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1 The classification of giant pandas, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, is debated by many scientists.
Photograph A shows a giant panda eating bamboo plants.
photograph A
Photograph B shows a red panda, Ailurus fulgens, eating bamboo.
photograph B
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Photograph C shows a polar bear, Ursus maritimus, eating fish.
photograph C
DNA can also be used to classify species.
Molecular biologists compared the DNA base sequences of eight species from the same vertebrate
group. They used the differences to draw a classification diagram.
The diagram shows the classification diagram for these eight species. The shorter the horizontal
distance from two species to the branching point that they share, the more similar their DNA
sequences are and the more closely the two species are related.
The scale on the diagram shows the time at which the molecular biologists estimate that each
branching point occurred.
red panda
ferret
giant panda
polar bear
wolf
tiger
human
mouse
100 80 60 40 20 0
million years ago
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Morphology can also be used to classify species. Some scientists think that morphology suggests
that the giant panda is more closely related to the red panda than it is to the polar bear.
(a) (i) Discuss the evidence for and against the giant panda being more closely related to the
red panda than it is to the polar bear. Use the information in photographs A, B and C
and the diagram in your answer.
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................................................................................................................................ [5]
(ii) State one other type of evidence that is used to classify species.
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[Total: 6]
2 The stomach lining contains cells that secrete proteins.
State the names of two cell structures that are involved in making or secreting proteins.
1 ...............................................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 2]
4
3 A giant rat was discovered in a natural rainforest on Vangunu Island. Scientists wanted to determine
if it was a new species.
Explain how scientists can use tissue samples to classify this rat.
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.................................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 2]
4 Many living organisms can be classified as plants or animals.
The table shows some features of animals and plants.
Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show the correct features of animals and plants.
feature animals plants
can respire
can grow
can make their own food
contain DNA
can respond to changes in their
environment
[5]
[Total: 5]
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5 Energy is used to maintain body temperature.
State three other uses of energy in humans.
1 ...............................................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................................
3 ............................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 3]
6
6 The diagram shows six species of reptiles.
Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A–F) in the correct empty
box beside the key.
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1 (a) organism has a shell (hard covering on its back) go to 2
(b) organism does not have a shell go to 3
2 (a) organism has flat limbs (flippers) Caretta caretta
(b) organism has legs and feet Chelonoidis nigra
3 (a) organism has limbs go to 4
(b) organism has a long body and no limbs Crotalus viridis
4 (a) organism has ridges on its back go to 5
(b) organism has no ridges on its back Varanus bengalensis
5 (a) organism has a coiled tail Chamaeleo calyptratus
(b) organism has a straight tail Alligator mississippiensis
[5]
[Total: 5]
7 The diagram is of a virus.
Identify the parts of the virus labelled N and O.
N ..............................................................................................................................................
O .............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 2]
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8 The photograph is of a lobster, which is an arthropod.
Describe two pieces of evidence visible in the photograph that identify this organism as an arthropod.
1 ...............................................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 2]
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9 The photograph is of the myriapod, Apheloria virginiensis.
State the genus name and kingdom name for the myriapod shown in the photograph.
genus .......................................................................................................................................
kingdom ................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 2]
10 The table shows the names of three groups of arthropods and some of their characteristics.
Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show the characteristics present in each group.
arthropod group
characteristic
arachnids crustaceans myriapods
four pairs of legs
one pair of antennae
body divided into two main parts
[3]
[Total: 3]
10
11 Bacteria belong to the Prokaryote kingdom.
State two ways in which the structure of bacteria differs from the structure of viruses.
1 ..............................................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 2]
