UNIT 3

1. Impact of developmental project (12m)

a) DAM
Dams are the massive artificial structures built across the river to create a reservoir in order to
store water for many beneficial purpose. However, these dams are also responsible for the
destruction of vast areas of forest and displacement of local people.
Effects of dam on forests
• Thousands of hectares of forest have been cleared for executing river valley projects.
• In addition to the dam construction, the forest is also cleared for residential accommodation,
office buildings, storing materials and laying roads.
• Hydroelectric projects also have led to widespread loss of forest in recent years.
• Construction of dams under these projects led to killing of wild animals and destroying
aquatic life.
• Hydroelectric projects provide opportunities for the spread of water borne diseases.
• The big river valley projects also cause water logging which leads to salinity and intern
reduces the fertility of land.
Examples:
• Narmada sagar project: It has submerged 3.5 lakh hectares of forest comprising teak and
bamboo trees.
• Tehri dam: It has submerged 1000 hectares of forest affecting about 430 species of plants.

Problems of constructing dams (upstream problem)

• Displacement of tribal people.
• Loss of forest, flora and fauna.
• Landslips, sedimentation and siltation occurs.
• Stagnation and water logging around reservoirs retards plant growth.
• Breeding of vectors and spread of vector-borne diseases.
• Reservoir induced seismicity (RIS) causes earthquakes.

Problems of constructing dams (down stream problem)

• Water logging and salinity due to over irrigation.
• Reduced water flow and silt deposition in rivers.
• Salt water intrusion at river mouth.
• Since the sediments carrying nutrients gets deposited in the reservoir. The fertility of the land
along the river gets reduced.
• Sometimes, due to structural defects the dam may collapse suddenly and destroy many living
organisms.

b) EMBANKMENTS
Impacts from Embankments
• The change of water and soil conditions due to the creation of an embankments.
• Sometimes, due to structural defects the embankments may collapse suddenly and destroy
many living organisms.
• Embankment breaching an episodic process in fluvial dynamics is affecting a wide range of
physical, ecological and socio-economic issues in the fluvial environment.
• Alter the living habitat due to construction of embankment.
• Ecology or Ecosystem should be affected.
• Disruption of the lateral connectivity of water bodies in relation to the minor and major river
beds.
• Soil from the embanked flood plain show changes in terms of water regime and salts
concentrations, so this soil cannot be used for agricultural purpose.
 • Can lead to a negative evolution of soils properties due to salinity or excessive moisture of
the soil.
• After embankments works, in the first stage soil salinization occurs due to the interruption of
the natural hydraulic regime (because the area is not flooded)
• The fish habitat – which includes the habitat for everyday functions (feeding and resting) and
the habitat for critical stages (breeding and refuge) is therefore directly affected by
regularization works.
• The fish population affected due to stagnation of water.
• Loss of forest, flora and fauna.

2. Impacts from changes in Land use? (7m)

Ans. Impacts from Changes in Land use (Modification of natural environment)
• Changes of land use is also the prime cause of the loss of fragmentation of natural habitats and their
species.
• Degradation of ecosystem or biodiversity.
• Loss of biodiversity: as the population continues to increase, demand for more agricultural land is
one of the main drivers of habitat loss and degradation.
• Changes in infiltration rate: change of the amount of water flowing into a river.
• Soil erosion: changes in the amount of sediments in a river.
• Amount of water and sediments in river: changes in the velocity of water flow.
• Rapid urbanization.
• Deforestation.
• Water quality should be affected.
• The changes in land use presents the greatest immediate threat to biodiversity and could lead to
changes in the way our ecosystems function as well as species extinctions.
• Global warming: in addition to emissions of heat-trapping green house gases from energy, industrial,
agricultural and other activities.
• Climate change: human also affects climate change through changes in land use ( activities taking
place on land like growing food, cutting trees, building cities)
• Affect the water cycle: land use changes such as irrigation, dam and deforestation can alter the
evaporation pattern.

