Formulas for Differentiation (Continued) 141 49. IC is the (otal cost at which x units of a certain commodity can be produced, then C is usually an increasing function of x called the cos! function, ¢ = C/x is the average cost per unit, and M = dCjdx is called the marginal cost. Determine a reasonable domain for the cost function C = 6000 + 24% — 0.00422, and fing (a) the average cost and (}) the marginal cost when 300 units are being produced, - Ans, (a) $42.80, (b) $21.60. 50. If mis a positive integer prove that the derivative of x" is —nx-n-1 Hint: Write -® in the form 1/2 and use Dy 58. Formulas for Differentiation (Continued) Ify is a function of u, and w isa function of x, then » on x and its derivative with respect to x is determined what is called the chain rule of differentiation, Formula D. If y = f(u) and u = 44x), the derivative of y with | respect to x is equal to the product of the derivative of y with respect to u by the derivative of with respect to x, is dependent mined as follows in dy _ dy du d DP dade AIH) H) An increment Ax in x produces an increment Aw in 1, which in turn ‘gives an increment Ay in y, These increments satisfy the algebraic identity Ay _ Ay Au Ax ~ Bu Ax Taking the limit as Ax approaches zero, by Theorem 1, Article 22, we obtain provided /(u) and ¢(2) are differentiable functions. Mustration |. If y = u/(u + 1) and w = x/(x + 1), we have a du (e+ 1? Hence by Dz canned witn Lamscaniralc Functions ii imilar manner, din a simi . cl to x is equal to the uA Differentiation of Algeb: The following two formulas may be prove’ Formula Ds. The derivative of y with respe reciprocal of the derivative of x with respect toy. D dy 1 (F # 0). . dx © ds Mustration 2, Ifx = Vy? + 1, we have dz y Hence by Ds 4), the derivative of ¥ with Formula Do. If y + f(u) and x = g(t a reapent ton respect to x is equal to the ratio of the derivative of divided by the derivative of x with respect to. dy ; dy _ du dy FO) piu) 40. Ds de ae) Ode * Fay g(u) du . Mlustration 3, If y = u/(1 — u) and x = 4/(1 — #2), we have dy au Hence by Dp 59. Differentiation of Implicit Functions An equation, such as y = /(z), is said to define y as an explicit function of x for some domain R. Not all functions are defined in such an explicit way. For example, an equation in x and y, such as at — 2x8 m yt — y + 5, is not easily solved for y in terms of x. However, if j exists such that a function f(x) a — Det = f(a) — fx) + 5 holds for every x in the domain of /(x), then the/functi, _ . said to be defined implicitly by the given equatipn, » = fle) is ocanned witn LamscaniDifferentia tion ; of Implicit Functions 1B Illustration I. The e ee B quation 4x2 = jicitly in terms of the other. If ios y2 = 36 defines either variable im- fre equivalent explicit equations equation is solved for x or y, we obtain +ivVe= pe yo or v= a= It is.often inconver ei i ne of the variables. eee Lo solve a given equation for one td function, We nee, in order to find the derivative of i " ; n, we proceed in accordance with the janine at = ule, Differenti . ] " iffer fiat each term of the equation F( 5 to x, considering y 10 be a funciion of x x.y) = Ownth respec Illustration 2. Applying the above rule to x? + 9 for dy|dx, we obtain — Sxy = Oand solving ad d Ag +RY- a ody \ @ 30% - a) F = 30 - 4) 2 dy . ria ees ye- x40 Example 1. Ha? + 7? = a2, find y" and)” Solution: Differentiating implicitly, we obtain 2x + 2yy’ = 05 hence we obtain by Ds Differentiating again, yar sincey’ = —x/yandx? + 9" "ya the second derivative can be expressed sn the following simplified form F ya). PAE WS Pie en ae Z yy! = O may itself be differentiated implicitly Note: The equation aty m9, Thus, as above, We obtain giving 1 + (9)? + ye he x a. wea (itp) "oF canned witn Lamscanipifferentiation OF NBS 144 hence maximum or min; the quantity which is to be " ms of 3 ingle variable. Such Problems ae ily by using more than one variable, Thi following example. o ornin When one is solving problem concerning it is advisable in gener® mized (or minimized) in ter however, be solved implicl method is illustrated in the riangle with vertex at (0 Find the largest area =1) is to be inseyi isoscele 9 rib An isosceles t that the triangle FS in Example 2. yt qayte 4 in the ellipse have. sects the ellipse at the Point of the triangle inter ipse a be maximized is Solution: If the base ¢ 88 that the area to P(x,9), it follows from Figur Aexy +1), where 2? + 4? = 4 ty Differentiating each of these equations with respect to x, we have dA a ytlte Qe dy x+y Za. Q) Since A is to be a maximum, we set dA/dx = 0. Then eliminating dyldx between the two equations in (2), we obtain Figure 88 Ay? + 4y = x2, (3) This equation we solve simultaneously wi ith i Thus, on eliminating x, we find Ta nee Steen of (I Ay? + 4y = 4—4y2; hence y = dor —1 The value y = —1 is rejected since it obvi it obviously gives a mini : : nim) zero. Hence substituting 9 = 4in (3), we obtain x = 3 um area of maximum area is found to be V3(f + 1) or 33 and from (1) the Rule. To find the values make the function M = f(x,yy follows. (a) Differentiate each of the variables, say *. of % and y which satisfy (x,y) = 0 and @ maxis ints laximum or minimum, we proceed as Given equations with respect to one of the >cannea witn LamscantiExercise 145 (b) Set AM|dx = 0, and eliminate dyldx between the two equations obtained in (@)- (e) Solve the equation obtained in (by simuttancously with 4(x,9) = go, Summary of Formulas The differentiation formulas which have been derived in. this chapter are of fundamental importance and should be memorized. For convenience, we repeat the list here, and write the first six formulas in their equivalent differential forms. Di de=0. DD. d (?) = Bd = ud, 2 Dz d(cu) = edu. p, dy _ dy du Ds d(u+ du + dv. A Ds d(uv) = dv 4 du, De 2 c fF dy dy |dx Ds d(ur) = nut du, ly _ dy De aa Po Ge ~ dul du EXERCISE 30 In each of the following find dy/dx. ya a2 + 60 = 1 £ uF + Gu = 2. ins, 64x + 12. u = 4x2 + 8x + 1. (= #), ) —pst 2 Cres ea 5. saa ty. foe +. 1 ayvy art avy, 8. ne vy y+l 3 ; ee sole, mn {i " + a ‘x=t+t}, iy ee eet i oman: 2b + t-}). 12. yewe—1 Find dy/dx in each of the following by implicit differentiation. Also find dy/d22 in the first four problems. | 13, xt = 4y2 = 4. Ans, x/4y, —1dy®. 14, Sxt 4 2y2 15, x1 4. yl = ylt/42/2, ghl4/2492, 16, x28 4 928 = atid, 17, 4 y= x8, 4x3/(3y2 + 1). (4 ~scannewwirvanrscani