I.

SUBJECTS AND VERBS

⮚ A sentence in English should have a subject and a verb.
⮚ Example 1

________ was ringing continuously for hours. Ingatlah, dalam

(A) Loudly mengerjakan soal TOEFL
(B) In the morning
bagian Structure, hal
(C) The phone
PERTAMA yang harus
(D) The bells
diidentifikasi adalah Subject
The answer is _____
⮚ Example 2 dan Verb kalimat.

Newspapers _____ every morning and every evening.

(A) delivery
(B) are delivered
(C) on time
(D) regularly
The answer is _____
⮚ Example 3

The plane _____ landing at the airport in seven minutes.

(A) it is
(B) it really is
(C) is descending
(D) will be
The answer is _____
II. OBJECTS OF PREPOSITION
⮚ An object of preposition is a noun or pronoun that comes after a preposition to form a prepositional phrase.
⮚ Kinds of prepositions are: at, to, of, in, behind, with, without, on, off, about, by, for, from, before, after etc
⮚ The trip to the island on Saturday will last for two hours.

island, Saturday, and hours are objects of preposition of to, on, and for. They ARE NOT the Subject of the sentence.
⮚ Example

To Janet _____ was a big surprise.

(A) really
(B) the party
(C) funny
(D) when
The answer is _____
⮚ If a word is an object of preposition, it is not the subject.

III. APPOSITIVES
⮚ An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally set off from the noun with commas. If a word is appositive, it is

not the subject.

S, APP, V
Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the car.
APP, S V
A really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car.
⮚ Example 1

______, George, is attending the lecture.

(A) Right now
(B) Happily
(C) Because of the time
(D) My friend
The answer is _____
⮚ Example 2
______, Sarah never misses her basketball shots.
(A) An excellent basketball player
(B) An excellent basketball player is
(C) Sarah is an excellent basketball player
(D) Her excellent basketball player
The answer is _____
IV. PRESENT PARTICIPLES (Verb-ing)
⮚ The present participles can be 1. part of the verb

2. an adjective
The plane is landing at the airport now.
VERB

The plane arriving at the airport now is an hour late.

ADJECTIVE

⮚ Example 1

The film ______ appearing at the local theater is my favorite.

(A) now
(B) is
(C) it
(D) was
The answer is _____
⮚ Example 2

Samuel _______ a bicycle through the narrow alley.

(A) riding
(B) is riding
(C) it is riding
(D) in its riding
The answer is _____
⮚ a present participle as part of the verb is accompanied by some form of the verb be
⮚ a present participle as an adjectives is not accompanied by some form of the verb be

V. PAST PARTICIPLES
⮚ The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be.

Past participle is the form of V3.

⮚ The past participles can be 1. part of the verb

2. an adjective
The mail man has left a letter in the mailbox.
VERB

The classes were taught by Professor Adams.

VERB

The letter left in the mailbox was for me.

ADJECTIVE

The classes taught by Professor Adams were interesting.

ADJECTIVE

⮚ Example 1

The bread ________ baked this morning smelled delicious.

(A) has
(B) was
(C) it
(D) just
The answer is _____
⮚ Example 2

The book________ to me yesterday was about anthropology. .

(A) has given
(B) was given
(C) given
(D) it was given
The answer is _____
EXERCISE UNIT I - V

VI. COORDINATE CONECTORS

⮚ adalah kata hubung and, but, so, or, nor, for, yet yang menghubungkan dua klausa.

The sun was shining, and the sky was blue.

The sky was blue, but it was very cold.

It may rain tonight, or it may be clear.

It was raining outside, so I took my umbrella.

I did not bring my umbrella, nor was any raincoat in my bag.

I decided not to go outside, for it started raining.

It is raining outside, yet Tom is not taking his umbrella.

⮚ Example

A power failure occurred, ______ the lamps went out.

(A) Then
(B) So
(C) Later
(D) Next
The answer is _____
VII. ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS

ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS

TIME CAUSE CONDITION CONTRAST MANNER PLACE

After Once As If Although as where

as since until because in case even though in that wherever
as long as when inasmuch as provided though
as soon as while now that providing while
before since unless whereas
by the time whether
whenever

S V Adverb Connector S V
Adverb Connector S V, S V

He is tired because he has been working hard.

