Math 12/L

ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2
MODULE 1: Integration Concept/Formulas
Lesson 1

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Prepared by:
ENGR. JOBEL HYLES CABAHUG
Faculty, ME Department
College of Engineering, Architecture &
Technology
 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

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that this module uses for creation.

OVERVIEW
CONTENTS:
1.1 Anti-Derivative
1.2 Indefinite Integral
1.3 Simple Power Formula
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
1.4 Exponential Function
1.5 Logarithmic Function
MODULE 1 Integration concept/formulas 1
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The course introduces the concept of integration and its application to some physical problems
such as evaluation of areas, volumes of revolution, force, and work. The fundamental formulas and
various techniques of integration are taken up and applied to both single variable and multi-variable
functions. The course also includes tracing of functions of two variables for a better appreciation of
the interpretation of the double and triple integral as volume of a three-dimensional region bounded
by two or more surfaces.

COURSE OUTCOME:
At the end of this course, you must be able to use integration techniques on single and multi-
variable functions.

TIME FRAME:
This module can be covered in two weeks.

INTRODUCTION
Good day future engineers! Welcome to Engineering Course.
This module will concentrate on integration techniques on single and multi-variable functions.
As you continue to do so in this module, you can learn about the various integration techniques in
various functions or problems which will be your foundation as we headed deeply into this course.
You can also see mathematics differently by understanding the integrations. Just like derivative,
integrals is another concept in the field of mathematics. Let’s start now!

Fun Fact:

“Did you know that Newton invented/discovered calculus in about the

same amount of time, the average student learns it.”

Lesson

1.1 Anti-Derivatives or Primitive

In this lesson we will learn the concept of anti-derivatives.

LESSON PROPER
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A function F (x) is said to be antiderivative of a function f (x) on the interval [ a , b ] if

d
=[ F ( x ) ] =f (x), ∀ x ∈(a ,b).
dx
And we write
d
[ F( x)]=f (x )
dx

⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx=F (x )

Example 1.1
Find the antiderivative of the function f ( x )=x 3 .
Solution:
4
x
From the definition of antiderivative it follows that the function F ( x )= is an antiderivative
4
because
4
d x 3
( )=x
dx 4
Example 1.2
d
( sinx )=cos x
dx
Solution:

∫ cosxdx=sinx.
Also, if c is any constant,
d
Then ( sinx+c )=cosx .
dx

Therefore; In general ∫ cos x dx=sinx+ c

It shows that the different values of c will give different integrals and hence a function may
have an indefinite number of integrals.
Remark. The presence of indefinite constant c justifies the name Indifinte integral.
Thus, we may conclude that
d
[ F( x)]=f (x )
dx

⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( x )+ c
Where c → constant and known as constant of integration.
Note (i) The symbol ∫ is elongated S, and represents the summation and stands for integral of the
given function.

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(ii) f (x), the function which is to be integrated, is called the integrand.

(iii) dx is called integral w,r,t,x.
(iv) c is called constant of integration and it means any real number.

(v) x in ∫ f ( x ) dx stands for variable integration.

(vi) The integral of a function may or may not exist. In other words, it may be possible to find a
function whose derivative is equal to the given function.
(vii) The integral of a function if it exists is not unique and any two integrals of a function differ
by constant.
(viii) The geometrical meaning assigned to the integral is area of some region.
(ix) Integral is used to find physical quantities like centre of mass, momentum etc.

Lesson
Indefinite Integrals
1.2
In this lesson we will learn the different properties of indefinite integrals.

LESSON PROPER
General Properties of Indefinite Integrals:
a). ∫ du=u+ c

b). ∫ ( du+dv +...+dz )=∫ du+∫ dv +...∫ dz

c). ∫ cdu=c ∫ du
The first formula (a) is the definition of an integral.
The second formula (b) states that if the integrand contains of a sum of terms, each term may be
integrated separately.
The third formula (c) says that if the integrand contains a constant factor, that factor may be written
before the integral sign.

Lesson
Simple Power Formula
1.3
In this lesson you will learn to integrate certain function using simple power formula.

MODULE 1 Integration concept/formulas 4

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LESSON PROPER

In the formula

d ( un ) =n un−1 du,

Let us replace n by n+1:

d ( un +1 )=(n+1)un du

Divide by n+1 (since this is impossible when n=−1, that value must be excluded), and reverse
the equation to obtain

n+1
d (u )
n
u du=
n+1
Integrating, we obtain the general power formula of integration:

n +1
u
∫ u n du= n+1 + C, n ≠−1 Eq. 1.1

Example 1.3

(
Evaluate ∫ 3 x +1+
2 1
2x )
2
dx

Solution:
1
¿ 3∫ x dx +∫ 1 x dx + ∫
2 0 −2
x dx
2

( ) ( )
2+1 0+ 1 −2+1
x x 1 x
¿3 +1 + ( )
2+1 0+1 2 −2+1

4
3x 1 −1
¿ + x− x +C
4 2
4
3x 1
¿ + x− +C
4 2x

Example 1.4
Evaluate ∫ ¿ ¿
Solution:
This resembles with u=a2 + y 2, n=5. Since

d ( a 2− y 2 )=−2 ydy=du ,

We introduce the factor −2 under the integral sign, with its reciprocal in front:

