Interactive Computer Graphics Planar Polyhedra

• These are three dimensional objects whose faces are

• Lecture 6: all planar polygons often called facets.

Polygon Rendering and OpenGL

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 1 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 2

Representing Planar Polygons

• In order to represent planar polygons in the computer

we will require a mixture of numerical and
topological data.

• Numerical Data
- Actual coordinates of vertices, etc.

• Topological Data
- Details of what is connected to what, etc.

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 3 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 4

1
Data Structures Data Structures

n n type0
• Static Data Structure: x1, y1, z1 p1 offset0
- The point data is stored in arrays p2 type1
p3 offset1
- The topological data are arrays of array indices

• Dynamic Data Structure n

- The topological data is implied by the data structure p1
p2 typen
xn, yn, zn p3 offsetn

Point array Cell array Cell types

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 5 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 6

Overview

• General OpenGL Introduction

• Rendering Primitives
• Rendering Modes
• Lighting
• Texture Mapping
• Additional Rendering Attributes
• Imaging

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 7 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 8

2
Aims OpenGL and GLUT Overview

• Demonstrate enough OpenGL to write an interactive • What is OpenGL & what can it do for me?
graphics program with • OpenGL in windowing systems
- custom modeled 3D objects or imagery • Why GLUT
- lighting
• A GLUT program template
- texture mapping
• Introduce advanced topics for future investigation

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 9 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 10

What Is OpenGL? OpenGL Architecture

• Graphics rendering API

- high-quality color images composed of geometric and Per Vertex
Polynomial Operations &
image primitives Evaluator Primitive
Assembly
- window system independent
- operating system independent
Display Per Fragment Frame
CPU List Rasterization
Operations Buffer

Texture
Memory
Pixel
Operations

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 11 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 12

3
OpenGL as a Renderer Related APIs

• Geometric primitives • AGL, GLX, WGL

- points, lines and polygons - glue between OpenGL and windowing systems
• Image Primitives • GLU (OpenGL Utility Library)
- images and bitmaps - part of OpenGL
- separate pipeline for images and geometry - NURBS, tessellators, quadric shapes, etc.
• linked through texture mapping • GLUT (OpenGL Utility Toolkit)
• Rendering depends on state - portable windowing API
- colors, materials, light sources, etc. - not officially part of OpenGL

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 13 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 14

OpenGL and Related APIs Preliminaries

• Headers Files
#include <GL/gl.h>
application program
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>
OpenGL Motif
widget or similar GLUT • Libraries
GLX, AGL
or WGL GLU • Enumerated Types
- OpenGL defines numerous types for compatibility
X, Win32, Mac O/S GL
–GLfloat, GLint, GLenum, etc.

software and/or hardware

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 15 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 16

4
GLUT Basics Sample Program

• Application Structure void main( int argc, char** argv )

{
- Configure and open window int mode = GLUT_RGB|GLUT_DOUBLE;
- Initialize OpenGL state glutInitDisplayMode( mode );
glutCreateWindow( argv[0] );
- Register input callback functions
init();
• render
glutDisplayFunc( display );
• resize
glutReshapeFunc( resize );
• input: keyboard, mouse, etc. glutKeyboardFunc( key );
- Enter event processing loop glutIdleFunc( idle );
glutMainLoop();
}

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 17 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 18

OpenGL Initialization GLUT Callback Functions

• Set up whatever state you’re going to use • Routine to call when something happens
- window resize or redraw
void init( void ) - user input
{
glClearColor( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 ); - animation
glClearDepth( 1.0 );
• “Register” callbacks with GLUT
glEnable( GL_LIGHT0 );
glEnable( GL_LIGHTING );
glEnable( GL_DEPTH_TEST ); glutDisplayFunc( display );
} glutIdleFunc( idle );
glutKeyboardFunc( keyboard );

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 19 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 20

5
Rendering Callback Idle Callbacks

• Do all of your drawing here • Use for animation and continuous update

glutDisplayFunc( display ); glutIdleFunc( idle );

void display( void ) void idle( void )

{ {
glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
glBegin( GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP ); t += dt;
glVertex3fv( v[0] ); glutPostRedisplay();
glVertex3fv( v[1] ); }
glVertex3fv( v[2] );
glVertex3fv( v[3] );
glEnd();
glutSwapBuffers();
}

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 21 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 22

