CHAPTER- 3 DRAINAGE POINTS TO REMEMBER : The term Drainage describes the river system of an area. The area drained by a single river system is called a Drainage Basin. The world’s largest drainage basin is of Amazon River. Any elevated area like mountain or an upland which separates two drainage basins is called water divide. The streams within a drainage basin form certain pattern called drainage pattern. The four types of drainage pattern are- 4 Dendrite & Trellis 4% Rectangular “Radial The river which is filled with water throughout the year is called Perennial River. Ariver along its tributaries is called river system. The small river which joins a large river is called the tributary of the large river.eg. Yamuna, Kosi, Gandak etc. are the tributaries of Ganga River. In its lower course river water is divided into many channels forming distributaries. Eg. Bhagirathi- Hoogly is the distributaries of Ganga river. |, In its upper course the speed of water is very high so it cuts the valley to form waterfall, V-shaped valley, rapids, gorges and canyon and carries silt with them. Il. In their middle course vertical erosion gives way to side erosion and hence forms alluvial fans, alluvial plains meander etc. Ill. In its lower course rivers loses its carrying capacity due to absence of slope and hence deposit all its silt and debris to form flood plain, braided channels, ox-bow lakes, delta etc.Drainage system in India- Drainage [system of India| | Peninsular River System Himalayan River Syst Difference between Himalayan and Peninsular River System- Himalayan River System Peninsular River System They are perennial (water throughout the year) as they are fed by the melting snow. They are seasonal as they are fed on rain-water. They have long course. They have shorter course. They are mostly flown through unstable areas of new fold They are mostly flown through stable areas of Gondwana land. mountains of Himalaya. They perform high erosion and depositional work in their course. The headwater of Ganga, called Bhagirathi, is joined by Alaknanda River at Devaprayag in Uttarakhand. They don’t perform these activities on such scale. At Haridwar the Ganga emerges from the mountains on to the plains. Brahmaputra River rises in Tibet east of Mansarovar Lake where it is known as ‘Tsang Po’. The Brahmaputra River enters India in Arunachal Pradesh where it is called ‘Dihang’. . In Tibet Brahmaputra River carries less volume of water and less silt as it passes through cold and dry area In Bangladesh it is known as ‘Jamuna’. In peninsular India west flowing rivers are Narmada and Tapti which forms Estuaries instead of delta. Godavari River is also called the “Dakshin Ganga”. Narmada River originates from Amarkantak Hills in Madhya Pradesh and form ‘Dhuadhar waterfall’ near Jabalpur (M.P.).River Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India called- ‘Shivsamudram’. India’s biggest waterfall is Jog waterfall on Sharavati River in Karnataka. Lakes are not only a place of scenic beauty but also have socio-economic importance like- |. Encourages Tourism Il. Generation of hydroelectricity. lll. Regulates the flow of river water. IV. During excessive rainfall it controls the flood whereas during draught it ensures the supply of water. V. Helps in balancing the aquatic ecosystem. VI. They are also a source of salt manufacturing site. Some important Diagrams:- 2 oo ss ge igure 9.2: Some Recres Mats by Heiser 1. Water Divide 2. Pattern made by riverTriutary (a) Dendritic Drainage () Rectangular Drainage 3.Drainage Pattern Raters of Keststant Rocks Some information about river systems of India- Central Uptit Drainage Origin Leng | Tributary Drainage characteristics Basin th Rivers area Indus Mansarovar | 2900 | Sutlej, Jammu &/1.0ne of the lake (Tibet) km Beas, Ravi, | Kashmir longest _riverof Chenab, Himachal world. Jhelum Pradesh, 2.Enters India in Punjab, Ladakh, Pakistan 3.flows to Pakistan and drains in Arabian Sea. Ganga Gangotri 2500 | Yamuna, Uttarakhand, | 1.Ambala is Glacier km Ghaghara, | Uttar located on the (Himalaya) Gandak, Pradesh, water divide Kosi,Cham | Bihar, Bengal | between Ganga bal, Betwa, and Brahmaputra, Son river system, 2average slope is 1m for every 6 km.3.The main stream of Ganga and Brahmaputra river form River Meghna in Bangladesh. Brahmaputra | Mansarovar | 2900 | Dihang, Tibet, Lit is — slightly Lake (Tibet) | km Lohit Arunachal longer than Indus Pradesh, River. Assam, 2.Most of __ its Bangladesh | course lies outside India parallel to Himalaya. 3.0n reaching Namcha Barwa it takes “U” turn and enters India in Arunachal Pradesh. Narmada Amarkantak | 1312 | Sakkara, Madhya 1.Forms Gorge in Hills km Dudhi, Pradesh ,| marble hills, and (Madhya Tawa, parts of | “Dhuandhar Pradesh) Ganjal Gujarat waterfall” Tapti Satpura 724 =| Purna, Madhya Flows parallel to range km Girna, Pradesh , | Narmada river (Madhya Panjhra Gujarat, through rift valley. Pradesh) Maharashtra Godavari Slope of | 1500 | Purna, Maharashtra | Longest river of Western km wardha, ‘ Madhya | south India. t Ghats prahinta, Pradesh, Also known ag (Maharashtr manjara, Orissa, “South Ganga” ‘ z a) Vanganga | Andhra ( Pradesh, Tele ° ngana Mahanadi Highland of | 800 | Shivnath, Orissa, Drains in Bay off Chhattisgarh | km Mand, Maharashtra | Bengal ji c DayaChhattisgarh, Jharkhand Krishna Mahabalesh | 1400 | Tungabhad | Maharashtra | Drains in Bay of wer km ra, koyna,|, Karnataka, | Bengal (Maharashtr