EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 4
1. Determine the voltage at the generating station and the efficiency of the following system
(Figure 1): Both transformers have ratio of 2kV/11kV. The resistance on LV side of both
Figure 1:
transformers is 0.04 ohm and that on HV side is 1.3 ohm. Reactance on LV and HV side
of both transformers is 0.125 ohm and 4.5 ohm respectively. [Ans: Efficiency = 96.3%,
Vs = 2168 Volts]
Figure 2: Equivalent circuit
Solution: For Transformer on LV side: Base kVA = 250; Base MVA = 0.25; Base
kV = 2
(BasekV )2 4
Base impedance = = = 16ohm
BaseMV A 0.25
0.04 + j0.125
T ransf ormer p.u. impedance on LV side = = 0.0025 + j0.0078
16
For Transformer on HV side: Base kVA = 250; Base MVA = 0.25; Base kV = 11
(BasekV )2 121
Base impedance = = = 484ohm
BaseMV A 0.25
1.3 + j4.5
T ransf ormer p.u. impedance on HV side = = 0.0027 + j0.0093
484
Total impedance of Transformer = 0.0052+j0.0171
For Transmission Line: Base kVA = 250; Base MVA = 0.25; Base kV = 11; Base
impedance = 484 ohm
10 + j30
T ransmission line p.u. impedance = = 0.0207 + j0.062
484
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EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 4
For Load: Base kVA = 250; Base MVA = 0.25; Base kV = 2
250 × 1000
Base Current = = 125amps
2000
p.u. MVA = 1.0; p.u. kV = 1.0; p.u. Current = 1.0
P ower Loss = I 2 R = 12 × (0.0052 + 0.0207 + 0.0052) = 0.0311p.u.
Outputrealpower 1 × 0.8
%η = × 100 = × 100 = 96.26%
outputrealpower + losses 1 × 0.8 + 0.0311
Taking Vr as the reference, the sending end voltage
Vs = Vr + Ir 6 φr (R + jX) = Vr + (Ir Cosφr − jIr Sinφr )(R + jX)
Vs = 1 + (0.8 − j0.6)(0.0311 + j0.0962) = 1.0826 + j0.0583p.u = 1.08426 3.0825
Sending end voltage = 2000 × 1.0842 = 2168.4 Volts
2. A load of three impedances each (6+j9) is supplied through a line having an impedance
of (1+j2) ohm. The line-to-line sending end voltage is 400 volts 50 Hz. Determine the
power input and output when the load is
(a) star connected and,
(b) delta connected.
[Ans: (a) 6591W, 5649W (b) 14124.9W, 9416W]
Solution: When load is star connected:
400
T he line to neutral voltage = √ = 231volts
3
T he impedance per phase = (6 + j9) + (1 + j2) = (7 + j11)ohm
231
T he line current = = 17.7amps
7 + j11
P ower input = 3 × 17.72 × 7 = 6591watts
P ower output = 3 × 17.72 × 6 = 5649watts
When load is delta/mesh connected:
Electrical Engineering Dept - IIT Delhi
EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 4
For the same impedance (6+j9), the equivalent star impedance will be
1
(6 + j9) = (2 + j3)ohm
3
The impedance per phase = (2+j3) +(1+j2) = (3+j5)
231
T he line current = = 39.6amps
3 + j5
P ower input = 3 × 39.62 × 3 = 14124.9watts
P ower output = 3 × 39.62 × 2 = 9416watts
3. Determine the efficiency and the regulation of a 3-phase, 100km, 50Hz transmission line
delivering 20MW at a p.f. of 0.8 lagging and line-to-line voltage 66KV to a balanced
load. The conductors are of copper, each having resistance 0.1 ohm per km, 1.5 cm
outside diameter, spaced equilaterally 2 meters between centres. Neglect leakage and
use nominal-T model. [Ans: % Regulation = 18.04%, % Efficiency = 93.54%]
Figure 3:
Solution: The total resistance of the line = 100 × 0.1 = 10 ohms
200
T he line inductance of the line = 2 × 10−7 × 1000ln = 11.67 × 10−2H
0.7788 × 0.75
Inductive reactance = 314 × 11.67 × 10−2 = 36.67ohm
z = 10 + j36.67ohm
2Π × 8.854 × 10−12
T he capacitance/phase = ×100×1000 = 9.959×10−7 = 0.9959µF
200
ln
0.75
The nominal-T circuit for the problem is given in Figure 3.