User Input Callbacks Elementary Rendering

• Process user input • Geometric Primitives

• Managing OpenGL State
glutKeyboardFunc( keyboard );
• OpenGL Buffers
void keyboard( char key, int x, int y )
{
switch( key ) {
case ‘q’ : case ‘Q’ :
exit( EXIT_SUCCESS );
break;
case ‘r’ : case ‘R’ :
rotate = GL_TRUE;
break;
}
}

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 23 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 24

6
OpenGL Geometric Primitives Simple Example
void drawRhombus( GLfloat color[] )
{
glBegin( GL_QUADS );
GL_LINES glColor3fv( color );
GL_POLYGON
GL_LINE_STRIP GL_LINE_LOOP glVertex2f( 0.0, 0.0 );
GL_POINTS
glVertex2f( 1.0, 0.0 );
glVertex2f( 1.5, 1.118 );
glVertex2f( 0.5, 1.118 );
GL_TRIANGLES glEnd();
}
GL_QUADS
GL_QUAD_STRIP
GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP GL_TRIANGLE_FAN

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 25 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 26

OpenGL Command Formats Specifying Geometric Primitives

• Primitives are specified using

glVertex3fv( v ) glBegin( primType );
glEnd();
- primType determines how vertices are combined

GLfloat red, greed, blue;

Number of Data Type Vector Glfloat coords[3];
components b - byte omit “v” for glBegin( primType );
ub - unsigned byte
2 - (x,y)
s - short
scalar form for ( i = 0; i < nVerts; ++i ) {
3 - (x,y,z)
us - unsigned short
glColor3f( red, green, blue );
4 - (x,y,z,w)
i - int glVertex2f( x, y ) glVertex3fv( coords );
ui - unsigned int }
f - float glEnd();
d - double

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 27 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 28

7
Shapes Tutorial Controlling Rendering Appearance

• From Wireframe to Texture Mapped

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 29 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 30

OpenGL’s State Machine Manipulating OpenGL State

• All rendering attributes are encapsulated in the • Appearance is controlled by current state
OpenGL State for each ( primitive to render ) {
- rendering styles update OpenGL state
render primitive
- shading }
- lighting
• Manipulating vertex attributes is most common way to
- texture mapping manipulate state

glColor*()
glIndex*()
glNormal*()
glTexCoord*()

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 31 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 32

8
Controlling current state Transformations in OpenGL

• Setting State • Modeling

glPointSize( size );
• Viewing
glLineStipple( repeat, pattern );
glShadeModel( GL_SMOOTH );
- orient camera
- projection
• Enabling Features
glEnable( GL_LIGHTING ); • Animation
glDisable( GL_TEXTURE_2D ); • Map to screen

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 33 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 34

Camera Analogy Camera Analogy and Transformations

• 3D is just like taking a photograph (lots of • Projection transformations

photographs!) - adjust the lens of the camera
• Viewing transformations
- tripod–define position and orientation of the viewing
viewing volume in the world
volume
• Modeling transformations
- moving the model
camera
• Viewport transformations
- enlarge or reduce the physical photograph
tripod model

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 35 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 36

9
Coordinate Systems and Transformations Affine Transformations

• Steps in Forming an Image • Want transformations which preserve geometry

- specify geometry (world coordinates) - lines, polygons, quadrics
- specify camera (camera coordinates) • Affine = line preserving
- project (window coordinates) - Rotation, translation, scaling
- map to viewport (screen coordinates) - Projection
• Each step uses transformations - Concatenation (composition)
• Every transformation is equivalent to a change in
coordinate systems (frames)

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 37 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 38

Homogeneous Coordinates 3D Transformations

- each vertex is a column vector • A vertex is transformed by 4 x 4 matrices
- all affine operations are matrix multiplications
- all matrices are stored column-major in OpenGL
- matrices are always post-multiplied
- product of matrix and vector is

- w is usually 1.0
- all operations are matrix multiplications
- directions (directed line segments) can be represented with w =
0.0

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 39 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 40

10
 Transformation
Specifying Transformations Poly.
Per
Vertex

Pipeline CPU DL
Texture
Raster Frag FB

• Programmer has two styles of specifying

Pixel

transformations
object eye clip normalized window
- specify matrices (glLoadMatrix, glMultMatrix) device
- specify operation (glRotate, glOrtho) v
e
• Prior to rendering, view, locate, and orient: r Modelview Projection Perspective Viewport
t
- eye/camera position e Matrix Matrix Division Transform
x
- 3D geometry
Modelview Projection
• Manage the matrices • other calculations here
- material  color
- including matrix stack Modelview - shade model (flat)
- polygon rendering mode
• Combine (composite) transformations  - polygon culling
 - clipping


Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 41 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 42

Matrix Operations Projection Transformation

• Specify Current Matrix Stack • Shape of viewing frustum

glMatrixMode( GL_MODELVIEW or GL_PROJECTION )
• Perspective projection
• Other Matrix or Stack Operations gluPerspective( fovy, aspect, zNear, zFar )
glLoadIdentity() glFrustum( left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar )
glPushMatrix()
glPopMatrix() • Orthographic parallel projection
• Viewport glOrtho( left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar )
gluOrtho2D( left, right, bottom, top )
- usually same as window size
- viewport aspect ratio should be same as projection - calls glOrtho with z values near zero
transformation or resulting image may be distorted • Typical use (orthographic projection)
glViewport( x, y, width, height ) glMatrixMode( GL_PROJECTION );
glLoadIdentity();
glOrtho( left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar );

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 43 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 44

11
 Viewing Transformations Projection Tutorial

• Position the camera/eye in the scene

- place the tripod down; aim camera
tripod
• To “fly through” a scene
- change viewing transformation and
redraw scene
• gluLookAt(eyex, eyey, eyez,
aimx, aimy, aimz,
upx, upy, upz )
- up vector determines unique orientation
- careful of degenerate positions

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 45 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 46

Modeling Transformations Transformation Tutorial

• Moving camera is equivalent to moving every object in

the world towards a stationary camera
• Move object
glTranslate{fd}( x, y, z )
• Rotate object around arbitrary axis
glRotate{fd}( angle, x, y, z )
- angle is in degrees
• Dilate (stretch or shrink) or mirror object
glScale{fd}( x, y, z )

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 47 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 48

12
Projection is left handed Common Transformation Usage

• Projection transformations (gluPerspective, • 3 examples of resize() routine

glOrtho) are left handed - restate projection & viewing transformations
- think of zNear and zFar as distance from view point • Usually called when window resized
• Everything else is right handed, including the • Registered as callback for glutReshapeFunc()
vertexes to be rendered

y
y z+
left handed right handed
x
x
z+

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 49 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 50

resize(): Perspective & LookAt resize(): Perspective & Translate

void resize( int w, int h )
{ • Same effect as previous LookAt
glViewport( 0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h );
glMatrixMode( GL_PROJECTION ); void resize( int w, int h )
glLoadIdentity(); {
gluPerspective( 65.0, (GLfloat) w / h, glViewport( 0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h );
1.0, 100.0 ); glMatrixMode( GL_PROJECTION );
glMatrixMode( GL_MODELVIEW ); glLoadIdentity();
glLoadIdentity(); gluPerspective( 65.0, (GLfloat) w/h,
gluLookAt( 0.0, 0.0, 5.0, 1.0, 100.0 );
0.0, 0.0, 0.0, glMatrixMode( GL_MODELVIEW );
0.0, 1.0, 0.0 ); glLoadIdentity();
} glTranslatef( 0.0, 0.0, -5.0 );
}

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 51

13
resize(): Ortho (part 1) resize(): Ortho (part 2)

void resize( int width, int height ) if ( aspect < 1.0 ) {

{ left /= aspect;
GLdouble aspect = (GLdouble) width / height; right /= aspect;
GLdouble left = -2.5, right = 2.5; } else {
GLdouble bottom = -2.5, top = 2.5; bottom *= aspect;
glViewport( 0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h ); top *= aspect;
glMatrixMode( GL_PROJECTION ); }
glLoadIdentity(); glOrtho( left, right, bottom, top, near, far );
glMatrixMode( GL_MODELVIEW );
glLoadIdentity();
… continued …
}

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 53 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 54

Double
Compositing Modeling Transformations Poly.
Per
Vertex

Buffering CPU DL
Texture
Raster Frag FB

Pixel
• Problem 1: hierarchical objects
- one position depends upon a previous position
- robot arm or hand; sub-assemblies
• Solution 1: moving local coordinate system
- modeling transformations move coordinate system
- post-multiply column-major matrices 1
2
1
2
4 4
- OpenGL post-multiplies matrices Front 8
16
8
16
Back
Buffer Buffer

Display

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 55 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 56