Because he has been working hard, he is tired.
He insisted going to the office although he felt sick.
Although he felt sick, he insisted going to the office.
⮚ Example 1

________ was late, I missed the appointment.

(A) I
(B) Because
(C) The train
(D) Since he
The answer is _____
⮚ Example 2

You will get a good grade on the exam provided ______.

(A) studying
(B) study
(C) to study
(D) you study
The answer is _____

EXERCISE UNIT VI - VII

REVIEW UNIT I - VII
VIII. NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
⮚ Noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun.
⮚ Noun clause is used as subject or object.

I don’t know why he said such things.

I am thinking about why he said such things.
Why he said such things makes me confused.
S V
I know what happened yesterday.
S
We are thinking about what happened yesterday.
S

As Noun Connector Only As Noun Connector and also Subject

▪ what, when, where, why, how ▪ who, whoever
▪ whatever, whenever ▪ what, whatever
▪ whether, if ▪ which, whichever
▪ that
⮚ Example

______ was late caused many problems.

(A) That he (C) There
(B) The driver (D) Because
The answer is _____
IX. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS
⮚ An adjective clause describes a noun.
⮚ Because the clause is an adjectives, it is positioned directly after the noun that it describes.
This is the house that I want to buy.
The house that I want to buy is quite expensive.
We are looking at a house that is quite expensive.
The house that is quite expensive seems like a great house.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS

As Subject As Object As possessive Adjective

for people who Whom whose

for things which Which whose

for people or thing that That of which

⮚ Example 1

The gift _______ selected for the bride was rather expensive.
(A) because
(B) was
(C) since
(D) which we
The answer is _____
⮚ Example 2

______ is on the table has four sections.

(A) The notebook
(B) The notebook which
(C) Because the notebook
(D) In the notebook
The answer is _____
EXERCISE VIII - IX
REVIEW UNIT I -IX
X. SENTENCES WITH REDUCED CLAUSE
Kalimat dengan reduced clause berarti kalimat yang memiliki frase yang berasal dari klausa utuh yang telah dihilangkan beberapa unsur di dalamnya.
A.
Use Reduced Adjective Clauses Correctly
The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide.
The letter which was written last week arrived today.
The pitcher that is on the table is full of iced tea.
Cara reduced adjective clause yang benar adalah dengan menghilangkan connector dan to be.
Pada kalimat yang tidak memiliki to be, maka ubahlah verb menjadi verb-ing
I don’t understand the article which appears in today’s paper.
appearing
🡪I don’t understand the article appearing in today’s paper.
⮚ Example

_______ on several different television program, the witness gave conflicting accounts of what had happened.
(A) He appeared
(B) Who appeared
(C) Appearing
(D) Appear
The answer is _____
B.
Use Reduced Adverbial Clauses Correctly
Although he is rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar.
When you are ready, you can begin your speech.
Cara reduced adverbial clause yang benar adalah dengan menghilangkan subject dan to be, sedangkan, adverb connector tidak dihilangkan
Pada kalimat yang tidak memiliki to be, maka ubahlah verb menjadi verb-ing
Although he feels rather sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar.
feeling
🡪 Although feeling sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar.
⮚ Example

When _______ , you are free to leave.

(A) the finished report
(B) finished with the report
(C) the report
(D) is the report finished
EXERCISE X

REVIEW UNIT I - X
XI. SENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS
Pola umum pada kalimat adalah S kemudian V. Pada inverted S and V, pola akan berubah menjadi :
V S
Here is my land. atau
Aux S V
Never have I gone there.
A.
Invert the subject and verb with place expression
Here is the book that you lent me.
There are the keys that I thought I lost.
Nowhere have I seen such beautiful weather.
In the closet are the clothes that you want.
Around the corner is Sam’s house.
Beyond the mountain lies the town where you will live.
⮚ Example

On the second level of the parking lot _________.

(A) is empty
(B) are empty
(C) some empty stalls are
(D) are some empty stalls
The answer is _____

B.
Invert the subject and verb with negatives expression
Not once did I miss a question.
Never has Mr. Jones taken a vacation.
At no time can the woman talk on the telephone.

INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS WITH NEGATIVE

no not never neither nor seldom
barely hardly only rarely scarcely
Negative expression Verb Subject

Rarely were they so happy.

⮚ Example

Only in extremely dangerous situation _________ stopped.