20 × 1000
IR = √ = 218.69amps
3 × 66 × 0.8
Electrical Engineering Dept - IIT Delhi
EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 4
66 × 1000
VR = √ = 38105volts
3
Taking IR as reference, the voltage across the capacitor will be
Vc = (38105 × 0.8 + 218.68 × 5) + j(38105 × 0.6 + 218.68 × 18.335) = 31578 + j26873
T he current Ic = jωCVc = j314(31578 + j26873) × 0.9959 × 10−6 = j9.88 − 8.41
Is = 218.69 + j9.88 − 8.41 = 210.29 + j9.88amps
|Is |= 210.52 amps
Z
V s = V c + Is = 31578 + j26873 + (210.29 + j9.88)(5 + j18.335) = 32448 + j30778
2
|Vs | = 44723volts
The no load receiving end voltage will be
|Vs |(−j3196.2) 44723(−j3196.2)
= = 44981volts
5 + j17.55 − j3196.2 5 − j3178.65
44981 − 38105
% regulation = × 100 = 18.04%
38105
To determine the efficiency, we evaluate transmission line losses as follows: 3 [218.692 ×
5 + 210.522 × 5] = 1.3822 MW
20
% Ef f iciency = × 100 = 93.54%
20 + 1.3822
4. Determine the efficiency and the regulation for above problem using nominal-Π model.
[Ans: % Regulation = 18.11%, % Efficiency = 93.51%]
Figure 4:
Solution:
Electrical Engineering Dept - IIT Delhi
EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 4
The nominal-Π circuit for the above problem is shown in Figure 4.
For nominal-Π it is preferable to take receiving end voltage as the reference phasor.
The current IR = 218.69(0.8 - j0.6).
Current Ic1 = jωCVr = j314 × 0.4977 × 10−6 × 38105 = j5.96amps
Il = IR + Ic1 = 174.95 − j131.21 + j5.96 = 174.95 − j125.25
Vs = VR + Ic Z = 38105 + (174.94 − j125.25)(10 + j36.67) = 44448 + j5162.8volts
|Vs | = 44746 volts.
The no load receiving end voltage will be
44746(−j6398) 44746(−j6398)
= = 45005volts
10 + j36.67 − j6392.4 10 − j6355.7
45005 − 38105
% regulation = × 100 = 18.11%
38105
The line current Il = 215.17 Loss = 3 × 215.172 × 10 = 1.389 MW
20 × 100
% ef f iciency = = 93.51%
21.389
Same problem can also be solved using generalized circuit constants for a nominal-Π
model.
5. A three phase 50 Hz transmission line is 400 km long. The voltage at the sending end is
220 kV. The line parameters are r=0.0125 ohm/km, x=0.4 ohm/km and y = 2.8 × 10−6
mho/km. Find the sending end current and receiving end voltage when there is no-load
on the line. Assume the line to be a medium length line. [Ans: Sending end current =
152A, Receiving end voltage = 241.7582 KV]
Solution: The total line parameters are:
R=0.125 × 400 = 50 ohms
X = 0.4 × 400 = 160 ohm
Y = 2.8 × 10−6 × 400 6 90 = 1.12 × 10−3 6 90 mho
Z = R+jX = (50+j160)= 167.63 6 72.65 mho
At no-load:
Vs = A VR and Is = C VR
A and C are calculated as follows:
Electrical Engineering Dept - IIT Delhi
EEL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 4
YZ 0.18756 162.65
A=1+ =1+ = 0.904 + j0.03
2 2
|A| = 0.9045
YZ 0.18756 162.65
C = Y (1 + ) = 1.12 × 10−36 90(1 + = 1.1 × 10−3 6 90.8367
4 4
Now,
220 220
|VR |line = = = 243.2295KV
|A| 0.9045
243.2295
|Is | = |C||VR | = 1.1 × 10−3 × √ × 103 = 154.4989amps
3
It is to be noted that under no-load conditions, the receiving end voltage (243.2295KV)
is more than the sending end voltage. This phenomenon is known as the Ferranti
effect.
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