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ET 405 HEAT PUMP FOR COOLING AND HEATING OPERATION

7.1 Experiment 1: Simple thermodynamic cycle

In this experiment the system is operated with

only one air-cooled evaporator (W1) and one air-
cooled condenser (W3). The output of the evapo-
rator and the output of the condenser, as well as
the coefficient of performance of the process, can
be determined by means of the log p-h diagram.
This introductory experiment is designed to be
conducted without the software. The evaporation
pressure controller is set to a value that does not
interfere with the process (minimum possible
pressure). In addition, the thermostatic expansion
valve is used as an expansion element.

Learning objectives:
• To be able to capture the measuring values
necessary for the log p-h diagram.
• To be able to draw the log p-h diagram of the
process.
• To be able to identify key performance data.

Exercises:
• Capture all measuring values that are relevant
to the log p-h diagram.
• Plot the thermodynamic cycle of the steady
state in a log p-h diagram.
• Calculate the refrigeration capacity and the
thermal output at this operating point.

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 ET 405 HEAT PUMP FOR COOLING AND HEATING OPERATION

7.1.1 Preparation for the experiment

• Turn on the system at the main switch.

• Set the evaporation pressure on the evapora-
tion pressure controller to the minimum possi-
ble pressure by turning the adjusting screw
almost fully clockwise.
• Switch on the fan on the evaporator W1 and the
condenser W3.
• Set the selector switch for operating mode
All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/2013

W1/W2 to position 2 and the selector switch

for operating mode W3/W4 to position 1.
• Turn the compressor on.
Fig. 7.1 shows the process schematic for the
experiment.

Fig. 7.1 Experiment 1: process schematic

7 Experiments 81
ET 405 HEAT PUMP FOR COOLING AND HEATING OPERATION

7.1.2 Conducting the experiment

• Wait until the system reaches a steady state.

This is the case when the compressor's intake
pressure remains constant.
• Write down all values necessary for creating
the log p-h diagram and the volume flow.

7.1.3 Measured values

Temperature Measured Pressure Measured Volume flow Measured

value value value
in °C in bar in L/h
·
T1 17,7 p1 1,2 VR 20,0

T2 89,4 p2 9,8

T3 36,4 p3 1,3

T4 33,9

Tab. 7.1 Measured values experiment 1

NOTICE
The pressures in the table of measured values are
stated as absolute pressures. However, the
manometers on the system show relative pres-
sures. The ambient pressure (about 1,0 bar) has
been added.

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 ET 405 HEAT PUMP FOR COOLING AND HEATING OPERATION

7.1.4 log p-h diagram

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/2013

Fig. 7.2 log p -h diagram experiment 1

7 Experiments 83
ET 405 HEAT PUMP FOR COOLING AND HEATING OPERATION

7.1.5 Calculating the system characteristics

Refrigeration capacity
The refrigeration capacity is calculated as the
product of the enthalpy difference across the
evaporator and the refrigerant mass flow:
· ·
Q0 =  h1 – h5   mR (7.1)

First the refrigerant mass flow has to be deter-

mined by multiplying the volume flow by the den-
sity of the refrigerant R134a. The density in the
range being considered here can be assumed to
be constant at 1,12kg/L:
· ·
mR = R  VR (7.2)

· kg L 1h
m R = 1,12 ------  20,0 ---  -------------------- (7.3)
L h 3600 s
·
m R = 0,0062 kg/s (7.4)

·
Q 0 =  417000 ------ – 245000 ------  0,0062 ------
J J kg
(7.5)
 kg kg s
·
Q 0 = 1066 W (7.6)

84 7 Experiments
 ET 405 HEAT PUMP FOR COOLING AND HEATING OPERATION

Thermal output
The thermal output is calculated as the product of
the enthalpy difference across the condenser and
the refrigerant mass flow:
· ·
Qc =  h2 – h4   mR (7.7)

·
Q c =  472000 ------ – 245000 ------  0,0062 ------
J J kg
(7.8)
 kg kg  s
·
Q c = 1407 W (7.9)
All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/2013