(A) will be the printing presses
(B) the printing presses will be
(C) that the printing presses will be
(D) will the printing presses be
The answer is _____
C.
Invert the subject and verb with conditionals
If he had taken more time, the results would have been better.
Had he taken more time, the results would have been better.

I would help you, if I were in a position to help.

I would help you, were I in a position to help.

If you should arrive before 6:00, just give me a call.

Should you arrive before 6:00, just give me a call.

Kalimat conditional yang bias dirubah menjadi inverse V S hanya jika memiliki :
had should were
Jika kalimat conditional dirubah menjadi inverse V S, maka kata if dihilangkan
⮚ Example

The report would have been accepted ________ in checking its accuracy.
(A) if more care
(B) more care had been taken
(C) had taken more care
(D) had more care been taken
The answer is _____

D.
Invert the subject and verb with comparisons
My sister spends more hours in the office than John.
My sister spends more hours in the office than John does.
My sister spends more hours in the office than does John.

Ketiga variasi kalimat di atas benar dan boleh digunakan semua.

⮚ Example

The results of the current experiment appear to be more consistent than ______ the results of any previous tests.
(A) them
(B) were
(C) they were
(D) were they
The answer is _____

EXERCISE XI
REVIEW UNIT I - XI
XII SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
⮚ If the subject of a sentence is singular, the verb must be singular.
⮚ If the subject of a sentence is plural, the verb must be plural.

The dog barks at night.

The dogs bark at night.
XIII AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
⮚ all, most, or some can be singular or plural, depending on what follows the preposition of.

Most (of the meal) was delicious.

Most (of the meals) were delicious.
Most (of the food) was delicious.

SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

all OF THE (OBJECT) V

most
some
half
part

XIV AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS

⮚ Certain words in English are always grammatically singular.
⮚ Wor ds or expressions which takes singular verbs are:

anybody everybody nobody somebody each (+noun)

anyone everyone no one someone every (+noun)
anything everything nothing something
example: Everybody in the theatre is watching the film attentively.
No one knows that everything about the alibi has been cautiously arranged
Exercise
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is NOT correct.
______ 1. Each number in a binary system are formed from only two symbols.
A B C D
______ 2. Scientists at the medical center is trying to determine if there is a relationship
A B C
between saccharine and cancer.
D
______ 3. On the rim of the Kilauea volcano in the Hawaiian Islands are a hotel called
A B C D
the Volcano Hotel.
______ 4. There are many frequently mentioned reasons why one out of four arrests
A B C
Involve a juvenile.
D
REVIEW UNIT I - XIV
XV PARRALEL STRUCTURE
I know both where you went and what you did.
He wants to go either to go by train or to go by plane.
The tickets are neither in my pocket nor in my purse.
He is not only an excellent student but also an outstanding athlete.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS

(same structure) (same structure)

Both and
Either or
Neither nor
Not only but also

My school is farther than your school.

What is written is more easily understood than what is spoken.
Renting those apartments costs about the same as leasing them.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COMPARISON

(same structure) (same structure)

-er ….. than
more ….. than
less ….. than
as ….. as
the same ….. as
Exercise
similar ….. to
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is NOT correct.
______ 1. Fire extinguishers can contain liquefied gas, dry chemicals, or watery.
A B C D
______ 2. The US Congress consists of both the Senate as well as the House of
A B C D
Representative
______ 3. The prison population in this state, now at an all time high, is higher than
A B C
any state.
D
REVIEW UNIT I - XV
XVI PAST PARTICIPLE

BENTUK KATA KERJA SETELAH HAVE

Verb 3
Have
Has
Had

EXERCISE XVI

XVII PROBLEMS WITH NOUNS

On the table there were many dish*. 🡪 On the table there were many dishes.
The lab assistant finished every tests*. 🡪 Thd lab assistant finished every test.
 KEYWORDS FOR SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

Singular Nouns each Every single one a

Plural Nouns both Two many several various

KEYWORDS COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

For Countable Nouns many number few fewer

For Uncountable Nouns much amount little less

XVIII IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUN

Exercise
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is NOT correct.
______ 1. As a compilation of useful details, a weekly magazine commends itself in
A B C
several respect.
D
______ 2. The legal system has much safeguards to protect the right of a defendant to an
A B C
impartial jury.
D
______ 3. The mystery bookstore was largely a phenomena of the last decade.
A B C D
______ 4. To enter the FBI National Academy, an application must be between the ages
A B C D
of twenty-three and thirty-four.
REVIEW UNIT I - XVIII
XIX PROBLEMS WITH PRONONS

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE

PRONOUN PRONOUN PRONOUN ADJECTIVE

SINGULAR I me mine my name

you you yours your name

she her hers her name

he him his his name

it it - its name

PLURAL we us ours our names

you you yours your names

they them theirs their names

● Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, but he did it by mistake.

