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Lesson
Review on Simple Factorization
Worksheet 1.1
Name: _________________________ Class: ___________
Objective: Review the concept and basic techniques of factorization.
Key Points
We can factorize algebraic expressions by taking out common factors.
e.g. 4ax + 6xy = 2x(2a) + 2x(3y) 2x is the common factor of 4ax and 6xy.
= 2x(2a + 3y)
Example 1 (Level 1) Let’s Try 1
Factorize the following expressions. Factorize the following expressions.
(a) 16hk – 12ks (a) 5ab – 15bc
(b) 2a3p + 6a4p2 (b) –6x3y – 15x2y2
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
Example 2 (Level 2) Let’s Try 2
Factorize 4(5k – 6) – k(6 – 5k). Factorize the following expressions.
(a) q(p – 5) + 7(5 – p)
Solution (b) 15(r – 4) + (4 – r)2
Note that 6 – 5k = –(5k – 6).
Solution
(a)
(b)
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Key Points
We can factorize algebraic expressions by the grouping terms method.
e.g. ax + ay + bx + by a is the common factor of ax and ay, while b is the common factor of bx and by.
= a(x + y) + b(x + y) x + y is the common factor of a(x + y) and b(x + y).
= (x + y)(a + b)
Example 3 Let’s Try 3
Factorize the following expressions. Factorize the following expressions.
(a) 4x + 20xy + 25y + 5 (Level 1) (a) 4hx – 6h – 14x + 21
2
(b) 7rs – 5s + 5r – 7s (Level 1) (b) 6ab + b – 2a – 3b2
3 2
(c) 3 – 18y + 6y – 9y (Level 2) (c) 10a – 15a2 – 5 + 30a3
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
(c) (c)
Always take out the common factor of all
the terms first before grouping the terms.
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1 More about Factorization of Polynomials
Key Points
We can factorize algebraic expressions by using identities.
(a) Difference of two squares
a2 – b2 ≡ (a + b)(a – b)
e.g. x2 – 16 = x2 – 42
= (x + 4)(x – 4)
(b) Perfect square
(i) a2 + 2ab + b2 ≡ (a + b)2 (ii) a2 – 2ab + b2 ≡ (a – b)2
e.g. x2 + 6x + 9 = x2 + 2(x)(3) + 32 e.g. 4x2 – 4x + 1 = (2x)2 – 2(2x)(1) + 12
= (x + 3)2 = (2x – 1)2
Example 4 (Level 1) Let’s Try 4
Factorize the following expressions. Factorize the following expressions.
(a) 25 – 64y2 (a) 81a2 – 121
(b) m2 + 18mn + 81n2 (b) 16x2 + 8xy + y2
(c) 49h2 – 70hk + 25k2 (c) 9m2 – 12mn + 4n2
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
(c) (c)
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Example 5 (Level 2) Let’s Try 5.1
2
Factorize 100(x + 2) + 20(x + 2) + 1. Factorize 4(r – 2)2 + 4(r – 2) + 1.
Solution Solution
Let’s Try 5.2
Factorize 25 – 30(4 – y) + 9(4 – y)2.
Solution
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Lesson Factorization of Quadratic Polynomials
Worksheet 1.2A in the form x2 + qx + r
Name: _________________________ Class: ___________
Objective: Learn to factorize quadratic polynomials in one variable in the form x2 + qx + r by the cross-method.
Key Points
1. If the quadratic polynomial x2 + qx + r can be factorized into (x + a)(x + b), then ab = r and a + b = q.
Note: q and r are not necessarily integers.
2. We can factorize the quadratic polynomial x2 + qx + r by using the cross-method.
e.g. Factorize x2 + 3x + 2.
Step 1 List all the possible pairs of factors of the constant term, i.e. +2.
+1 –1
+2 –2
Step 2 Check each pair of factors by the cross-method to see which pair gives the coefficient of x, i.e. +3.
1st trial 2nd trial
x +1 –1
x +2 –2
+x + 2x –x – 2x
= +3x = –3x
∴ x + 1 and x + 2 are the right pair of factors of x2 + 3x + 2.
∴ x2 + 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x + 2)
Let’s Check
It is known that each of the following polynomials can be factorized into (x + a)(x + b).
Complete the following table.
ab a+b Signs of a and b
Both a and b are positive.
1. x2 + 5x + 4
Both a and b are negative.
= (x + a)(x + b)
The signs of a and b are different.
Both a and b are positive.
2. x2 – 6x + 5
Both a and b are negative.
= (x + a)(x + b)
The signs of a and b are different.
Both a and b are positive.
3. x2 + 2x – 15
Both a and b are negative.
= (x + a)(x + b)
The signs of a and b are different.
Both a and b are positive.
4. x2 – 4x – 12
Both a and b are negative.
= (x + a)(x + b)
The signs of a and b are different.
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1 More about Factorization of Polynomials
Example 1 (Level 1) Let’s Try 1.1
Factorize the following expressions. Factorize the following expressions.
