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Semester Exam Review

This document provides a review of important concepts for the Highlands Choir semester exam, including types of musical notes and rests, time signatures, the musical staff and clefs, pitch, solfege, and the circle of fifths. It defines notes and rests, explains how to read time signatures, and discusses the treble and bass clefs. It also covers letter names on the staff, solfege syllables and their application, and how to identify major key signatures using the circle of fifths.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
137 views7 pages

Semester Exam Review

This document provides a review of important concepts for the Highlands Choir semester exam, including types of musical notes and rests, time signatures, the musical staff and clefs, pitch, solfege, and the circle of fifths. It defines notes and rests, explains how to read time signatures, and discusses the treble and bass clefs. It also covers letter names on the staff, solfege syllables and their application, and how to identify major key signatures using the circle of fifths.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

HIGHLANDS

 CHOIR  SEMESTER  EXAM  REVIEW  

Types  of  Notes  and  Rests  


 
Notes  

Whole   Half   Quarter   Eighth   Sixteenth  

Rests  

Whole   Half   Quarter   Eighth   Sixteenth  

Time  Signature  or  Meter  


 
The  top  number  tells  us  the  number  of  beats  per  measure;  in  this  case,  
it  is  3.    The  bottom  number  tells  us  the  type  of  note  that  equals  one  
beat.    In  this  case,  it  would  be  the  quarter  note.    A  “C”  in  the  time  
signature  indicates  common  time,  another  way  to  indicate  4-­‐4  time  
signature.    A  “C”  with  a  vertical  slash  through  it  would  indicate  cut  
time,  or  2-­‐2.  

The  Staff  and  the  Clefs  


 
The  staff  is  composed  of  5  lines  and  4  spaces.    The  clef  at  the  beginning  of  the  staff  
indicates  which  pitch  range  is  to  be  used  (treble  clef  for  higher  voices,  bass  clef  for  lower  
voices).    Women  typically  read  treble  clef,  while  tenors  can  read  either  treble  or  bass  
clef,  and  basses  almost  always  read  bass  clef.    Sometimes  the  treble  clef  for  tenors  will  
be  shown  with  an  8  at  the  bottom  to  indicate  that  they  are  to  sing  everything  they  see  
down  an  octave  (or  else  they  would  be  singing  in  the  women’s  range).  

Treble  clef     Treble  clef     Bass  clef  


      (for  tenors)  
Pitch  
In  music,  a  note  on  the  staff  indicates  how  high  or  low  a  given  pitch  is.    These  are  
indicated  by  letters  in  the  musical  alphabet.    The  letters  of  musical  alphabet  go  up  from  
A  to  G;  the  pitch  just  above  G  would  start  over  at  A  and  continue  on.    The  letters  
assigned  to  the  lines  and  spaces  depend  on  which  clef  the  musician  is  using.    The  two  
most  common  clefs  used  by  singers  are  treble  and  bass  clef.    The  letter  assignments  do  
not  change;  for  example,  the  bottom  line  of  the  treble  clef  will  always  be  an  E.  
 

Treble  Clef  Letters  


 
Lines:  Every  Good  Boy  Does  Fine  
Spaces:  F  A  C  E  –  “Face  is  in  the  space”  
 
 

Bass  Clef  Letters  


 
Lines:  Good  Boys  Do  Fine  Always  
Spaces:  All  Cows  Eat  Grass  
Solfege  
 
Solfege  is  the  system  by  which  singers  sight-­‐read  a  piece  of  music.    It  was  originally  
developed  during  the  Renaissance  time  period  by  a  man  named  Guido  d’Arezzo.    It  uses  
the  followings  syllables:  
 
  Do   Re   Mi   Fa   Sol   La   Ti   Do  
 
Singers  use  the  system  by  assigning  them  to  the  staff  based  on  the  alternating  of  line  
and  space.    For  instance,  if  “Do”  is  on  the  bottom  line  of  the  staff,  the  following  would  
be  true:  
 
  Do   Re   Mi   Fa   Sol   La   Ti   Do  
  Line   Space   Line   Space   Line   Space   Line   Space  
 
 
How  the  letters  on  the  staff  work  with  solfege  
Knowing  the  key  of  a  song  tells  the  singer  where  to  place  “Do.”    For  instance,  if  we  were  
I  the  key  of  A,  girls  reading  the  treble  clef  would  know  that  “Do”  would  be  on  the  second  
space.    In  addition,  this  means  that  any  A,  regardless  of  whether  or  not  it  falls  on  a  line  
or  space,  would  be  “Do.”    If  you  change  the  key,  all  of  the  solfege  shifts  with  it.    See  the  
examples  below;  pay  attention  to  what  happens  to  the  A  space  when  the  key  is  
changed.  
 