● He would drive them from place to place as his master wished.
● We can use my car instead of yours.
● The participants were asked to complete surveys about their diet every two to four years.

Exercise
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is NOT correct.
_____ 1. Commercial letters of credit are often used to finance export trade, but them
A B C can
have other uses.
D
______ 2. Almost half of the Pilgrims did not survive theirs first winter in the New World.
A B C D
______ 3. To enter the FBI National Academy, an application must be between the ages of
A B C D
twenty-three and thirty-four.
REVIEW UNIT I - XIX

XX PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

ADJECTIVES ADVERBS

She is a beautiful woman. She sings beautifully.

ADJ VERB ADV

She is beautiful. She is a beautifully dressed woman.

PRO. ADJ ADV ADJ NOUN

She is a truly beautifully dressed woman.

ADV ADV ADJ NOUN

USE OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

ADJECTIVES Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns

ADVERBS Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other advebs

LINKING VERBS

She spoke nicely to me. The verbs looks and seems are linking verbs.
She looks nice. Linking verbs are followed by adjective
 She seems unusually nice.

LINKING VERBS

appear feel seem

be look smell
become prove taste

Exercise
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is NOT correct.
______ 1. Heart attacks are fatally in 74 percent of occurrences.
A B C D
______ 2. By the beginning of the 1980s fifteen states had adopted already no-fault
A B C
insurance laws.
D
______ 3. A baboon’s arms appear as lengthily as its legs.
A B C D

XXI RECOGNIZE –LY ADJECTIVES

The manager turned in his weekly report. (weekly is an adjective)

XXII USE PREDICATE ADJECTIVES CORRECTLY

The snake on the rock was alive.

The live snake was lying on the rock.

Exercise
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is NOT correct.
______ 1. As the only major American river that flowed in a west direction, the Ohio was
A B C
the preferred route for settlers.
D
______ 2. Edelman stresses the mounting evidence showing that greatly variation on a
A B C
microscopic scale is likely.
D
______ 3. Perhaps the most welcoming and friendly of the park’s wild places is the live
A B C
oak forest that surrounds the district’s alone visitors’ center in Gulf Breeze.
D
______ 4. Among the disputing sections of the Monteverdi opera are the sinfonia, the
A B C D
Prologue, and the role of Ottone.
REVIEW UNIT I - XXII

XXIII DISTINGUISH MAKE AND DO

Make often has the idea of creating or constructing.

She likes to make her own clothes.
If you make a mistake, you should correct it.
 He was unable to make a response to the treat.
Do often has the idea of completing or performing.
This morning she did all the dishes.
The students are doing the assignments.
The janitors did the works they were assigned.
XXIV DISTINGUISH LIKE, ALIKE, UNLIKE AND DISLIKE

Mary and Sue are alike.

Mary and Sue worked in a like manner.
Mary is like Sue. (Mary and Sue are similar)
Mary is unlike Sue. (Mary and Sue are not similar)
Mary and Sue like the movie.
Mary and Sue dislike the movie.

LIKE, ALIKE, UNLIKE AND DISLIKE

Grammar Meaning Use

like Adjective similar As an adjective, like is used before a noun

alike Adjective similar As an adjective, alike is used after a linking verb

like Preposition similar Both prepositions are followed by objects. They can both be used in many positions,
unlike Preposition similar including at the beginning of the sentence.

like Verb enjoy

Both verbs follow subjects.
dislike Verb not enjoy

XXV DISTINGUISH OTHER, ANOTHER, AND OTHERS

Exercise
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is NOT correct.
______ 1. The buffalo and the bison are like except for the size and shape of the head
A B C D
and shoulders.
______ 2. Other interesting aspect of tachistopic training in recent years has been the
A B C
newfound use by professional teams.
D
______ 3. Only about 3 percent of oil wells actually do a profit.
A B C D
______ 4. Particles with unlike charges attract each other, while particles with alike
A B C
charges repel each other.
D
REVIEW ALL UNIT