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137 views4 pagesSolutions
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Sneha KusumkarCopyright
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wer Question:
State Raoult’s law.
Raoult’s law states that "At a given temperature
the relative lowering of vapour pressure of
dilute solution containing non-volatile solute is
equal to the mole fraction of solute in the
solution”.
-
-P,
4 =X. where P? = vapour pressure of
pure solvent
P, = vapour pressure of solution of non volatile
solute
X,= hole fraction of solute
. State Henry's law.
4. Henry's law states that "At a given temperature
the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase
(p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the
gas(x) in the solution”.
Peles
P = Partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase
x= mole fraction of the gas -
K, = Henry's law constant
3. Define osmotic pressure.
A. The pressure required to just stop osmosis is
called osmotic pressure.
i. What are isotonic solutions?
A. The solutions having same osmotic pressure at a
given temperature are called Isotonic solutions.
Ex: Blood is isotonic with saline solution
fs
. Define molarity?
A. The number of moles of the solute. present in
one litre of solution
m=—*_ 1000
GMW * Vom)
Define molality? ;
The number of moles of solute present in 1 kg
Of solvent is called molality of the solution
000
“Mlaly = _¢_
rm __ GMW_ wtf solvent in gm
sprit
~
oe
a)
11.
>
&
What is ebullioscopic constant?
The elevation in boiling point produced when
Imole of solute is dissolved in 1000g of solvent
is called Bbullioscopic constant
What is cryoscopic constant?
The depression in freezing point produced
when 1 mole of solute is dissolved in 1000g of
solvent is called cryoscopic constant
What are meant by azeotrope’s?
Azoetrope’s are the binary mixtures having
same composition in liquid & vapours phase
& boils at a constant temperature.
. What is osmosis?
The flow of solvent molecules from pure solvent
to the solution when they are separated by a
semi-permeable membrane is known as osmosis
Calculate the mole fraction of H,SO, in a
solution containing 98% H,SO, by mass.
98% H,SO, means 98 parts of H,SO, is present
in 100 parts of solution.
wt of [Link],= 98; molar mass of H,SO, = 98
98
[Link] moles of H,SO,= 9,=1
wt of H,O = 100 — 98 = 2gm
m.w of H,O =18
[Link] moles of H,O
Total moles in solution = 1 + 0.1 = 1.1
mole fraction of
[Link] molesofH,SO, _ 1
20) arg ea eats ane
's~4~ Totalmolesof solution
A solution of glucose in water is labeled as
10% w/w. What would be the molarity of the
solution ?
09
Ll
w
10%| | glucose solution means
100gms of solution contains 10gm of glucose
2. wt of glucose (w)=10gms
wt of water (w)=90gm
;,Yolume of solution=90ml
= 10: 1000 = 9.617
PROM er ion. (March 2014, June 2915
13. A solution of sucrose in water is labeled as [Link] mole fraction. (Mi 15)
A.
20% (w/w). What would be the mole fraction
of each component in the solution?
A. 20%6(w/w) sucrose solution means
20gms of sucrose present in 100gm of solution
<:Wt. of sucrose(w) = 20gm
sucrose:
w, = 20
el = 0.05848
m,. 342
water:
w, = 80 (100 - 20)
= =4.45
2 ay 8
Mole fraction sucrose
0.05848
ae =0.013
oD m+n, 4.503
~.Mole fraction water
(X)=1-x, =1-0.013 = 0.987
L4. If the osmotic pressure of glucose solution is
1.52 bar at 300K. What would be its concen-
tration if R=0.083L bar mol'K"?
Given Osmotic pressure n=1.52bar
Absolute temp T =
R = 0.083L bar mol
m=CRT
1.52=Cx0.083 x 300;
C=0.061M
- The depression in freezing point of water
observed for the same amount of acetic acid,
dichloroacetic acid and trichloro acetic acid
increases in the order given above. Explain
briefly.
As we move from CH,COOH to CCI,COOH,
the degree of dissociation (@) increases. So no, .
of particles increases. As [Link] the ‘particles
increases depression in freezing point also
increases,
Order of acidic strength :
CH3COOH < CH,CICOOH <
CHCl, COOH < CCr,cooH
Mole fraction is the ratio of number of moleg
of one component to the total number of moles
of all components
Mole fraction of solute =
[Link] molesof component
[Link] molesofalj
componentsin solution
What is relative lowering of vapour pressure?
(ow is it useful to determine the molar mas,
of a solute?
i) The ratio of lowering of vapour pressure
(P0 — p,) to the vapour pressure of the pure
solvent (Po) is known as the relative lowering
Ps
Pp
ii) According to Raoult's law the relative
lowering of vapour PRESSURE of a dilute
solution containing non-volatile solute is
equal to the mole fraction of the solute
ii) The molecular weight of solute can be
calculated as follows.
°
iP Ph (sine =o }
po nj +n ny +n;
Where n, and n, are the number of moles of
solvent and solute respectively present in the
solution, For dilute solutions n, < PRX,;Py > PSXp.
ii) AH yi. > Osis
iii) AV, >
What is meant by negative deviation from
qe law and how is the sign of AH
related to negative deviation from Raoult's
law?
A. 1. When the vapour pressure of a solution is
Jower than the predicted value by Raoult's
law, it is called negatiye deviation.
2. In such cases intermolecular interaction
between solute and solvent particles (A and
B) are stronger than those between solute-
solute(A-A) and solvent-solvent(B-B).
3. It leads to decrease in vapour pressure
resulting in negative deviation.
4. Characteristics of a solutions showing
negative deviation
I) PAPA Xa: Parca Xs
2) AH,
B - B bonds are broken and strong A - B
bonds is formed. Heat is consequently
<0:ie.,—ve, because weak A - A and
released.
3) AVmic