(a) x2 + 7x + 6 (b) x2 – 9x + 14 (a) x2 + 6x + 8 (b) x2 – 10x + 16
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
Since both the constant term and the
coefficient of x are positive, the right
pair of factors must be both positive.
i.e. The constant term can be written as
(+1)(+6) or (+2)(+3).
(b) (b)
Since the constant term is positive and the
coefficient of x is negative, the
right pair of factors must be both negative.
i.e. The constant term can be written as
(–1)(–14) or (–2)(–7).
Let’s Try 1.2 (Level 2)
Factorize the following expressions.
(a) x2 + 19x + 90 (b) x2 – 30x + 144
Solution
(a) (b)
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Example 2 (Level 1) Let’s Try 2.1
Factorize the following expressions. Factorize the following expressions.
(a) x2 + 2x – 15 (b) x2 – 5x – 14 (a) x2 + 4x – 12 (b) x2 – 6x – 16
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
The constant term –15 can be written as
(+1)(–15), (–1)(+15), (+3)( –5) or (–3)(+5).
(b) (b)
The constant term –14 can be written as
(+1)(–14), (–1)(+14), (+2)(–7) or (–2)(+7).
Let’s Try 2.2 (Level 2)
Factorize the following expressions.
(a) x2 + 19x – 150 (b) x2 – 6x – 160
Solution
(a) (b)
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Example 3 (Level 2) Let’s Try 3.1
Factorize the following expressions. Factorize the following expressions.
(a) 20 + x2 – 12x (a) 7x + x2 – 18
(b) – x2 – 4x + 21 (b) –x2 + 9x – 20
(c) 2x – x2 + 8 (c) 3x – x2 + 28
Solution Solution
(i) Arrange the terms in descending powers of x. (a)
(ii) If the coefficient of x2 is negative, we should
take out the common factor –1 first.
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c) (c)
Let’s Try 3.2
Factorize the following expressions.
(a) –11 – x2 + 12x (b) 11x – 24 – x2
Solution
(a) (b)
Let’s try the Consolidation Corner on page 1.14 of
the textbook.
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1 More about Factorization of Polynomials
Lesson Factorization of Quadratic Polynomials
Worksheet 1.2B in the form px2 + qx + r
Name: _________________________ Class: ___________
Objective: Learn to factorize quadratic polynomials in one variable in the form px2 + qx + r by the cross-method.
Key Points
We can factorize the quadratic polynomial px2 + qx + r by using the cross-method.
e.g. Factorize 4x2 + 8x + 3.
Step 1 List all the possible pairs of factors of the x2 term, i.e. 4x2.
x 2x
4x 2x
Step 2 List all the possible pairs of factors of the constant term, i.e. +3.
+1 +3 ◄ No need to consider (–1)(–3) and (–3)(–1)
+3 +1 because the coefficient of x is positive.
Step 3 Check each pair of factors by the cross-method to see which pair gives the coefficient of x, i.e. +8.
1st trial 2nd trial 3rd trial
x +1 +3 2x +1
4x +3 +1 2x +3
+4x + 3x +12x + x +2x + 6x
= +7x = +13x = +8x
∴ 2x + 1 and 2x + 3 are the right pair of factors of 4x2 + 8x + 3.
∴ 4x2 + 8x + 3 = (2x + 1)(2x + 3)
Example 1 (Level 1) Let’s Try 1.1
Factorize the following expressions. Factorize the following expressions.
(a) 2x2 + 11x + 9 (a) 3y2 – 7y + 4
(b) 8x2 – 14x + 5 (b) 8z2 – 2z – 3
Solution Solution
(a) The term 2x2 can be written as (x)(2x).
(a)
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(b) (b)
The term 8x2 can be written as (x)(8x) or
(2x)(4x).
Let’s Try 1.2
Factorize the following expressions.
(a) 9a2 – 27a + 14
(b) 27b2 – 39b – 10
Solution
(a)
(b)
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Example 2 (Level 2) Let’s Try 2.1
Factorize the following expressions. Factorize the following expressions.
(a) –5x2 + 8x – 3 (a) –2x2 – 9x – 4
(b) 12 – 6x2 + x (b) –5x – 6x2 + 6
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
Let’s Try 2.2
Factorize the following expressions.
(a) –10x2 – 23x – 9
(b) 17x + 18 – 15x2
Solution
(a)
(b)
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1 More about Factorization of Polynomials
Example 3 (Level 2) Let’s Try 3
2
Factorize 44x – 24 – 16x . Factorize 36b – 15b2 + 27.
Solution Solution
Remember to take out the common factor first
before using the cross-method.
Let’s try the Consolidation Corner on page 1.18 of
the textbook.
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1 More about Factorization of Polynomials
Lesson Factorization of Quadratic Polynomials
Worksheet 1.2C in Two Variables
Name: _________________________ Class: ___________
Objective: Learn to factorize quadratic polynomials in two variables in the form px2 + qxy + ry2 by the cross-method.
Key Points
We can factorize the quadratic polynomial px2 + qxy + ry2 by using the cross-method.
e.g. Factorize 5x2 – 2xy – 3y2.
