¥ Experiment 8 ‘Measurement of Chemical Oxygen Demand Objective: To determine the chemical oxygen demand of an unknown waste water sample. Introduction: ‘The amount of oxygen dissolved in water is important to aquatic life. Decaying matter in sewage, industrial discharges, agricultural and urban runoffs use up the dissolved oxygen in water. The ‘chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the amount of chemicals (usually organics) that ‘consume dissolved oxygen. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the amount of ‘oxygen consumed by the bacteria that are decomposing organic matter. ‘Water quality standards for dissolved oxygen are set by state regulations to protect aquatic life. Many lakes and streams across the country do not meet these standards. Improving the quality of ‘water means; controlling or improving agricultural practices, re-vegetating stream banks, and controlling storm water, For those areas affected by industrial waste water, improvements in waste ‘water purification are necessary. ‘Theory: Onganic matter in aqueous samples may be determined by oxidation with dichromate. The amount ‘of O> that is chemically equivalent to the dichromate consumed is defined as the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the water sample, During the oxidation in which the sample is heated with a known excess of dichromate, organic matter is converted to carbon dioxide and water while dichromate is reduced to Cr. COP +4" —> 2CP47HO 374 The encess dichromate is determined by means of an oxidation-rducton tization with ferous ‘ammonium sulfate using ¢Fe (1) ortho phenanthroline complex as an indicator. This method is a “back titration” in analytical chemistry, The half-reection ofthe iron reduction i; Fe* <> Felt: The excess dichromate is reduced inthe back ation, Subvactng the moles of excess dichromate in the sample fom the original motes of dichromate added tothe sample, you can calculate the ‘oles of dichromate consumed by the organic material inthe sample. Since itis dificult vo express the concentration of the myriad of oxidizable organi substances in a sample, COD results are expresed as the amount of oxygen (in mg OL) necessary fo cary out ‘he oxidation of the sample to CO; and Hi, Materials and Chemicals ‘+ Unknown water sample + 0.02M KaCnO> Solution + 9MH:S0 Solution Sulphuric acid) * Deionized water + Fermin indicator ‘+ 0.15M Ferrous ammonium sulfite + 500 mL Erlenmeyer asks Watch gasses ‘+ Water bath Ho: plate ‘Titration Apparatus ‘+ Pipet 50.00 ml of standardized 0.02 M K:CrO> into a $00 ma. Exlenmeyer fos, Slowly add $0 mL of 9M H:S0. while sing. ‘Cool down the mixture to room temperature under steam of tap water. 38Pipet 25.00 mi of water sample into the cooled flask, + Mixwel, Boil the solution for one hour while covering the samples with small watch glasses to ‘minimize evaporation loss, Dilute the content ofthe flask to about 356 mL with deionized water (Cool the solution to room temperature Add drops of ferrin indicator, ‘Titrate with 0.15 M Ferrous ammonium sulfate Continue the test for 3 replicate samples end 3 blank tests using distilled water asthe blank. Calculation: ‘The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is calulaed with the following formula . o} CoD (ng 0, :)=(4=aen8000 wg where: A =volume iron ammonium lft solution forth nk (mL) — B_=volue iron ammonium sft soliton forthe ample (i) —_ + = nomaliy ofthe iro armonium mf solaioa ) wy x V =votume sample at) 5° S f sdiwionteor gine Ae =A ‘Write down complete balanced equations for the reactions and derive the formula to determize COD, ‘What ae the importance and applications of COD forthe publican industry? Explain bow COD can be used a 2 measure of wate pollton, List the difernccs between BOD and COD, Why do BOD and COD forthe same srsple five different values? 2