Electric dipole=p=qd It's direction from negative to positive ‘Torque =PxE Pis an electric dipole.. Energy=1/CV2 Energy density=energy/volume Energy density in a capacitor is Ed=1/€°€rE2 Ea=is Electric field www. MdeatAcademy.com. C=€°A/d_ C=€°€r/d Er=Cmed/Cvac,air Capacitor/condenser stores electric potential energy in its electric field due to electrostatic induction By placing dielectric b/w capacitors E decreases V also decreases but C increases Note=Q is same ve For De f=0 T=infinity I=0 mean ideal DC can't flow in capacitive circuit But pulsating DC can flow.. AC can flow in capacitive circuits also. As fisn't zero t isn't zero and I isn't zero as well Qmaxis Q=cv Time constant (RC) Rc is time constant is duration of time for the capacitor in which 63.2% of its max value charge is deposited on plates Vbb bobbed v a/a°=63.2% (a-e*t/RC)=charging Pe*-t/RC discharging @ When t=0 q=«° RC magnitude of charge remaining each plate is 1°(0.367) Note:less will be the time constant more rapidly will be charged and discharged JOIN MDCAT ASPIRANTS GROUP 03040639627 Current electricity Q=it €=1.6x10-19C it T=Q/t=ne/t=Qfnef f=1/t Conventional current: Is due to positive charges,Cations,protons ‘© Moves from higher potential to lower potential © And moves along electric field Electronic current: Is due to negative charges(specially electrons) © Moves from lower to higher potential © And moves against the electric field Ina conductor electron moves due to thermal velocity whose net current is zero Thermal Velocity can be several hundred meter per second And current flows in a conductor by connecting a battery is due to force on charges of Electric field And gains drift velocity. Drift velocity is in order of mm/s (millimeter per second 10-3m/s) Note:there is force,E,V of electrons but no acceleration... I=VenA._(V:drift Velocity, e charge on electron (n:no of electron, A cross sectional) Drift velocity=i/enA=v/RenA (i=v/R) Ohm's law VIR R =Constant > For ohmic conductors slope=R=V/i= constant > For metals ohmic law is applicable in low temp.. Series combination Vi=RiV/R1+R2 Vo=R2V/Ri+R2 Series combination increases resistance Parallel combination www. MdeatAcademy.com In parallel V is constantParallel combination decreases the resistance R=V/I 1/R=1/V=conductance Resistance depends: > Material of wire > dimension(Area,Length) > Temperature R=pL/A If wire is stretched n time its R will be Note by stretching wire Ln time increases and Area also n time decreases. So for this kind of question. R'=n°R (nis no of time length increase or JOIN MDCAT ASPIRANTS GROUP RepL/A-pl/ar* 03040639627 p: resistivity A= Cross area Note resistivity depends upon material of wire and temperature not the dimensions For conductors =R is directly proportional to ‘temperature Alpha is +ve alpha=AR/R(AT) For semiconductors=R=is inversely proportional to temperature Alpha is-ve G=1/R=I/\ Conduetance=1/R: depends on what R depends Conduetivity=1/p=it depends on same what depends Electric power and power dissipation; PaIV=FR=V#/R In series current is constant P=V/R Pronsimea=°R for series Brightness<>Pronmimed Inseries Smaller R will glow brighter. P=V2/R In parallel larger R will glow brighter Electromotive foree, terminal p.d: As W=qAV so AV=W/q=E_ V=E=IR+ir I=E/R+r Internal resistance is due to electrolytes For open circuit: Ris infinite across terminals of battery ‘across resistor or capacitor For close circuit: V=E-ir VeE Short circuit: R=0 I= infinity Viermina iS 2er0.. When cell is being charge; tir Vt>E... Veerminat Series of cell,batteries: ‘When same side supporting each other E=Ei+E2 ‘When opposing each other E=E1-E2 Max power output; R Energy=powerxTime Kirchoff 1st current law KCL £I=0 conservation of changes Kirchoff 2nd law KVL £V=0 Conservation of Energy P.d by potentiometer Ei/E2-li/lo B for solenoidBy potentiometer we can measure: > Potential difference > Find emf of a cell > Compare emf of two cell > Find internal Resistance of cell / Magnetism If charge at rest or 1=0 B=0 but E=isn't zero whenever there is charge electric field exists Magnetic field in a long current carrying wire; B=eu°l/2ar ‘When a magnetic compass is placed in a uniform B field only torque will be applied on it (Couple.) u°=4mx10-7Ns2/C2 ue=4ax10-7W(A/m) u=4mx10-7T/A aweber=Nm/A When the Wheel is placed in a non uniform B field Force and torque will be applied on it.. Force on a current carrying conductor; FeilBsine=i(LxB) B unit=B=F/il=NA-1m-1=Tesla B=magnetic field, magnetic flux density, magnetic induction... 