Step 1 List the possible pair of factors of the x2 term, i.e. 5x2.
x
5x
Step 2 List all the possible pairs of factors of the y2 term, i.e. –3y2.
+y –3y –y +3y
–3y +y +3y –y
Step 3 Check each pair of factors by the cross-method to see which pair gives the coefficient of xy, i.e. –2.
1st trial 2nd trial 3rd trial 4th trial
x +y –3y –y +3y
5x –3y +y +3y –y
+5xy – 3xy –15xy + xy –5xy + 3xy +15xy – xy
= +2xy = –14xy = –2xy = +14xy
∴ x – y and 5x + 3y are the right pair of factors of 5x2 – 2xy – 3y2.
∴ 5x2 – 2xy – 3y2 = (x – y)(5x + 3y)
Example 1 (Level 1) Let’s Try 1.1
Factorize the following expressions. Factorize the following expressions.
(a) x2 – 5xy + 6y2 (a) x2 – 2xy – 8y2
(b) 7x2 + 6xy – 13y2 (b) 5x2 – 7xy + 2y2
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
To factorize x2 + qxy + ry2, we should
consider the factors of the coefficient of y2.
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(b) (b)
To factorize px2 + qxy + ry2, we should
consider the factors of both the coefficients
of x2 and y2.
Let’s Try 1.2
Factorize the following expressions.
(a) 15a2 + 34ab + 16b2
(b) 10m2 + 31mn – 14n2
Solution
(a)
(b)
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1 More about Factorization of Polynomials
Example 2 (Level 2) Let’s Try 2.1
Factorize the following expressions. Factorize the following expressions.
(a) –10a2 + 27ab – 5b2 (a) –4a2 + 9ab – 2b2
(b) –18x2 + 36xy – 16y2 (b) 36x2 – 56xy – 32y2
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
Let’s Try 2.2
Factorize the following expressions.
(a) –35xy + 26y2 – 6x2
(b) 12m2 + 90n2 + 69mn
Solution
(a) (b)
Let’s try the Consolidation Corner on page 1.21 of
the textbook.
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1 More about Factorization of Polynomials
Lesson
Harder Problems on Factorization
Worksheet 1.3
Name: _________________________ Class: ___________
Objective: Learn to apply various techniques to factorize more complicated polynomials.
Key Points
We can factorize polynomials by the following methods:
1. By taking out the common factors
2. By the grouping terms method
3. By using identities
(i) a2 – b2 ≡ (a + b)(a – b)
(ii) a2 + 2ab + b2 ≡ (a + b)2
(iii) a2 – 2ab + b2 ≡ (a – b)2
4. By the cross-method
Example 1 (Level 1) Let’s Try 1.1 (Level 1)
2
Factorize 4(u – 1) – 15u. Factorize 3x2 – 4(3 + 4x).
Solution Solution
Expand the expression first.
Let’s Try 1.2 (Level 2) Let’s Try 1.3 (Level 2)
Factorize (y + 5)(y – 5) + 24y. Factorize 11 – (a – 7)(a + 3).
Solution Solution
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Example 2 (Level 1) Let’s Try 2.1
2
(a) Factorize x – 6x – 55. (a) Factorize x2 + 2x – 24.
(b) Hence, factorize (a + 2)2 – 6(a + 2) – 55. (b) Hence, factorize (y – 3)2 + 2(y – 3) – 24.
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
Let’s Try 2.2 (Level 2)
(a) Factorize x2 + 12x + 27.
(b) Hence, factorize (2y + 1)2 + 12(2y + 1) + 27.
Solution
(a)
(b)
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Example 3 (Level 1) Let’s Try 3.1 (Level 1)
Factorize Factorize
(a) x2 – 4xy – 32y2, (a) 4h2 – 20hk + 21k2,
(b) x2 – 4xy – 32y2 – 5x + 40y. (b) 4h2 – 20hk + 21k2 – 4h + 6k.
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
Let’s Try 3.2 (Level 1) Let’s Try 3.3 (Level 2)
Factorize Factorize
(a) 10a2 – 7ab – 12b2, (a) 6x2 + 21xy – 45y2,
(b) 9b – 6a –10a2 + 7ab + 12b2. (b) 6x2 + 21xy – 45y2 – 2(x + 5y)2.
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
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Example 4 (Level 2) Let’s Try 4
Factorize Factorize
(a) 25x2 – 49, (a) 81m2 – 4,
(b) 5x2y + 8xy – 21y, (b) 9m2n – 7mn – 2n,
(c) 25x2 – 49 –5x2y – 8xy + 21y. (c) 81m2 – 4 – 9m2n + 7mn + 2n.
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
(c) (c)
Note that the expression in (c) contains
the expressions in (a) and (b).
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Example 5 (Level 2) Let’s Try 5
2
(a) Factorize x – 6x – 40. (a) Factorize x2 + 4x – 12.
4x 1 2 1
(b) Hence, simplify 2
− . (b) Hence, simplify 2
− .
x − 6 x − 40 x − 10 x + 4 x − 12 x + 6
Solution Solution
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
Let’s try the Consolidation Corner on page 1.24 of
the textbook.
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