∫¿¿
1
¿− ¿
2

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Example 1.5
Evaluate ∫ ¿ ¿
This resemble example 1.4, but only superficially. In any attempt to use Eq. 1.1 directly, it is
found that when we choose u=a2−x 2, n=2, then the differential

du=d ( a2 −x2 ) =−2 xdx

Is not present in our integrand. The (−2) can be inserted, but nothing can be done about that missing
factor x .
We are therefore forced to have recourse to expansion of ¿, followed by a term-by-term
integration. Thus the integral can be evaluated as follows:

∫¿¿
¿ ∫ a x dx−2 a ∫ x 2 dx+∫ x 4 dx
4 0 2

4 0+1 2 +1 4 +1
a x 2 x x
¿ −2 a + +C
0+ 1 2+ 1 4 +1
2 3 5
4 2a x x
¿ a x− + +C
3 5

Example 1.6
Evaluate ∫ ( 2 x +3 ) dx
Solution:
First method: ∫ 2 xdx +∫ 3 dx

( ) ( )
1+1 0+ 1
x x
¿2 +3 +C
1+1 0+1

2
¿ x + 3 x +C

1
Second method: ∫ ( 2 x +3 ) dx= ∫ ( 2 x+3 ) 2 dx
2

1
¿ ¿
2

¿¿¿

This simple example is introduced to exhibit a very common phenomenon. We shall meet
many integrations in which two answer, both correct, differ widely in appearance; yet it will always be
possible to show that they differ at most by a constant, however improbable this may seem at first
sight. Here, we have only to expand the second form:

¿¿¿

9
This shows that the arbitrary constants C , C 1 differ by .
4

1.1 Practice Problem

MODULE 1 Integration concept/formulas 6
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Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.

1. ∫ ( x 3−4 x ) dx

2. ∫ ¿ ¿

3. ∫ ( 6 x3 −4 x +1 ) dx

dv
4. ∫ 2
v

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 items correct, very good, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
Congratulation!
If you got 0 You
– 1, have finished
it is okay, the
do not lesson
worry. 3. Take
Compare a breather
your answer tobefore you proceed
the answer totry
given, then theto
answer the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.
lesson 4.

MODULE 1 Integration concept/formulas 7

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Lesson
Exponential Functions
1.4
In this lesson you will learn how to integrate the exponential functions.

LESSON PROPER
There are three basic formulas for the integration of exponential functions:

a). ∫ e du=e +C
u u
Eq. 1.2

1 mx
b). ∫ e dx=
mx
e +C Eq. 1.3
m
u
a
c). ∫ au du= +C a> 0 Eq. 1.4
ln a
Equation 1.4 includes 1.2 and 1.3 as a special case but 1.2 and 1.3 is used much more frequently than the
general 1.4.

Example 1.6

Evaluate ∫ sin 2 x e
cos 2 t
dx .

Solution:
If we insert the factor −2, this can be evaluated by equation 1.3, with u=cos 2 x, du=−2 sin 2 xdx :
−1
∫ sin 2 x ecos 2 x dx= 2
∫ e cos 2 x (−2sin 2 x ) dx

1 cos2 x
¿− e +C
2
Example 1.7
dx
Evaluate ∫ 2x .
3
Solution:
Since
d u u du
a =a (lna )
dx dx

We proceed as follows:
−2 x
∫ 3d2 x =∫ 3−2 x dx =−1 3
2 ln 3
+C

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Example 1.8

Evaluate ∫ e dx
4x

Use equation 1.3, here m=4 , so

1
∫ e4 x dx= 4 e 4 x +C

5.4 Practice Problem

Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ e
−2 x
dx

dv
2. ∫ v
e

3. ∫ y e− y dy
2

4. ∫ 2 dx
−x

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for
self-assessment.
If you got 4 - items correct, very well, you already understand the concept.
If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice
for a few times.
If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to
answer the questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

MODULE 1 Integration concept/formulas 9

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Lesson

1.5 Logarithmic Functions

In this lesson you will learn how to integrate logarithmic functions.

LESSON PROPER
1
The derivative of lnx is . As a consequence, if we reverse the process, the integral of is lnx+C . In this
x
unit we generalise this result and see how a wide variety of integrals result in logarithm functions.
In order to master the techniques explained here it is vital that you undertake plenty of practice
exercises so that they become second nature.
Formulas:
du
∫ u
=lnu +C , u>0 , Eq. 1.5

together with its associated forms

du
∫ u
=ln (−u ) +C1, u<0 , Eq. 1.6

du
∫ u
=ln|u|+C 1, u ≠ 0. Eq. 1.7

Example 1.9
xdx
Evaluate ∫ 2.
1−x
Solution:
Equation 1.5 says, in words: The integral of any quotient whose numerator is the differential of the
denominator is the logarithm of the denominator. Therefore, we insert the factor −2:
xdx −1 −2 xdx
∫ 1−x 2 = 2 ∫ 1−x
2

1
¿− ln ( 1−x ) +C
2
2
Example 1.10
2
x −x
Evaluate ∫ dx
x +1

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Solution:
By division we find

( )
2
x −x 2
= x−2+ dx
x+1 x+1

Therefore

( )
2
∫ xx −x
+1
dx=∫ x−2+
2
x+1
dx

2
¿ ∫ xdx−2∫ x dx +∫
0
dx
x+ 1
1 2
¿ x −2 x +2 ln ( x +1 ) +C
2
Rule: As the first step toward integrating a rational fraction, carry out the indicated division until the
numerator is of lower degree than the denominator.