14
 Depth Buffering and
Animation Using Double Buffering
Hidden Surface Removal
• Request a double buffered color buffer
glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DOUBLE );
• Clear color buffer
glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT );
• Render scene
• Request swap of front and back buffers 1
2
1
2
4 4
glutSwapBuffers(); Color 8 8 Depth
16 16
Buffer Buffer
• Repeat steps 2 - 4 for animation

Display

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 57 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 58

Depth Buffering Using OpenGL An Updated Program Template

• Request a depth buffer void main( int argc, char** argv )

glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DOUBLE | {
GLUT_DEPTH ); glutInit( &argc, argv );
• Enable depth buffering glutInitDisplayMode( GLUT_RGB |
glEnable( GL_DEPTH_TEST ); GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_DEPTH );
glutCreateWindow( “Tetrahedron” );
• Clear color and depth buffers init();
glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT |
GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT ); glutIdleFunc( idle );
glutDisplayFunc( display );
• Render scene glutMainLoop();
• Swap color buffers }

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 59 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 60

15
An Updated Program Template (cont.) An Updated Program Template (cont.)
void drawScene( void )
void init( void ) {
{ GLfloat vertices[] = { … };
glClearColor( 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0 ); GLfloat colors[] = { … };
} glClear( GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT |
GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );
glBegin( GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP );
void idle( void )
{ /* calls to glColor*() and glVertex*() */
glutPostRedisplay();
} glEnd();
glutSwapBuffers();
}

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 61 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 62

Texture Poly.
Per
Vertex Texture Mapping
Mapping CPU DL
Texture
Raster Frag FB

Pixel

y
• Apply a 1D, 2D, or 3D image to geometric
primitives
z x
• Uses of Texturing geometry screen
- simulating materials
- reducing geometric complexity
- image warping t
image
- reflections

s
Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 63 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 64

16
Texture Mapping and the OpenGL Pipeline Texture Example

• Images and geometry flow through separate pipelines • The texture (below) is a
that join at the rasterizer 256 x 256 image that has been
- “complex” textures do not affect geometric complexity mapped to a rectangular
polygon which is viewed in
perspective
vertices geometry pipeline
rasterizer
image pixel pipeline

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 65 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 66

Applying Textures I Applying Textures II

• Three steps • specify textures in texture objects

 specify texture • set texture filter
• read or generate image • set texture function
• assign to texture
• set texture wrap mode
 assign texture coordinates to vertices
• set optional perspective correction hint
 specify texture parameters
• wrapping, filtering • bind texture object
• enable texturing
• supply texture coordinates for vertex
- coordinates can also be generated

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 67 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 68

17
Texture Objects Texture Objects (cont.)

• Like display lists for texture images • Create texture objects with texture data and state
- one image per texture object glBindTexture( target, id );
- may be shared by several graphics contexts • Bind textures before using
• Generate texture names glBindTexture( target, id );
glGenTextures( n, *texIds );

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 69 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 70

Specify Texture Poly.

Per Mapping a Poly.
Per
Vertex Vertex

Image CPU DL
Texture
Raster Frag FB Texture CPU DL
Texture
Raster Frag FB

Pixel Pixel

• Based on parametric texture coordinates

• Define a texture image from an array of • glTexCoord*() specified at each vertex
texels in CPU memory
Texture Space Object Space
glTexImage2D( target, level, components, t
w, h, border, format, type, *texels ); 1, 1 (s, t) = (0.2, 0.8)
0, 1 A
- dimensions of image must be powers of 2 a

• Texel colors are processed by pixel pipeline

c (0.4, 0.2)
- pixel scales, biases and lookups can be b
done B C
0, 0 1, 0 s (0.8, 0.4)
Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 71 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 72

18
Tutorial: Texture Texture Application Methods

• Filter Modes
- minification or magnification
- special mipmap minification filters
• Wrap Modes
- clamping or repeating
• Texture Functions
- how to mix primitive’s color with texture’s color
• blend, modulate or replace texels

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 73 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 74

Filter Modes Mipmapped Textures

Example: • Mipmap allows for prefiltered texture maps of decreasing

glTexParameteri( target, type, mode ); resolutions
• Lessens interpolation errors for smaller textured objects
• Declare mipmap level during texture definition
glTexImage*D( GL_TEXTURE_*D, level, … )
• GLU mipmap builder routines
gluBuild*DMipmaps( … )
• OpenGL 1.2 introduces advanced LOD controls
Texture Polygon Texture Polygon
Magnification Minification

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 75 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 76