3. Impacts of climate change and climate adaptation technique (6m)

Ans. Here are some of the key impacts of climate change:
• Rising Temperatures:
Increased global temperatures can lead to more frequent and intense heatwaves, posing risks to human
health and agriculture.
• Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels:
The warming climate causes glaciers and ice sheets to melt, contributing to rising sea levels. This can
lead to coastal erosion, increased flooding, and the displacement of coastal communities.
• Extreme Weather Events:
Climate change can lead to more frequent and severe weather events, including hurricanes, droughts,
wildfires, and heavy rainfall. These events can cause significant damage to infrastructure, agriculture,
and human settlements.
• Changes in Precipitation Patterns:
Climate change can alter regional rainfall patterns, leading to increased droughts in some areas and
heavier rainfall and flooding in others. This can disrupt water supplies, agriculture, and ecosystems.
• Biodiversity Loss:
Many plant and animal species are struggling to adapt to rapidly changing climates, leading to habitat
loss and increased extinction rates.
• Food and Water Security:
Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can reduce crop yields and disrupt food production.
Additionally, shifting climate conditions can affect the availability and quality of freshwater resources.
4. Cause, effect and control measures of climate change? (13m)
Ans. Climate change is primarily driven by human activities, particularly the emission of greenhouse
gases into the atmosphere. Here's an overview of the causes, effects, and control measures of climate
change:
Causes of Climate Change:
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The primary cause of climate change is the release of greenhouse
gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. The major sources of GHGs include the burning of fossil
fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy, industrial processes, transportation, and deforestation.
These activities increase the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous
oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere, trapping heat and causing global temperatures to rise.
• Deforestation: Cutting down forests reduces the Earth's capacity to absorb CO2 from the
atmosphere, as trees act as carbon sinks. When forests are cleared or burned, the carbon stored in
trees and soil is released into the atmosphere.
• Agriculture: Agricultural practices, including livestock farming and rice cultivation, release
methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Additionally, the use of synthetic fertilizers can release nitrous
oxide.
Effects of Climate Change:
• Rising Temperatures: Increased global temperatures lead to more frequent and severe
heatwaves, posing health risks and stressing ecosystems.
• Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels: The warming climate causes glaciers and ice sheets to
melt, contributing to rising sea levels. This leads to coastal erosion and increased coastal
flooding.
• Ocean Acidification: Higher CO2 levels in the atmosphere are absorbed by the oceans,
leading to increased acidity. This harms marine life, particularly organisms with calcium
carbonate shells, like corals and shellfish.
• Extreme Weather Events: Climate change is linked to more intense and frequent extreme
weather events, including hurricanes, droughts, wildfires, and heavy rainfall, which can cause
significant damage and displacement.
• Changes in Precipitation Patterns: Climate change can disrupt regional rainfall patterns,
leading to droughts in some areas and increased flooding in others, impacting agriculture and
water resources.
• Biodiversity Loss: Many species are struggling to adapt to rapidly changing climates,
leading to habitat loss and increased extinction rates.
• Food and Water Security: Altered climate conditions can reduce crop yields, disrupt food
production, and affect the availability and quality of freshwater resources.
 • Human Health: Climate change can exacerbate health issues, including heat-related
illnesses, the spread of diseases, and mental health problems related to extreme weather
events and displacement.
Control Measures for Climate Change:
• Mitigation: To reduce the causes of climate change, efforts must focus on mitigating GHG
emissions. This includes transitioning to clean energy sources (such as wind, solar, and
hydropower), improving energy efficiency, and reducing emissions from transportation and
industry.
• Reforestation and Afforestation: Planting trees and restoring forests can act as carbon
sinks, absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere.
• Agricultural Practices: Implementing sustainable agricultural practices, such as reducing
methane emissions from livestock and optimizing fertilizer use, can help reduce agricultural
contributions to GHG emissions.
• International Agreements: Nations can work together through international agreements like
the Paris Agreement to set emission reduction targets and coordinate global efforts to combat
climate change.
• Adaptation: Preparing for and adapting to the impacts of climate change is crucial. This
includes building resilient infrastructure, protecting coastal communities, and developing
climate-resilient agriculture practices.
• Consumer Choices: Individuals can contribute by making sustainable choices, such as
reducing energy consumption, using public transportation, and supporting eco-friendly
products and practices.
• Research and Innovation: Investing in research and innovation to develop new technologies
and solutions for reducing GHG emissions is essential.