Example 1.11
Evaluate ∫ tanx dx
Solution:
sin x
Recall that we can rewrite tan x as . Observe that the derivative of cos x is −sin x , so that the
cos x
sin x −−sin x
numerator is very nearly the derivative of the denominator. We make it so by rewriting as and
cos x cos x
the integral becomes

sin x
∫ tan xdx=∫ cos x dx
−sin x
¿−∫ dx
cos x

¿−ln |cosx|+ C

Example 1.12
1
Evaluate ∫ dx
x ln| x|
Solution:
1
Remember that the derivative of ln |x| is . So we can write the integrand slightly differently:
x
1
1 x . Now the numerator is the derivative of the denominator. So
=
x ln |x| ln |x|

1
1 x
∫ x ln|x| dx=∫ ln|x| dx

¿ ln |ln| x||+C

MODULE 1 Integration concept/formulas 11

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5.5 Practice Problem

Evaluate each integral; check by differentiation.

2
x −3 x
1. ∫ dx
x+ 1
2 dy
2. ∫
3 y−4

( 2 x−5 ) dx
3. ∫ 2
x −5 x +3
2
csc xdx
4. ∫
1+cot x

Check your answer in the answer key. Please answer it all first before checking, this is important for self-
assessment.

If you got 4 items correct, very well, you already understand the concept.

If you got 2 – 3 items correct, good, you understand most of the concepts, you only need to practice for a
few times.

If you got 0 – 1, it is okay, do not worry. Compare your answer to the answer given, then try to answer the
questions again before you proceed to the next lesson.

MODULE 1 Integration concept/formulas 12

 ENGINEERING CALCULUS 2 [DATE]

Assessment
This part is a graded assessment, I will assess if you have learned the whole module. Use pen
to write your answer. Write your answer in a long bond paper together with front page (must include
course code and the title, title of the lesson, title of activity, name of student and your block, date of
submission, name of your professor) . Take note that all pages must have 0.5 inches’ border
including the front page. Copy the questions then answer. Once you’re done answering, send it to me
via Google Classroom in a single PDF file. Please avoid erasure. Good Luck
Problem Set No. 1:
Evaluate the following integrals; check by differentiation.

1. ∫ ( 2 x−x 2 ) dx

6 dz
2. ∫ 4
z

3. ∫ ( 3−2 y−2 ) dy

4. ∫ ¿ ¿

5. ∫ x ¿ ¿

zdz
6. ∫
√ 4 z 2 +a 2
7. ∫ x ¿ ¿
2

8. ∫ ¿ ¿

9. ∫ 1 0
−3 x
dx

10. ∫ e ¿ ¿
2x

tanθ
e dθ
11. ∫ 2
cos θ
1
x
12. ∫ e dx
2
x

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13. ∫ 4 e
3 ln x
dx

14. ∫ ln e dx
2x

15. ∫ ( 1−2 etanx ) sec 2 x dx

16. ∫ ¿ ¿ ¿
2t
e dt
17. ∫ 2t 4t
1+6 e +9 e
4 dt
18. ∫
5 t+2
vdv
19. ∫ 2
6 v −1
3
20. ∫ x ¿
¿¿
2
r (r −1)dr
21. ∫
r 2+ 1

22. ∫ cot y dy

sec θ tanθ dθ
23. ∫
2 sec θ+3
3 2
x −2 x +2
24. ∫ dx
x−1
dy
25. ∫ ¿
y ¿¿

Answer Key
Answers for 1.1 Practice Problem:
4
x 2
1. −2 x +C
4
2. ¿ ¿
3 4 2
3. x −2 x + x+ C
2
−1
4. +C
v

Answer for 1.2 Practice Problem:

−1 −2 x
1. e +C
2

2. −e−u +C
−x
−2
3. +C
ln 2

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−1 − y 2

4. e +C
2

Answer for 1.3 Practice Problem:

2
x
1. −4 x+ 4 ln ( x +1 ) +C
2
2
2. ln ( 3 y−4 )+C
3

3. ln ( x 2−5 x +3 ) +C

4. ln ¿ ¿

References

1. Louis Leithold , The calculus 7 7th edition

2. Clyde E. Love and Earl D. Rainville, Differential and integral calculus 6th edition
3. Dit Gallesania, Engineering mathematics volume 2, Third Edition

MODULE 1 Integration concept/formulas 15