NCM 118 ASSIGNMENT

1. Prothrombin time (PT) is a blood test that measures the time it takes for the
liquid portion (plasma) of your blood to clot. It measures the function of a part of
the clotting system.
Normal values: 11 to 13.5 seconds.
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is the time it takes for a patient's blood to form
a clot as measured in seconds. It is used to measure the activity of the intrinsic
pathway of the clotting cascade.
Normal values: 25 to 35 seconds
International normalized ratio (INR) blood test tells you how long it takes for
your blood to clot. It is used to test clotting times in people taking warfarin.
Normal values: 0.8 to 1.1, 2.0 to 3.0 is a general therapeutic range for people
taking warfarin.

2. Respiratory distress refers to a situation in which a person is having difficulty

breathing or is struggling to get enough oxygen. Signs and symptoms of
respiratory distress include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, increased heart
rate, coughing that produces phlegm, cyanosis, restlessness or agitation, fever,
wheezing, chest pain, hypotension, and confusion.

3. Heparin and warfarin are two types of anticoagulant medications used to help
prevent certain medical conditions caused by thrombosis. The antidote for
heparin toxicity is protamine sulfate, which is a positively charged molecule that
binds to heparin and neutralizes its anticoagulant effects. For warfarin, vitamin K
is used to reverse its effect. Administering vitamin K helps restore clotting factor
synthesis and reverses the effects of warfarin over time.
4.
 Drug Mechanism Indication Contraindications Side Effects Nursing Responsibility
name of Action
Brand Name: The Used to treat • Allergy to • allergic reaction Before:
antacids the symptoms aluminum, like rash, hives,  Assess if the patient is
reduce the of too much magnesium, or any and itching allergic to aluminum,
Maalox magnesium, or any other
acid stomach acid other part of
• red, swollen, part of Maalox
reaching the such as Maalox
blistered, or  Assess mucous
Generic
duodenum stomach upset, • severely peeling skin with membrane status to
Name: by heartburn, and evaluate potential
debilitated or or without fever
neutralizing problems with
acid suffering from
the acid • wheezing absorption and
indigestion. renal insufficiency
Aluminum present in hydration.
Hydroxide Aluminum and • tightness in the
the stomach. • severe abdominal  Monitor vital signs to
and magnesium chest or throat
Magnesium
pain and/or the establish baseline data
antacids work possibility of
Hydroxide • trouble
Suspension
quickly to bowel obstruction breathing,
lower the acid swallowing, or During:
in the stomach. • contraindicated  Administer medication
talking
Classification for pregnant and after meals and at
s: lactating women • unusual bedtime
due to potential hoarseness  Administer the drug
adverse effects on apart from any other oral
Antacids the fetus or • swelling of the medications
neonate. mouth, face, lips, approximately 1 hour
tongue, or throat before or 2 hours after to
Dosage/ ensure adequate
Frequency/ • constipation absorption of the other
Route: medications.
• diarrhea
 Have the patient chew
tablets thoroughly and
10-20 ml/ follow with water to
qid/ oral ensure that therapeutic
levels reach the stomach
to decrease acidity.
Sources:

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www.drugs.c  Monitor patient response
om/cdi/ to the drug
maalox.html  Monitor for adverse
https://
effects
nurseslabs.co
m/antacids/
 Drug Mechanism Indication Contraindications Side Effects Nursing Responsibility
name of Action
Brand Name: Selectively Used as short- • known allergy to • CNS: Dizziness, Before:
block H2 term treatment any drugs of this confusion,  Assess for possible
receptors of active class headache, contraindications and
Zantac located on
duodenal ulcer somnolence. cautions
the parietal • Prolonged or
or benign  Monitor vital signs to
cells, continual use • Cardio: Cardiac
gastric ulcer establish baseline data
Generic prevents the arrhythmias,
Name: release of and relief of • Hepatic or renal  Inspect the skin for
cardiac arrest.
gastrin, a dysfunction evidence of lesions or
symptoms of
hormone that • Diarrhea rash to monitor for
heartburn, • pregnancy or
Ranitidine causes local adverse reactions
acid lactation • Impotence
release of
histamine, indigestion, During:
• Rash
Classification ultimately and sour  Administer drug with
s: blocking the stomach. • Gynecomastia or before meals and at
production of
bedtime to ensure
hydrochloric
Histamine-2 therapeutic levels
acid, and
Antagonist decreases when the drug is most
pepsin needed.
production by  Monitor the patient
Dosage/ the chief continually if giving
Frequency/
cells. IV doses to allow
Route:
early detection of
potentially serious
50 mg/ q6- adverse effects
8h/ IV or IM
After:
 Provide comfort,
Sources: including analgesics,
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nurseslabs.co bathroom facilities,
m/histamine- and assistance with
2- ambulation
antagonists/
 Monitor patient
response to the drug

