MODULE I
LITERATURE-a body of written works. It Is any collection of written work, but
it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art
form, especially prose fiction, drama, poetry, and including both print and
digital writing.The name has traditionally been applied to those imaginative
works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and
the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution.
Two types of literature
1. Fiction- refers to literature created from the imagination. Mysteries, science
fiction, romance, fantasy, chick lit, crime thrillers are all fiction genres.
2. Non-fiction- refers to literature based in fact. It is the broadest category of
literature.
GENRES OF LITERATURE
1. Science Fiction • Fiction that lies between realistic fiction and pure fantasy.
Sci-fi is usually based on scientific laws, the author’s knowledge of
technological possibilities, and the psychological nature of humans. Some sci-
fi involves hard science such as space exploration, chemistry, or physics,
while some sci-fi deals more with futuristic or dystopian societies.
2. Mystery • Fiction that involves a suspenseful event, often a crime of some
type. The reader uses clues from the story and gradually discovers who has
committed the crime to solve the mystery by the end of the story:
“Whodunnit?” Many mysteries include a sleuth, or detective, and a variety of
suspects.
3. Drama-a written work that tells a story through action and speech and is
meant to be acted on a stage : play. a written work that tells a story through
action and speech and is meant to be acted on a stage : play.
EXAMPLE
SPOKEN BY BRUTUS, ACT 3 SCENE 2
Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my cause, and be silent, that
you may hear: believe me for mine honour, and have respect to mine honour,
that you may believe: censure me in your wisdom, and awake your senses,
that you may the better judge. If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend
of Caesar’s, to him I say, that Brutus’ love to Caesar was no less than his. If
then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: –
Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. Had you rather
Caesar were living and die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all
free men? As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice
at it; as he was valiant, I honour him: but, as he was ambitious, I slew him.
There is tears for his love; joy for his fortune; honour for his valour; and death
for his ambition. Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any,
speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a
Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will
not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I offended. I pause for a
reply.
窗体底端
4. Horror • Horror fiction is a story intended to scare, unsettle, or horrify the
audience. It usually includes a supernatural, morbid, gruesome, surreal, or
exceptionally suspenseful or frightening theme.
5. Thriller • The thriller is characterized by fast pacing, frequent action, and
resourceful heroes who must thwart the plans of more-powerful and better-
equipped villains. There can be legal, crime, psychological, spy, or natural
disaster thrillers.
6. Survival/Adventure • Fiction that includes a character who faces danger
and must survive. The stories are filled with risks, suspenseful scenes, and
thrilling moments.
7. Folk Tale • Folk tales are stories that have been passed down over the
years by word of mouth. Many different cultures have folk tales with similar
themes, motifs, and character types. Fairy tales, fables, tall tales, and myths
are different types of folk tales.
8. • Fairy Tales -are folktales that contain elements such as a “happy ending,”
magic, elements that occur in 3’s such as wishes or siblings, riddles and
disguises, and character types such as the wicked witch, handsome prince,
and damsel in distress.
9. Fables-are brief stories that teach a lesson or moral. The characters are
usually animals, but they are given human characteristics. An example of a
fable is "The Fox and the Grapes”.
10. Myths-are stories that serve to explain some phenomenon of nature, such
as creation of the world, seasons, and weather. Many incorporate gods and
goddesses within the story.
11. Legends- • Story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, which has a basis
in fact but also includes imaginative material.
12. Biography • Non-fiction that chronicles a person’s life story but is written
by another person.
13. Memoir/Autobiography • Non-fiction account of a person’s life written by
that person. It may include just one important event or it may include an entire
life story.
14. Fiction or non-fiction stories composed in verse or prose, usually for
theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through
dialogue and action. Most dramas can be classified as comedies or tragedies.
15. Essay-is a nonfiction composition that explores a concept, argument, idea,
or opinion from the personal perspective of the writer. Essays are usually a
few pages, but they can also be book-length.
.
16. Short Story-a story with a fully developed theme but significantly shorter
and less elaborate than a novel.
17. Poetry- is a type of literature that aims to evoke an emotional response in
the reader through language chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound,
and rhythm. The five defining characteristics of a poem include: meter. rhyme.
form.
These elements include:
Meter: Meter is the rhythmic structure within a poem and is dictated by the
number of syllables and the pattern in which these syllables are
emphasized.
Rhyme: Rhyme is created when the last one or more syllables within
separate words match. A poem is considered to rhyme when the last
words of the lines within the verse share this relationship.
Scheme: A scheme refers to the rhyming pattern within a verse of poetry.
The scheme could contain words that rhyme at each of every line
throughout the stanza, or alternating lines, or in couplets. We often signify
the rhyme scheme using an arrangement of letters.
Verse: The verse of the poem is a way to describe the relationship
between rhyme and meter in a poem.
Stanza: A stanza is a group of lines within the verse of a poem. They
often follow a similar pattern or meter or contain a similar idea, but not
always. They are separated from other stanzas within the poem through
the use of a break or a blank line.
KINDS OF POETRY
1. Haiku -is a type of Japanese poetry that is derived from the longer
renga form. You might have encountered haikus in the following format: three
unrhymed lines of poetry in which the first and third lines have five syllables,
and the second has seven.
2. Sonnet- originated in Italy and derives its name from the Italian word
“sonetto,” which literally means “little sound” or “little song.” There are many
different types of sonnets, but the most popular is the English sonnet (also
known as the Shakespearean sonnet).
Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And too often is his gold complexion dimm’d:
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance or natures changing course untrimm’d;
By thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou growest:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this and this gives life to thee.
3. Free Verse-poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter.
