HIGHLANDS
CHOIR
SEMESTER
EXAM
REVIEW
Types
of
Notes
and
Rests
Notes
Whole
Half
Quarter
Eighth
Sixteenth
Rests
Whole
Half
Quarter
Eighth
Sixteenth
Time
Signature
or
Meter
The
top
number
tells
us
the
number
of
beats
per
measure;
in
this
case,
it
is
3.
The
bottom
number
tells
us
the
type
of
note
that
equals
one
beat.
In
this
case,
it
would
be
the
quarter
note.
A
“C”
in
the
time
signature
indicates
common
time,
another
way
to
indicate
4-‐4
time
signature.
A
“C”
with
a
vertical
slash
through
it
would
indicate
cut
time,
or
2-‐2.
The
Staff
and
the
Clefs
The
staff
is
composed
of
5
lines
and
4
spaces.
The
clef
at
the
beginning
of
the
staff
indicates
which
pitch
range
is
to
be
used
(treble
clef
for
higher
voices,
bass
clef
for
lower
voices).
Women
typically
read
treble
clef,
while
tenors
can
read
either
treble
or
bass
clef,
and
basses
almost
always
read
bass
clef.
Sometimes
the
treble
clef
for
tenors
will
be
shown
with
an
8
at
the
bottom
to
indicate
that
they
are
to
sing
everything
they
see
down
an
octave
(or
else
they
would
be
singing
in
the
women’s
range).
Treble
clef
Treble
clef
Bass
clef
(for
tenors)
Pitch
In
music,
a
note
on
the
staff
indicates
how
high
or
low
a
given
pitch
is.
These
are
indicated
by
letters
in
the
musical
alphabet.
The
letters
of
musical
alphabet
go
up
from
A
to
G;
the
pitch
just
above
G
would
start
over
at
A
and
continue
on.
The
letters
assigned
to
the
lines
and
spaces
depend
on
which
clef
the
musician
is
using.
The
two
most
common
clefs
used
by
singers
are
treble
and
bass
clef.
The
letter
assignments
do
not
change;
for
example,
the
bottom
line
of
the
treble
clef
will
always
be
an
E.
Treble
Clef
Letters
Lines:
Every
Good
Boy
Does
Fine
Spaces:
F
A
C
E
–
“Face
is
in
the
space”
Bass
Clef
Letters
Lines:
Good
Boys
Do
Fine
Always
Spaces:
All
Cows
Eat
Grass
Solfege
Solfege
is
the
system
by
which
singers
sight-‐read
a
piece
of
music.
It
was
originally
developed
during
the
Renaissance
time
period
by
a
man
named
Guido
d’Arezzo.
It
uses
the
followings
syllables:
Do
Re
Mi
Fa
Sol
La
Ti
Do
Singers
use
the
system
by
assigning
them
to
the
staff
based
on
the
alternating
of
line
and
space.
For
instance,
if
“Do”
is
on
the
bottom
line
of
the
staff,
the
following
would
be
true:
Do
Re
Mi
Fa
Sol
La
Ti
Do
Line
Space
Line
Space
Line
Space
Line
Space
How
the
letters
on
the
staff
work
with
solfege
Knowing
the
key
of
a
song
tells
the
singer
where
to
place
“Do.”
For
instance,
if
we
were
I
the
key
of
A,
girls
reading
the
treble
clef
would
know
that
“Do”
would
be
on
the
second
space.
In
addition,
this
means
that
any
A,
regardless
of
whether
or
not
it
falls
on
a
line
or
space,
would
be
“Do.”
If
you
change
the
key,
all
of
the
solfege
shifts
with
it.
See
the
examples
below;
pay
attention
to
what
happens
to
the
A
space
when
the
key
is
changed.
Key
of
A
Key
of
G
Example
test
question:
Fill
in
the
missing
solfege
in
the
examples
played.
Do
Re
Mi
____
Mi
Re
Do
Mi
____
Sol
La
Sol
Fa
Sol
CIRCLE
OF
FIFTHS
Identify
Major
Key
Signatures
Shortcuts:
o For
flat
keys:
second
to
last
flat
names
the
key
(except
for
F,
which
is
one
flat);
OR
the
farthest
flat
to
the
right
is
“fa”
o For
sharp
keys:
farthest
right
key
is
“ti”,
so
go
up
one
o The
key
of
F
is
the
only
flat
key
that
doesn’t
have
the
flat
with
its
name
o The
keys
of
F-‐sharp
and
C-‐sharp
are
the
only
sharp
keys
that
have
the
sharp
with
their
name
You
do
not
need
to
know
relative
minor
keys
on
the
inside
of
the
circle.
Please
remember
that
flats
and
sharps
must
go
with
the
key
name
in
order
to
be
correct
if
appropriate!
For
example,
‘E’
is
a
sharp
key
with
4
sharps,
and
the
key
of
E-‐flat
is
a
flat
key
with
3
flats.
Interval
Tunes
Major
2nd
(M2)
Happy
Birth-‐day
Major
3rd
(M3)
Oh
When
the
Saints
Perfect
4th
(P4)
“Here
comes
the
bride”
Perfect
5th
(P5)
Beginning
pitches
of
Star
Wars
theme
or
witch’s
guard
march
in
Wizard
of
Oz
Major
6th
(P6)
N-‐B-‐C
Major
7th
(M7)
“I
waited
til”
from
Norah
Jones’
“Don’t
Know
Why”
or
simply
that
M7’s
sound
very
dissonant
Octave/P8
Some-‐where
over
the
rainbow
Music
Vocabulary
Dynamic
Markings
The
term
dynamics
refers
to
the
relative
volume
at
which
music
is
to
be
performed.
From
softest
to
loudest,
the
basic
terms
are
as
follows:
Symbol
Italian
name
Meaning
pp Pianissimo
Very
soft
p Piano
Soft
P Mezzo
Piano
Medium
soft
F Mezzo
forte
Medium
loud
f Forte
Loud
ff Fortissimo
Very
loud
cresc. Crescendo
gradually
get
louder
or
decresc. Decrescendo
gradually
get
softer
or
dim. Diminuendo
gradually
get
softer
Tempo
and
Articulation
Markings
Italian
Meaning
rit. ritardando slow
down
rall. rallantando slow
down
accel. accelerando get
faster
a tempo (same) return
to
the
original
tempo
k staccato sing/play
short
and
detached
_ legato sing/play
smooth
and
connected
> accent
sing/play
the
note
more
forcefully
sub. subito
suddenly
piu (same)
more
molto (same)
much
The
metronome
is
an
instrument
that
helps
a
musician
determine
an
exact
tempo.
It
is
measured
in
beats
per
minute.
If
the
tempo
is
60,
then
the
speed
of
the
beat
will
be
exactly
the
same
as
the
second
hand
on
any
stopwatch
or
clock.
Voice
Parts
&
Vocal
Technique
Female
Voice
Parts,
Highest
to
Lowest
Male
Voice
Parts,
Highest
to
Lowest
Soprano
I
Tenor
I
Soprano
II
Tenor
II
Alto
I
Baritone
Alto
II
Bass
v Proper
singing
requires
the
singer
to
breathe
from
the
diaphragm.
v Singers
should
stand
with
their
chest
high,
their
feet
approximately
shoulder-‐
width
apart,
and
with
their
head
up.
One
should
never
stand
with
locked
knees.
v The
area
in
the
front
of
the
face
in
which
sound
should
resonate
is
referred
to
as
the
masque.