9/18/23, 8:32 AM C-PSYM213 BSY24 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 1st Sem ( 2023-2024 ) - Period TF 1300-1430 - https://dlsud.edu20.
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C-PSYM213 BSY24 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 1st Sem ( 2023-2024 ) - Period TF 1300-1430
Midterm: Module 3A & B Individual Psychology (Sept4-9) and Analytical Psychology (Sept11-16)
Lesson B: Analytical Psychology (Sept 11-16)
Immersive Reader
C- PSYM213 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Module 3B: Analytical Psychology by Jung
Analytical Psychology Carl Jung
A. Who was Carl Jung?
Carl Jung was born in Switzerland in 1875, the oldest surviving child of an idealistic Protestant
minister and his wife. Jung's early experience with parents (who were quite opposite of each other)
probably influenced his own theory of personality (Feist, Feist and Roberts, 2018). He got
acquainted with Freud after receiving his medical degree. Not long after he traveled with Freud to
the United States, Jung became disenchanted with Freud's pansexual theories, broke with Freud, and
began his own approach to theory and therapy, which he called analytical psychology. From a
critical midlife crisis, during which he nearly lost contact with reality, Jung emerged to become
one of the leading thinkers of the 20th century. He died in 1961 at the age of 85.
B. Levels of the Psyche
Jung saw the human psyche as being divided into a conscious and an unconscious level, with the
latter further subdivided into a personal and a collective unconscious. Jung used the term psyche
to refer to all psychological processes, emphasizing that it embraces both conscious and
unconscious processes (Engler, B., 2014, p. 78).
a. Conscious
Images sensed by the ego are said to be conscious. The ego thus represents the conscious side of
personality, and in the psychologically mature individual, the ego is secondary to the self. It is
our awareness of ourselves and is responsible for carrying out all the normal everyday activities
of waking life (Schultz and Schultz, 2017, p.87).
b. Unconscious
The unconscious refers to those psychic images not sensed by the ego. Some unconscious processes
flow from our personal experiences, but others stem from our ancestors' experiences with universal
themes. Jung divided the unconscious into the:
1. Personal unconscious - which contains the complexes (emotionally toned groups of related ideas)
and the collective unconscious, or ideas that are beyond our personal experiences and that
originate from the repeated experiences of our ancestors.
2. Collective Unconscious - images are not inherited ideas, but rather they refer to our innate
tendency to react in a particular way whenever our personal experiences stimulate an inherited
predisposition toward action. Contents of the collective unconscious are called archetypes.
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C. Archetypes
The archetypes of the collective unconscious are often considered to be Jung’s signature concepts
(Colman, 2018).
Jung believed that archetypes originate through the repeated experiences of our ancestors and that
they are expressed in certain types of dreams, fantasies, delusions, and hallucinations. Several
archetypes acquire their own personality, and Jung identified these by name. One is the persona-the
side of our personality that we show to others. Another is the shadow-the dark side of
personality. To reach full psychological maturity, Jung believed, we must first realize or accept
our shadow. A second hurdle in achieving maturity is for men to accept their anima, or feminine
side, and for women to embrace their animus, or masculine disposition.
Other archetypes include the great mother (the archetype of nourishment and destruction); the wise
old man (the archetype of wisdom and meaning); and the hero, (the image we have of a conqueror who
vanquishes evil, but who has a single fatal flaw).
The most comprehensive archetype is the self; that is, the image we have of fulfillment,
completion, or perfection. The ultimate in psychological maturity is self-realization, which is
symbolized by the mandala, or perfect geometric figure.
D. Dynamics of Personality
Jung believed that the dynamic principles that apply to physical energy also apply to psychic
energy. These forces include causality and teleology as well as progression and regression.
a. Causality and Teleology
Jung accepted a middle position between the philosophical issues of causality and teleology. In
other words, humans are motivated both by their past experiences and by their expectations of the
future (Feist, Feist and Roberts, 2018).
b. Progression and Regression
To achieve self-realization, people must adapt to both their external and internal worlds.
Progression involves adaptation to the outside world and the forward flow of psychic energy,
whereas regression refers to adaptation to the inner world and the backward flow of psychic energy.
Jung believed that the backward step is essential to a person's forward movement toward self-
realization.
E. Psychological Types
Eight basic psychological types emerge from the union of two attitudes and four functions.
a. Attitudes
Attitudes are predispositions to act or react in a characteristic manner. The two basic attitudes
are introversion, which refers to people's subjective perceptions, and extraversion, which
indicates an orientation toward the objective world. Extraverts are influenced more by the real
world than by their subjective perception, whereas introverts rely on their individualized view of
things. Introverts and extraverts often mistrust and misunderstand one another.
b. Functions
The two attitudes or extroversion and introversion can combine with four basic functions to form
eight general personality types. The four functions are (1) thinking, or recognizing the meaning of
stimuli; (2) feeling, or placing a value on something; (3) sensation, or taking in sensory stimuli;
and (4) intuition, or perceiving elementary data that are beyond our awareness. Jung referred to
thinking and feeling as rational functions and to sensation and intuition as irrational functions.
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These functions refer to different and opposing ways of perceiving both the external real world and
our subjective inner world. Jung posited four functions of the psyche: sensing, intuiting,
thinking, and feeling (Jung, 1927 in Schultz and Schultz, 2017, p. 87).
Jung’s typology has led to the development of assessment and research on psychological type. One of
the most popular instruments for nonpsychiatric populations in the area of clinical, counseling and
personality assessment is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).
F. Development of Personality
Nearly unique among personality theorists was Jung's emphasis on the second half of life. Jung saw
middle and old age as times when people may acquire the ability to attain self-realization.
a. Stages of Development
Jung divided his stages of development into four broad stages:
(1) childhood, which lasts from birth until adolescence;
(2) youth, the period from puberty until middle life, which is a time for extraverted development
and for being grounded to the real world of schooling, occupation, courtship, marriage, and family;
(3) middle life, which is a time from about 35 or 40 until old age when people should be adopting
an introverted attitude; and
(4) old age, which is a time for psychological rebirth, self-realization, and preparation for
death.
b. Self-Realization
Self-realization, or individuation, involves a psychological rebirth and an integration of various
parts of the psyche into a unified or whole individual. Self-realization represents the highest
level of human development (Feist, Feist and Roberts, 2018).
G. Concept of Humanity
Jung saw people as extremely complex beings who are a product of both conscious and unconscious
personal experiences. However, people are also motivated by inherited remnants that spring from the
collective experiences of their early ancestors. Because Jungian theory is a psychology of
opposites, it receives a moderate rating on the issues of free will versus determinism, optimism
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versus pessimism, and causality versus teleology. It rates very high on unconscious influences, low
on uniqueness, and low on social influences.
References:
Colman, W. (2018). Are Archetypes Essential? Journal Of Analytical Psychology, 63(3), 336–346. http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.
Engler, B. (2014). Personality theories. An introduction. (9th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Feist, J., Feist, G. & Roberts, T. (2018). Theories of personality. (9th ed.). Mc Graw-Hill Higher Education.
Schultz, D.P., & Schultz, S. E. (2017). Theories of personality. (11th ed.). Cengage Learning .
Watts, R. E. (2015). Adler’s Individual Psychology: The Original Positive Psychology. Revista de Psicoterapia, 26(102), 81
89.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284713772
https://www.catholic.org/bible/daily_reading
http://apps.nacada.ksu.edu/conferences/ProposalsPHP/uploads/handouts/2013/C079-H04.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AMu-G51yTY. Kid Millions, Face to Face Carl Gustav Jung (1959).
Link for images:
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