perturb and observe, incremental • Each task must be finished in valid time period.
conductance, fractional open circuit voltage, fractional short • Some tasks can’t be abort or placed in standby once
circuit current, fuzzy logic control, artificial neural network, they are started.
constant voltage, temperature method, parasitic capacitance, • Execution of few tasks may be linked with
variable step size, load matching, learning algorithm, look up accomplishment of the other task.
table, ripple correlation control technique etc. • Depending upon maximum power limit consecutive
operation of tasks at each time step will be limited.
9.2 Generation Forecasting
Prediction of renewable energy sources is not easy. The Minimization of the power system losses along with
nature of RES is very stochastic. It changes with variation in fulfilment of the various constraints like load constraints,
geographical area. For power balancing, an accurate power flow constraints and system operation constraints,
prediction of generation requires. There are different types of emission reduction, voltage drop etc. Demand side
approaches available. One approach takes historical data of management can be implemented with the help of low cost
previous hours, months or year depending on term of sensors and two-way communication between consumer and
prediction, while the other use model approach like the grid. This would improve the reliability of the system,
Numerical Weather Prediction etc. for prediction. After transparency, efficiency of the system and would lead to win-
prediction of different parameters, the output power is win situation both to the consumer and the utility.
predicted.
10. Conclusion
9.3 Load forecasting With innovation in generation and storage devices, the
Load forecasting is a stimulating work due to large number consumer is transforming from pure consumer to small
of significant variables and strategies that is to be taken care. consumer, storage and generation unit. Various types of
During load forecasting various parameters are taken into energy management techniques from generation side,
consideration like weather (temperature, humidity, cloud transmission side as well as load side are done. Number of
cover, amount of rainfall etc.), Economic (Consumer earning, optimization techniques like Neural, Fuzzy, Genetic, PSO etc.
location, population etc.) and load consumption patterns for a has been implemented. Still there is need for further
specific period of time. It is required for planning of energy improvement which can manage generation, storage and
purchase, Transmission & Distribution, operation and demand side management in a better way. A micro grid
maintenance, economic dispatch, fuel scheduling etc. permits small communities to take governor of their energy
Load forecasting can be differentiating in very short time use and reduce their carbon footprint. The research and

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 5th IEEE International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing(PDGC-2018), 20-22 Dec, 2018, Solan, India

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