1Guass=10-"Tesla 1Tesla=10*gauss ‘Two same direction current carrying wire will attract each other opposite current direction wire will repel each other. F for both wire=F=uisie/2ar Ampere cireuital law: ni u is the permeability of a conductor to produce a B field. usu°ur ur>>>1=>for ferromagnetic substances ur>1=>for paramagnetic substances u<1 fir diamagnetic substances Boutside=o Cutting of Solenoid doesn't effect the B But compression or stretching ean affect as L increases or decreases... Ifa solenoid is placed inside a solenoid having same direction of flow of current they will support each other B=2u°ni Ifcurrent is opposite inside placed solenoid then Magnetic force on a charge moving in a magnetic field: Feq(VxB)=qvBsine Magnetic force is a centripetal It can't perform any work It can't produce any torque It can change K.E thus can't change speed Note it only changes direction Thus it can produce impulse momentum and change in velocity Lorentz force: F=Fe+FB=qE+q(vxB) Fnapstnite=Fetecttct Fragnte q(E+VxB) V=E/B Note:there is no force exerted by the magnetic field on a Neutral atom or Neutron... Charge to mass ratio for electron is 1.75x10"C/Kg, JOIN MDCAT ASPIRANTS GROUP 03040639627v=2eV/m e/m=2V/B4* ¢/m ratio:electron>proton>alpha particle> neutron e/m of the neutron is zero as Charge is zero.. R=mv/qB R=p/qB When a charge particle enters into a magnetic field if angle is 90° b/w VxB then it will follow a cireular path And for other than angle less than or more than 90 it will follow a helical path... w=qB/m. (Magnetic filed by earth is S to N) By placing thum in the direction of current in a wire curling of Finger will Show N direction. JOIN MDCAT ASPIRANTS GROUP 03040639627 Induced emf is produced by change in flux Whose magnitude is rate of change of flux Evnduces=A0/At Note induce emf doesn't depend upon resistance But induced current inverse relation with R The induced current loop should be completed. Motional emf 1=V/R=VBLsine/R Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction o/t=Lifat AV=-Li/dt Mi AV=Mdi/at Energy in inductor=U=1/2Li* Lenz's Law: Conservation of energy Direction of induced current is so as to oppose the change which causes the current N==>anticlockwise S==>clockwise Loop of current behave like a fenton bar magnet ‘Transformer; Which changes a given alternating emf to a smaller or a larger alternating emf Note:not a Direct current or a battery-cellVp=NsAe/At Vs=NpAe/At Step-up transformer Vs/Vp=Ns/Np=Ip/Is=>for step-up transformer Ns/Np>1 ‘Vs>Vp Isheating losses Hysteresis losses: Energy losses in magnetizing and demagnetizing core. To reduce it=>iron core Efficieney:n=Pout/Pinx100 Electronics Intrinsic semiconductor having no impurities Extrinsic semiconductors impurities by doping of pentavalent and trivalent atom Extrinsie=>P-type trivalent atom doping Majority of charges are holes N-type=>doping by pentavalent atom majority of charges are electrons A diode is combination of P and N type semiconductors middle region is called pn junction depletion region, potential barrier, Imobiles are present in diode A diode is neutral as a whole Having immobile ions but no charge carriers Forward biasing of diode is when P is connected to positive or high voltage terminal and N is connected to negative or low terminal and vise versa for Reverse biasing Forward biasing: milliAmpere...due to majority carriers Forward Resistance=>in order of ohm... Reverse Biasing: low potential +high potential Reverse current=>order of micro Ampere Due to minority carriers... Reverse Resistance=>in order of Mega Ohm In forward biasing Diode behave as a conductor resistor of diode is negligible And in reverse Biasing diode behave as an insulator Resistance is max