Key  of  A  

Key  of  G  

Example  test  question:  Fill  in  the  missing  solfege  in  the  examples  played.  
 
Do    Re    Mi    ____    Mi    Re    Do    Mi    ____    Sol    La    Sol    Fa    Sol  
CIRCLE  OF  FIFTHS  
 
Identify  Major  Key  Signatures  
 
Shortcuts:  
o For  flat  keys:  second  to  last  flat  names  the  key  (except  for  F,  which  is  one  
flat);  OR  the  farthest  flat  to  the  right  is  “fa”  
o For  sharp  keys:  farthest  right  key  is  “ti”,  so  go  up  one  
o The  key  of  F  is  the  only  flat  key  that  doesn’t  have  the  flat  with  its  name  
o The  keys  of  F-­‐sharp  and  C-­‐sharp  are  the  only  sharp  keys  that  have  the  sharp  
with  their  name  
 
 
 

You  do  not  need  to  know  relative  minor  keys  on  the  inside  of  the  circle.    Please  
remember  that  flats  and  sharps  must  go  with  the  key  name  in  order  to  be  correct  if  
appropriate!    For  example,  ‘E’  is  a  sharp  key  with  4  sharps,  and  the  key  of  E-­‐flat  is  a  flat  
key  with  3  flats.
Interval  Tunes  
 
Major  2nd  (M2)   Happy  Birth-­‐day  
 
 
Major  3rd  (M3)     Oh  When  the  Saints  
 
 
Perfect  4th  (P4)   “Here  comes  the  bride”  
 
 
Perfect  5th  (P5)   Beginning  pitches  of  Star  Wars  theme  or  witch’s  guard  march  
in  Wizard  of  Oz  
 
Major  6th  (P6)     N-­‐B-­‐C  
 
 
Major  7th  (M7)     “I  waited  til”  from  Norah  Jones’  “Don’t  Know  Why”  or  simply  
that  M7’s  sound  very  dissonant  
 
Octave/P8     Some-­‐where  over  the  rainbow
Music  Vocabulary  
 
Dynamic  Markings  
 
The  term  dynamics  refers  to  the  relative  volume  at  which  music  is  to  be  performed.    
From  softest  to  loudest,  the  basic  terms  are  as  follows:  

Symbol     Italian  name   Meaning  

pp Pianissimo     Very  soft

p Piano     Soft  

P Mezzo  Piano   Medium  soft  

F Mezzo  forte   Medium  loud  

f Forte     Loud  

ff Fortissimo     Very  loud

cresc. Crescendo     gradually  get  louder  


or  

decresc. Decrescendo   gradually  get  softer


or  

dim. Diminuendo   gradually  get  softer


Tempo  and  Articulation  Markings  

Italian   Meaning
rit. ritardando slow  down

rall. rallantando slow  down

accel. accelerando get  faster

a tempo (same) return  to  the  original  tempo

k staccato sing/play  short  and  detached

_ legato sing/play  smooth  and  connected

> accent   sing/play  the  note  more  forcefully  

sub. subito   suddenly

piu (same)   more

molto (same)   much

The  metronome  is  an  instrument  that  helps  a  musician  determine  an  exact  tempo.    It  is  
measured  in  beats  per  minute.    If  the  tempo  is  60,  then  the  speed  of  the  beat  will  be  
exactly  the  same  as  the  second  hand  on  any  stopwatch  or  clock.  
 
 
Voice  Parts  &  Vocal  Technique  
 
Female  Voice  Parts,  Highest  to  Lowest   Male  Voice  Parts,  Highest  to  Lowest  
Soprano  I   Tenor  I  
Soprano  II   Tenor  II  
Alto  I   Baritone  
Alto  II   Bass  
 
v Proper  singing  requires  the  singer  to  breathe  from  the  diaphragm.  
v Singers  should  stand  with  their  chest  high,  their  feet  approximately  shoulder-­‐
width  apart,  and  with  their  head  up.    One  should  never  stand  with  locked  knees.  
v The  area  in  the  front  of  the  face  in  which  sound  should  resonate  is  referred  to  as  
the  masque.  

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