Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
2nd Semester, AY 2020 – 2021
Fluid Mechanics
Concepts
ANO NGA BA ANG FLUID MECHANICS?
Ang Fluid Mechanics ay pag-aaral ng fluids either in rest or in motion. It’s like Statics pero in liquid and gas form!
*Note: Kapag sinabing FLUIDS, it means both liquid and gas.
Fluid Mechanics has three branches: Hydrostatics (study of forces acting on fluids at rest), Fluid Kinematics (study of fluid of
geometry in motion) at Fluid Dynamics (considers the forces that causes acceleration of fluid)
BAKIT KAILANGAN PAG-ARALAN ANG FLUID MECHANICS?
Good question! As you can see (or feel), majority ng nasa paligid natin ay fluid. As a matter of fact, 70% ng mundo ay tubig. Let’s
consider also the air enveloping our atmosphere. Wala bang pwedeng gawin dyan? As Engineer, trabaho natin na imanipulate ang
nature to serve the needs of mankind. We know we need air and water to live, unfortunately not everyone has an instant access of
these, lalo na sa tubig. So as an Engineer, what can you do about it?
Here are some samples on how Fluid Mechanics and Engineering work hand in hand to shape the world:
DAMS
Ginagamit ang mga dam para mag-store ng
tubig na kung saan gagamitin para sa
irigasyon, pag-supply ng tubig sa mga tao at
patubig pa para sa ibang industriya. Hindi
magiging epektibo ang mga dam kung hindi
natutunan ng mga engineers ang
Hydrostatics (branch ng Fluid Mechanics).
Kung mapapansin niyo, halos, triangular ang
base ng mga dam kasi habang lumalamim
ang tubig, tumataas ang pressure niya.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
LIQUID DISTRIBUTION
Ever wonder kung papaano umaabot ang
tubig sa bahay niyo (or kung bakit walang
umaabot na tubig sa bahay niyo)? Dito
papasok ang PUMPS. Ang purpose nito ay
basically, i-transfer ang tubig mula sa
mababang lugar pataas or pabilisin ang daloy
ng tubig. Dito papasok ang Fluid Kinematics
at Fluid Dynamics. Napasimpleng
Engineering Machinery pero napaka-life
changing. Imagine if hindi naimbento ang
pumps. Tamang kuha na lang sa balon. Fun
fact, if masyadong mahaba at maliit ang
ginamit na tubo sa pumps, pwedeng mag-
evaporate ang tubig sa loob. Kaya kino-
compute din ang dimensions nila.
My PRMSU, My University
Global education to local communities
Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
OIL/MUD/ETC
Hindi lang tubig ang pina-pump. Pwede din
ang langis mula sa ilalim ng lupa, putik sa
tangke at any forms of fluids. Like what I said
earlier, ang trabaho ng Engineer ay gumawa
na imanipulate ang nature to serve mankind.
Alam na may langis sa ilalim ng lupa. Alam
din na ang langis ay kailangan para sa halos
lahat ng makinarya at iba pang bagay. How
do we get this oil though? By combining
Engineering anf Fluid Mechanics.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
AIR CONDITIONING/VENTILATION
Hindi lang tubig ang ginagamitan ng Fluid
Mechanics, hangin din. One of the common
examples are the Air Conditioner and the Electric
Fan. Ever been inside a huge mall? Gamitin natin
ang Mall of Asia. Anlamig sa loob nun di ba? May
nakita ka bang Air Con doon? Actually, ang main
HVAC system nila ay nasa rooftop or somewhere
near there. Pero paano nito nagawang palamigin ang
buong lugar? Fluid Mechanics. Ang Thermodynamics
part ay yung pagpapalamig ng hangin. The Fluid
Mechanics part ay yung distribution ng hangin gamit
ang mga tubo at ducts. Another sample is yung mga
minero. We all know na nagtratrabaho sila sa isang
enclosed space (sa ilalim ng lupa or bundok). Paano
sila nagkakaroon ng hangin sa loob? Paano nagawa
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA yun? Makinig kayo sa lesson ko, or do your own
research. Engineering is waay more than building
cars and engines.
