Unit 5

Part 2
Critical Path Method Charts
Planning and Scheduling the Activities
• Once we have a project plan (or, project schedule),
we need to schedule the activities in a project taking
into account the resource constraints

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Scheduling Techniques
• Simple sequencing
• Suitable for small projects

• Critical Path Method (CPM)

• Suitable for large software projects

• The most commonly used “networking” technique

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Simple sequencing
• A simple sequencing of the tasks
and the responsible personnel
taken into account of the
resources

• Easily presented in a simple bar

chart

• Suitable for allocating individuals

to particular tasks at an early
stage

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Critical Path Method (CPM)
• Primary objectives:
• Planning the project so that it can be completed as
quickly as possible

• Identifying those activities where their delays are likely

to affect the overall project completion date

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Activity on Node

Earliest start Duration Earliest finish

Activity label, activity description

Latest start Float/slack Latest finish

Example to construct a CPM
Id. Activity Name Duration (weeks) Precedents
A Hardware selection 7
B Software design 4
C Hardware Installation 6 A
D Coding 4 B
E Data Preparation 5 B
F User Documentation 9
G User Training 5 E,F
H System Installation 3 C,D

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 6.10 The forward Pass
0 7w 7 7 6W 13

A C
The network after
the forward pass

0 4W 4 4 4W 8 13 3W 16

Start B D H Finish

0 9W 9 4 5W 9 9 5W 14

F E G
 6.11 The backward Pass
0 7w 7 7 6W 13
The network after the
A C
backward pass
0 0 7 7 0 13

0 4W 4 4 4W 8 13 3W 16

Start B D H Finish
2 2 6 9 5 13 13 0 16

0 9W 9 4 5W 9 9 5W 14

F E G
2 2 11 6 2 11 11 2 16
Significance of critical path
• During planning stage
• Shortening the critical path will reduce the overall project duration
• During management stage
• Pay more attention to those activities which fall in the critical path

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13
• CRITICAL PATH IS:

• A,C, F, G, H

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6.16 Activity-on-arrow network
Rules:
• A Project network should have only one start node

• A Project network should have only one end node

• A node has no duration

• Links have duration

• Precedents are the immediate preceding activities

• Time moves from left to right

• A network may not contain loops

• A network should not contain dangles

CPM Convention (AOA)

Event
Number

Earliest Latest
date date

Slack
FIND CRITICAL PATH

TASK DURATION PRECEDENTS

A 1 --
B 2 --
C 3 --
D 4 A
E 5 B
F 4 B
G 6 C
H 6 D,E
I 2 G
J 3 F,H,I

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Critical Path Method (CPM)

• CPM is a network diagramming technique used to

predict total project duration
• A critical path for a project is the series of activities that
determines the earliest time by which the project can be
completed
• Slack/float

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Determining the Critical Path

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Critical Path
• Any delay in critical path delays the project
• Slack= difference between earliest and latest dates
• Any event with slack 0 is critical.
• Path joining these events is critical path
• Activity float
• Float=difference in earliest finish and it’s latest start
Adding the time dimension
• Critical path approach is concerned with:
• Project completed as quickly as possible
• Identifying activities leads to delay project or later activities start date, if
delayed.
• Forward pass
• Earliest dates of activities
• Backward pass
• Latest start dates and the critical path
Activity Float
• Time allowed for an activity to delay
• 3 different types:
• Total float (no delay in project end date)
= |latest start date – earliest start date|
• Free float (delay without affecting subsequent activity)
= |earliest completion date of activity – earliest start date of succeeding
activity|
• Interfering float = |total float - free float|

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