Clause
CLAUSES - are groups of words containing a subject and a
verb. They can be independent, expressing complete
thoughts and able to stand alone as sentences, or
dependent, relying on an independent clause to form a
complete idea.
I. TWO (2) TYPES OF CLAUSES
A. Independent - It can stand alone, It expresses complete thoughts.
Ex. The sun rises in the east.
B. Dependent - Also known as subordinate clause. Can't stand alone since it expresses incomplete
thoughts.
Ex. since I drink coffee
Three (3) types of (dependent) subordinate clause
1. Adjective - A clause that functions as an adjective, often introduced by relative pronouns.
Ex. The tiger that was angry snarled at me.
2. Adverb - A clause that functions as an adverb, Introduced by subordinating conjunctions.
Ex. I will eat my broccoli after I eat this cookie.
3. Noun - A clause that functions as a noun.
Ex. Whatever you want is fine with me.
Sentence
II. KINDS OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
A. Declarative - It makes a statement and ends with a period.
Ex. I like sleeping
B. Imperative - It gives a command, usually ends with a period or exclamation point.
Ex. Please pass the salt.
Get out of my way!
C. Interrogative - It asks a question, always ends with a question mark.
Ex. Where are the brownies?
D. Exclamatory - It indicates a strong emotion and ends with an exclamation mark.
Ex. Jeepers! You scared the life out of me!
III. KINDS OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
A. Simple - Contains one (1) independent and no subordinate, expresses one (1) main idea.
Ex. I love the Philippines.
B. Compound - Made up of two (2) independent, has no subordinate or dependent.
It can express multiple main ideas by using a comma with a coordinating conjuction or a semicolon to
connect the clauses.
Ex. The ducks quacked, and the chicks peeped.
Coordinating conjunctions - Words that connect similar words, phrases, or clauses together.
Ex. Two (2) words: pie or cake
Two (2) phrases: in the car or on the bike
We use these words to give equal emphasis to two (2) main clauses.
Ex. Example: You must study, or you won’t learn grammar
The seven coordinating conjunctions and their usages:
FOR, - used to indicate a reason or cause.
AND, - used to show addition, agreement, or continuation of ideas.
NOR, - used to introduce an alternative negative idea.
BUT, - used to present a contrast or exception.
OR, - used to present a choice or alternative between two possibilities.
YET, - used to show a contrast or an unexpected result.
SO. - used to indicate a result or consequence of the previous statement.
C. Complex - Has at least one (1) dependent. It uses a subordinating conjunction to combine its clauses.
Ex. Nathan ate pancakes while he read the newspaper.
Subordinating conjunctions - Connects independent to form complex sentences.
The subordinating conjunctions are as follows:
after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, if only, rather than,
since, that, though, unless, until, when, where, whereas, wherever, whether, which, while,
D. Compound-Complex - made up of a compound and a complex. has two (2) or more
independent and at least one (1) subordinate.
Ex. I would have purchased the dress that you like, but it was too expensive.