19
Wrapping Mode Texture Functions

• Example: • Controls how texture is applied

glTexParameteri( GL_TEXTURE_2D, glTexEnv{fi}[v]( GL_TEXTURE_ENV, prop,
GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP ) param )
glTexParameteri( GL_TEXTURE_2D,
GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT ) • GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE modes
- GL_MODULATE
- GL_BLEND
- GL_REPLACE
t
• Set blend color with GL_TEXTURE_ENV_COLOR
s
GL_REPEAT GL_CLAMP
texture
wrapping wrapping
Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 77 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 78

Is There Room for a Texture? Lighting Principles

• Query largest dimension of texture image • Lighting simulates how objects reflect light
- typically largest square texture - material composition of object
- doesn’t consider internal format size
- light’s color and position
glGetIntegerv( GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE, &size )
- global lighting parameters
• Texture proxy • ambient light
- will memory accommodate requested texture size? • two sided lighting
- no image specified; placeholder
- available in both color index
- if texture won’t fit, texture state variables set to 0
and RGBA mode
• doesn’t know about other textures
• only considers whether this one texture will fit all of memory

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 79 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 80

20
 Surface
How OpenGL Simulates Lights Poly.
Per
Vertex

Normals CPU DL
Texture
Raster Frag FB

Pixel
• Phong lighting model
- Computed at vertices
• Normals define how a surface reflects light
• Lighting contributors glNormal3f( x, y, z )
- Surface material properties
- Current normal is used to compute vertex’s color
- Light properties
- Use unit normals for proper lighting
- Lighting model properties • scaling affects a normal’s length
glEnable( GL_NORMALIZE )
or
glEnable( GL_RESCALE_NORMAL )

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 81 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 82

Material Properties Light Properties

• Define the surface properties of a primitive glLightfv( light, property, value );

glMaterialfv( face, property, value ); - light specifies which light
- separate materials for front and back • multiple lights, starting with GL_LIGHT0
glGetIntegerv( GL_MAX_LIGHTS, &n );
- properties
• colors
• position and type
• attenuation

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 83 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 84

21
Light Sources (cont.) Types of Lights

• Light color properties • OpenGL supports two types of Lights

- GL_AMBIENT - Local (Point) light sources
- GL_DIFFUSE - Infinite (Directional) light sources
- GL_SPECULAR • Type of light controlled by w coordinate

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 85 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 86

Turning on the Lights Light Material Tutorial

• Flip each light’s switch

glEnable( GL_LIGHTn );
• Turn on the power
glEnable( GL_LIGHTING );

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 87 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 88

22
Controlling a Light’s Position Light Position Tutorial

• Modelview matrix affects a light’s position

- Different effects based on when position is specified
• eye coordinates
• world coordinates
• model coordinates
- Push and pop matrices to uniquely control a light’s position

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 89 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 90

Advanced Lighting Features Advanced Lighting Features

• Spotlights • Light attenuation

- localize lighting affects - decrease light intensity with distance
• GL_SPOT_DIRECTION • GL_CONSTANT_ATTENUATION
• GL_SPOT_CUTOFF • GL_LINEAR_ATTENUATION
• GL_SPOT_EXPONENT • GL_QUADRATIC_ATTENUATION

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 91 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 92

23
Light Model Properties Tips for Better Lighting
glLightModelfv( property, value ); • Recall lighting computed only at vertices
• Enabling two sided lighting - model tessellation heavily affects lighting results
GL_LIGHT_MODEL_TWO_SIDE • better results but more geometry to process
• Global ambient color • Use a single infinite light for fastest lighting
GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT - minimal computation per vertex
• Local viewer mode
GL_LIGHT_MODEL_LOCAL_VIEWER
• Separate specular color
GL_LIGHT_MODEL_COLOR_CONTROL

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 93 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 94

On-Line Resources Books

- http://www.opengl.org
• OpenGL Programming Guide, 3rd Edition
• start here; up to date specification and lots of sample code
- news:comp.graphics.api.opengl • OpenGL Reference Manual, 3rd Edition
- http://www.sgi.com/software/opengl
- http://www.mesa3d.org/
• OpenGL Programming for the X Window System
• Brian Paul’s Mesa 3D - includes many GLUT examples
- http://www.cs.utah.edu/~narobins/opengl.html
• very special thanks to Nate Robins for the OpenGL Tutors
• Interactive Computer Graphics: A top-down approach
• source code for tutors available here! with OpenGL, 2nd Edition

Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 95 Graphics Lecture 6: Slide 96

24