Ghatprabh | Andhra a) a, Musi, | Pradesh Bhima Cauvery Brahmagiri 760 | Amravati, | Tamilnadu, Drains in Bay of Range km Bhavni, Kerala, Bengal (Western Hemwati, | Karnataka Ghats) KabinMajor River Systems of India 68° i 76° 80° 84° 88° 2° 96°E. 36°N 36° INDIA MAJOR RIVERS PAKISTAN { g 32 4 §PS , t 4 32! Coin gor, fe cHtna ' (TIBET) j rn c 4 rangpo R fa Sanbher +4 Lg eres Soh Lake BHUTAN, oe we ees ms: 7 Fara Prac . ate S -—: rnee$ | NN & D wR A < aay E Cond Sager MYANMAR 20° ARABIAN SEA BENGAL 16° Krishnaraja Sogar «)Pulleat Lake 2 Reservoir ie ar IADWEEP (INDIA) on © 20 INDIAN if1 Mark Questions: . What is meant by Water Divide? . Which river is also known as “Dakshin Ganga”? . Which river drains in Arabian Sea and form Estuary? }. Which river form Dhuandhar waterfall? . Name the largest sweet water lake of India. Where is it situated? . Which salt water lake is situated in Rajasthan? '. What is Lagoon? . Name two peninsular rivers of India which drains in Bay of Bengal? ). Which river is called as “Sorrow of Bihar”? 10.Name two rivers of India which originates from Himalaya Mountain? 3/5 Mark Questions: . Differentiate between Himalayan and Peninsular rivers? . Explain Indus River System. . List the characteristics of Ganga River System. Why Brahmaputra River does not contain silt while passing long distance in Tibet? Why lakes are important for human? . List the economic importance of rivers? WO ONAMAWNHE . Explain the causes of river pollution? . What are Estuaries? . How tributaries are different from Distributaries? 10.Explain the drainage pattern of rivers with suitable example. Answers WONANAWNE AMark Questions : 1. Any elevated area like mountain or an upland which separates two drainage basins is called Water Divide. 2.Godavari River 3.Narmada River and Tapti river 4.Narmada River 5.Wular lake, in Jammu & Kashmir 6. Sambhar Lake 7. Salt water Lake which is separated from sea due to the barrier of sandbar. 8. Krishna River, Cauvery River9. Kosi River 10. Ganga River, Indus River 3/5 Mark Questions: 1. See the content.(point no. 15) 2. (a) It originates from Mansarovar Lake in Tibet. (b) It flows westward to enter India in Ladhak. (c)its tributary rivers are Zasker, Shyok, Sautlaj, vyas, Ravi, Jhelum etc. (d)Total length of this river is approx 2900 km of which only a third is in India while rest is in Pakistan. (e)It drains into Arabian Sea. 3. (a) Ganga is one of the most sacred and longest flowing river of India. (b) it originates from Gangotri Glacier in Himalaya. (c) The headwater of Ganga, called Bhagirathi, is joined by Alaknanda River at Devaprayag in Uttarakhand. (d)At Haridwar the Ganga emerges from the mountains on to the plains. (e) Yamuna, Ghagara, Kosi, Chambal, Betwa, Son etc are some of the tributaries of it. (f)It has a gentle slope of around 1 m for every 6 km. (g) Its total length is around 2500 km. (h) It drains in Bay of Bengal before which it forms world’s largest delta “Sundarban” with Brahmaputra River. 4,(i) Brahmaputra River originates in Mansarovar Lake and mostly flows in Tibet parallel to Himalaya (ii) Tibet is cold and dry region. (iii) Due to low quantity of water its erosion power is less, hence it has less silt even though it flows a longer distance. 5. See the content (point no. 27) 6. (i) one of the most important inland route for trade since ancient times. (ii) A great source of irrigation which helps in the development of agriculture. (iii) The alluvial soil along its bank is the most fertile soil to grow various commodities. (iv) Due to the surplus production that it gave enables the other economic ivities like setting up of manufacturing Industries and other related activities.(v)Now a days it also acts as a major source of energy (i.e. hydroelectricity) which is the backbone of other economic activities. 7. (i) Demand in domestic as well as industrial use affected its quality. (ii) Dumping of untreated Sewage Water from home and industries. (iii) Excessive use of chemical fertilizers also pollutes the river bodies. (iv) Industrial pollution combined with acid rain also pollutes river. (v)Excessive deforestation led to reduction in rainfall which ultimately affects the water level in pollutes the river. 8.(i)The part of river where it joins the sea and where fresh water of river and saline water of sea is mixed is called Estuary. (ii)It is formed when river drains into ocean or sea where steep slope is present. (iii) Due to the steep slope no depositional work by river takes place hence no delta is formed. Tributaries Distributaries The small river which joins a large river | In its lower course river water is called the tributary of the large | is divided into many channels river. forming distributaries It increases the water level of main | It reduces the water level of river. main river. Yamuna, Kosi, Gandak etc. are the | Bhagirathi- Hooghly is the tributaries of Ganga River. distributary of Ganga river. (i)Dendrite pattern develops where the river channel follows the slope of the terrain. The stream with its tributaries resembles the branches of a tree. (ii)A river joined by its tributaries at approximately right angle develops a trellis pattern. It develops where hard and soft rocks exist parallel to each other. {iii)A rectangular drainage pattern develops on a strongly rocky terrain. (iv)The radial pattern develops when stream flow in different directions from a central peak or dome like structure. For picture see the content