My PRMSU, My University
Global education to local communities.
Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Marami pang samples sa paligid na ginagamit ang prinsipyo ng Fluid Mechanics. It’s just a matter of observing. The thing is,
sobrang effective ng Engineering na halos pangkariwan na lang sa mata ng ibang tao yung mga ginawa at nagawa nila. But
imagine our life without them. How about you? Ano ang kaya mong gawin Engineer?
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Before we go deeper in Fluid Mechanics, let’s familiarize ourselves with some properties of fluids. Dito rin kasi nakabase ang mga
theories and computations later sa lessons natin.
Density
- Ratio ng fluid with respect to its volume. Fact: Incompressible ang liquid kaya constant ang density niya.
Incompressible means hindi napipitpit. Sa property na yan nabuo ang mga hydraulic machines!
More dense fluids SINK on less dense fluids, Tulad
ng nasa picture. Water is denser than oil hence nasa
ilalim siya.
Principle din ng density ang ginagamit ng mga barko.
Ever wonder kung bakit nagagawa nilang lumutang
sa dagat kahit gawa sila sa bakal? Density is one of
the factors. They can manipulate the ship’s density at
will using pumps. Nilalagyan or binabawasan nila
ang tubig sa mga BALLAST TANKS para
mamaintain ang density ng buong barko. Fluid
Mechanics and Engineering at work!
Familiar ba kayo sa hot air balloons? Fun fact: Ang
density ng gas ay HINDI CONSTANT. Nagbabago ito
depende sa pressure ang temperature. The warmer
the air, the less dense it is. Eto yung principle ng hot
air balloons: papainitan ang hangin sa loob ng lobo.
Iinit ang hangin. Kapag uminit ang hangin, bababa
ang density nito. Ano ulit ang mangyayari kapag ang
isang fluid ay less dense sa isa pang fluid? Yep,
Lulutang siya. They’ll heat the air inside until its
density is lower compared to the air outside. So low,
na kaya na niyang lumutang sa hangin kahit may tao
pang nakasakay.
My PRMSU, My University
Global education to local communities.
Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
The formula for density is
𝑚
𝑝=
𝑉
Where p is density, m is the mass and v is in volume.
Ang reciprocal ng density is called SPECIFIC VOLUME
𝑉 1
𝑣= =
𝑚 𝑝
Where 𝑣 is the specific volume.
Specific Weight
Eto naman yung ration ng WEIGHT with respect sa volume. Halos parehas lang sila ng density.
𝑊 𝑚𝑔
𝛾= = = 𝑝𝑔
𝑉 𝑉
Where g is the acceleration due to gravity.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Eto naman ang ration ng density ng kahit anong fluid with respect sa DENSITY NG WATER. Ang density ng water is
1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚 /𝑚 3.
𝑝𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑆. 𝐺 =
𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Where S.G is the specific gravity.
Bulk Modulus
Also called bulk modulus of elasticity. It the measure of the amount of fluid offers a resistance to compression. In tagalog, eto ang
nagsasabi kung gaano kadali ma-compress (‘di ko alam tagalog nito) ang isang fluid. The higher the value, the harder it is to
compress.
𝑑𝑝
𝐸= 𝑑𝑣
𝑉
Where E is the bulk modulus, dp is the rate of change of pressure, dv is the rate of change of volume and V is the volume. Yep,
mag di-DE kayo sa subject na to.
Tulad ng sinabi ko kanina, halos incompressible ang liquids. They have high values for bulk modulus. Sa
principle na ito gumagana ang hydraulic. Ever wonder kung papaano nabuhat yung kotse? (Right Picture).
My PRMSU, My University
Global education to local communities.
Republic of the Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Viscosity
- is the resistance of movement of a fluid. In tagalog terms, gaano siya kalagkit. We have two branches of Viscosity:
Statics Viscosity and Dynamic Viscosity. Search for these two. Look for samples. Assignment niyo yan.
Surface Tension and Capillarity
- I won’t explain this on purpose. Paki-search nga din to.
My PRMSU, My University
Global education to local communities.