Drug Mechanism Indication Contraindications Side Effects Nursing Responsibility

 name of Action
Brand Name: Sucralfate The sucralfate • Documented • Back pain Before:
exhibits its suspension and hypersensitivity to  Monitor blood glucose
action by tablet are used • Constipation
sucralfate for patients with
Carafate forming a for the • Diarrhea diabetes
protective treatment of • end-stage renal
 Monitor vital signs to
layer, active duodenal disease • Dizziness establish baseline data
Generic increasing ulcer for up to 8 • uncontrolled  Measure and record
Name: bicarbonate • Drowsiness
weeks. diabetes mellitus regular weight to
production,
Sucralfate is with • Dry mouth monitor mobilization of
exhibiting
Sucralfate also used in the edema fluid
anti-peptic hyperglycemia • Gas (flatulence)
effects, prevention
promoting and/or • impaired • Headache During:
Classification tissue treatment of swallowing/gag  Give drug on an
s: gastro- reflex • Indigestion
growth, empty stomach, 1 hr
regeneration, esophageal • Itching or skin before or 2 hr after
and repair. reflux disease rash meals and at bedtime
Cytoprotectiv (GERD),
e Agent
 Avoid giving food rich
gastritis, peptic • Nausea in potassium.
ulcer disease,
stress ulcer, in
Dosage/
Frequency/ addition to After:
Route: dyspepsia
 Monitor patient
response to the drug
 Monitor patient
1 g/ q6h
initially/ response to the drug
Oral

Sources:

https://
www.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/
books/
NBK551527/

https://
www.rxlist.co
m/
sucralfate/
generic-
drug.htm
 Drug Mechanism Indication Contraindications Side Effects Nursing Responsibility
name of Action
Brand Name: Blocks the Treatment and • known allergy to • CNS: Before:
final step of maintenance of either the drug or Headache,  Assess for history of
acid erosive the drug dizziness, vertigo, allergy to a proton
Prilosec production, esophagitis, components insomnia. pump inhibitor to
lowering the treatment of reduce the risk of
acid levels in heartburn • Patients 18 • GI: Diarrhea,
Generic
hypersensitivity
the stomach associated with years old and abdominal pain,
Name: and inhibits reaction
GERD. below nausea, vomiting.
the hydrogen-  Monitor vital signs to
potassium Treatment of • pregnancy or • Respiratory: establish baseline data
Omeprazole adenosine GERD, severe lactation Upper respiratory  Inspect and palpate
triphosphate erosive infections, cough. the abdomen to
enzyme esophagitis, determine potential
Classification system on the • Skin: Rash underlying medical
duodenal
s: secretory ulcers, and conditions
surface of the
pathological
gastric During:
Proton Pump hypersecretory
parietal cells.
Inhibitors condition.  Administer drug
before meals to ensure
Treatment of
that the patient
gastric ulcer.
Dosage/ swallowed the capsule
Frequency/ whole to ensure the
Route:
therapeutic
effectiveness of the
20-40 mg/
drug.
od, bid, or tid  Monitor the patient’s
before meal/ nutritional status; use
Oral of small frequent
meals may be helpful
if GI upset is a
Sources:
problem.
https://
nurseslabs.co After:
m/proton-
 Monitor patient
pump-
inhibitors/ response to the drug
 Monitor patient
response to the drug