UNIT 4
1. Roles and Responsibility of Panchayat Raj Institution (PRI) for disaster management?
(12m)
Ans. They are

 Preparedness and Planning:

PRIs are responsible for developing and updating disaster management plans at the village, block,
and district levels. These plans include risk assessments, identification of vulnerable areas, and
strategies for disaster response and recovery.

 Early Warning Systems:

PRIs are often the first point of contact for disseminating early warnings to the local community.
They are responsible for ensuring that residents are informed about impending disasters and the
necessary precautions to take.

 Evacuation and Shelter Management:

PRIs coordinate and oversee the evacuation of people from high-risk areas to safe shelters during
disasters. They are responsible for identifying suitable evacuation routes and managing temporary
shelters.
  Resource Mobilization:
PRIs help mobilize local resources, both human and material, for disaster response efforts. This
includes organizing volunteers, collecting relief materials, and coordinating with local NGOs and
government agencies.

 First Aid and Medical Care:

PRIs may be involved in providing immediate first aid and medical care to disaster-affected
individuals. They help in setting up medical camps and facilitating the arrival of medical teams.

 Search and Rescue:

In coordination with local authorities, PRIs assist in search and rescue operations, helping to locate
and rescue people trapped in disaster-affected areas.

 Community Awareness and Education:

PRIs are responsible for conducting awareness programs and training sessions on disaster
preparedness and response within their communities. This includes educating residents on evacuation
procedures, first aid, and other safety measures.

 Coordination and Communication:

PRIs serve as a bridge between local communities and higher levels of government and non-
governmental organizations. They facilitate the flow of information and resources during and after
disasters.

 Post-Disaster Assessment and Rehabilitation:

After a disaster, PRIs assess the extent of damage and the needs of the affected population. They
help in the rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts, including rebuilding infrastructure and homes.

 Documentation and Reporting:

PRIs maintain records of disaster-related activities, including damage assessments, relief
distribution, and recovery efforts. This documentation is crucial for accessing government assistance
and funding.

 Advocacy and Policy Implementation:

PRIs advocate for disaster risk reduction and resilience-building measures at the local level. They
ensure that disaster management policies and guidelines are effectively implemented in their
jurisdictions.

 Capacity Building:
PRIs may organize training programs for their own members and community volunteers to enhance
their skills and knowledge in disaster management.

 Coordination with Higher Authorities:

PRIs work in coordination with higher levels of government, including district and state disaster
management authorities, to ensure a cohesive and effective response to disasters.
2. Roles and Responsibility of Urban Local Bodies (ULB) for disaster management? (6m)
Ans. the key roles and responsibilities of ULBs for disaster management:

 Disaster Preparedness:
Develop and implement disaster preparedness plans and strategies tailored to the specific risks faced
by the urban area.
Establish early warning systems and communication networks to alert residents about impending
disasters.
Conduct drills and training programs for emergency responders and community members.

 Response Coordination:
Coordinate disaster response efforts in collaboration with various government agencies, non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), and community groups.
Set up emergency operation centers (EOCs) to manage and monitor disaster response activities.
Mobilize resources and personnel for search and rescue, medical assistance, and relief distribution.

 Evacuation and Shelter Management:

Identify and designate evacuation routes and shelters for residents in case of emergencies.
Ensure the availability of adequate shelters and provisions for vulnerable populations, such as the
elderly, children, and people with disabilities.

 Medical and Health Services:

Provide medical facilities and emergency medical services, including first aid and triage, during and
after disasters.
Ensure the availability of medical supplies and personnel to respond to injuries and illnesses.

 Public Information and Awareness:

Disseminate timely and accurate information to the public about disaster risks, preparedness
measures, and evacuation procedures.
Conduct public awareness campaigns and educational programs on disaster readiness.