Compressor capacity transferred to the refrig-

erant
The compressor capacity transferred to the refrig-
erant is equal to the difference between con-
denser capacity and refrigeration capacity:
· ·
PC = Qc – Q0 (7.10)

P C = 1407 W – 1066 W (7.11)

P C = 341 W (7.12)

7 Experiments 85
ET 405 HEAT PUMP FOR COOLING AND HEATING OPERATION

7.2 Experiment 2: Evaporators in parallel operation

In this experiment 2 evaporators (W1 and W2) are

operated in parallel with different evaporation
pressures. To this end the evaporation pressure
controller must be set to a pressure which is
greater than the naturally occurring evaporation
pressure at the second evaporator. The refriger-
ant is decompressed in the two evaporators by
means of the thermostatic expansion valve.

Learning objectives:
• To be able to capture the measuring values
necessary for the log p-h diagram.
• To be able to draw the log p-h diagram of the
process.
• To be able to determine the coefficient of per-
formance of the process.

Exercises:
• Capture all measuring values that are relevant
to the log p-h diagram.
• Plot the thermodynamic cycle of the steady
state in a log p-h diagram.
• Calculate the coefficient of performance of the
system process in the steady state.

86 7 Experiments
 ET 405 HEAT PUMP FOR COOLING AND HEATING OPERATION

7.2.1 Preparation for the experiment

• Turn on the system at the main switch.

• Switch on the fan on the evaporators W1 and
W2 and the condenser W3.
• Set the selector switch for operating mode
W1/W2 to position 4 and the selector switch
for operating mode W3/W4 to position 1.
• Turn the compressor on.
• Adjust the evaporation pressure on the evapo-
All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/2013

ration pressure controller to give a relative

pressure p3 of about 2,8bar.
Fig. 7.2 shows the process schematic for the
experiment.

Fig. 7.3 Experiment 2: process schematic

7 Experiments 87
ET 405 HEAT PUMP FOR COOLING AND HEATING OPERATION

7.2.2 Conducting the experiment

• Wait until the system reaches a steady state.

This is the case when the compressor's intake
pressure remains constant.
• Write down all values necessary for creating
the log p-h diagram, plus the volume flow and
the electrical power consumption of the com-
pressor.

7.2.3 Measured values

Tempera- Meas- Pres- Meas- Volume Measured El. Measured

ture ured sure ured flow value power value
value value in L/h in W
in °C in bar
·
T1 15,0 p1 1,35 VR 12,0 Pel 457

T2 87,2 p2 8,65

T3 24,3 p3 3,76

T4 23,9

Tab. 7.2 Measured values experiment 2

NOTICE
The pressures in the table of measured values are
stated as absolute pressures. However, the
manometers on the system show relative pres-
sures. The ambient pressure (about 1,0 bar) was
added.

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 ET 405 HEAT PUMP FOR COOLING AND HEATING OPERATION

7.2.4 log p-h diagram

All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/2013

Fig. 7.4 log p-h diagram experiment 2

7 Experiments 89
ET 405 HEAT PUMP FOR COOLING AND HEATING OPERATION

7.2.5 Calculating the coefficient of performance

In this experiment, the refrigeration capacity rep-

resents the net power of the system. To be able to
calculate the coefficient of performance, we first
need to determine the refrigeration capacity. The
procedure is as in experiment 1:
· ·
Q0 =  h1 – h5   mR (7.13)

· ·
mR = R  VR (7.14)

· kg L 1h
m R = 1,12 ------  12,0 ---  -------------------- (7.15)
L h 3600 s
·
m R = 0,0037 kg/s (7.16)

·
Q 0 =  417000 ------ – 231000 ------  0,0037 ------
J J kg
(7.17)
kg kg s
·
Q 0 = 688 W (7.18)

The coefficient of performance is determined by

the quotient of refrigeration capacity and electrical
power consumption of the compressor:
·
Q
 RS = -------0- (7.19)
P el

 RS = 688 W-
---------------- (7.20)
457 W
 RS = 1,5 (7.21)

90 7 Experiments