 Post-Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation:

Assist in the recovery and rehabilitation of affected areas by coordinating reconstruction efforts and
providing support to affected individuals and families.
3. Roles and Responsibility of state and central government towards disaster management?
(13m)
Ans. Roles and Responsibilities of State Governments:

 Preparedness and Planning: State governments are responsible for developing disaster
management plans that address the specific vulnerabilities and risks within their respective
regions. These plans should include communication strategies for various types of disasters.
 Early Warning Systems: State governments must establish and maintain early warning
systems for natural disasters such as floods, cyclones, earthquakes, and tsunamis. This
 involves monitoring weather conditions and seismic activity and disseminating timely
warnings to the public through various communication channels.
 Evacuation and Shelter: States are responsible for coordinating evacuation efforts when
necessary and providing safe shelter for displaced individuals and families. Effective
communication is crucial to informing the public about evacuation orders and shelter
locations.
 Resource Mobilization: State governments should ensure the availability of resources such
as emergency supplies, medical personnel, and equipment for disaster response. Effective
communication is essential to coordinate resource mobilization efforts.
 Response and Recovery: During and after a disaster, state governments play a central role in
coordinating response and recovery efforts, including search and rescue operations, medical
care, and the restoration of essential services. Communication is vital to manage these
activities effectively.
 Public Awareness and Education: States should engage in public awareness campaigns to
educate residents about disaster preparedness and response. This involves using various
communication channels to disseminate information about risks, evacuation routes, and
emergency contacts.
 Coordination with Local Authorities: State governments must work closely with local
authorities, including district administrations and municipal bodies, to ensure that disaster
management plans are implemented at the grassroots level. Effective communication
channels should be established for this purpose.
Roles and Responsibilities of Central Government:

 Policy and Legislation: The central government is responsible for formulating national
policies and legislation related to disaster management. These policies should guide state
governments in their disaster management efforts.
 National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): The central government establishes and
maintains specialized disaster response units, such as the NDRF, which can be deployed to
assist states in disaster-affected areas. Communication between the central government and
NDRF units is essential for rapid response.
 Financial Support: The central government provides financial assistance to states for
disaster response and recovery efforts. Effective communication is needed to assess the
extent of damage and determine the allocation of funds.
 International Cooperation: In the case of large-scale disasters, the central government may
coordinate international assistance. Clear and efficient communication is essential when
collaborating with foreign governments and organizations.
 Research and Development: The central government invests in research and development
related to disaster management and early warning systems. This research informs state-level
strategies and preparedness efforts.
 National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC): The central government may convene
the NCMC during major disasters. This committee ensures coordination between various
ministries and agencies involved in disaster management and communication.
 Information Sharing: The central government is responsible for disseminating national-
level information about impending disasters, updates on disaster response efforts, and
guidelines for disaster management to the state governments and the public.
4. Disaster Management Act 2005 (6m)
Ans. Here are some key aspects and provisions of the Disaster Management Act, 2005:

 Objectives:
The primary objectives of the Act are to ensure a proactive approach to disaster management,
reduce the vulnerability of communities and individuals, and establish a coherent and
coordinated institutional mechanism for disaster management at various levels of government.
 Institutional Framework:
The Act establishes the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) at the national level,
State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) at the state level, and District Disaster
Management Authorities (DDMAs) at the district level. These authorities are responsible for
formulating policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management.
 National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):
The NDMA is the apex body responsible for laying down policies, plans, and guidelines for
disaster management. It coordinates the efforts of various ministries and departments, as well as
other organizations involved in disaster management.
 State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):
Each state in India has an SDMA, which is responsible for implementing the policies and plans
formulated by the NDMA at the state level. It also coordinates disaster response and recovery
efforts within the state.
 District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):
At the district level, DDMAs are responsible for implementing disaster management plans and
coordinating disaster response activities within their respective districts.
 National Disaster Response Force (NDRF):
The Act provides for the establishment of specialized disaster response forces, known as the
NDRF, to respond to disasters and emergencies. The NDRF is tasked with search and rescue
operations, medical care, and other disaster response activities.
 Disaster Management Plans:
Under the Act, each state government is required to prepare a State Disaster Management Plan
(SDMP), and each district is required to prepare a District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP).
These plans outline strategies for disaster preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery.
 8 Financial Provisions:
The Act provides for the creation of a National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) at the national
level and a State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) at the state level to finance disaster response
and relief activities.
 10. Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness: -
The Act emphasizes the importance of disaster mitigation, preparedness, and capacity-building
activities to reduce the impact of disasters.
 11. Awareness and Training: -
The Act encourages public awareness and training programs to educate people about disaster
risks and preparedness measures.