ME 265

Thermal Engineering and Heat Transfer

Thermal Engineering
1. 1.1 Energy and Energy Resources
Sources of Energy 1.2 Local Global Energy Scenario

2. 2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition

Principles of Classical 2.2 Energy
Thermodynamics 2.3 Properties of Pure Substances
2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.5 Gas and Vapor Power Cycles

3. 3.1 IC Engines, Gas Turbines, Jet Engines

Mechanical Machines 3.2 Boilers/Steam Generators
and Systems (MMS) 3.3 Steam Turbines
3.4 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

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 2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.4.1 First Law Analysis-Control Volume[1]

 For engineering devices, like

• compressors,
• IC Engines
• heat exchangers,
• pipes,
• turbines,
• pumps,
• furnaces, or
• air conditioners, etc.
a constant flow of new fluid continuously enters and exits.

 They operate for long periods of time under the same conditions
and are called steady flow devices
 These are open systems; also called control volumes
 Analysis of control volumes needs more engagement than for
closed system or control mass.

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-5

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 2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.4.1 First Law Analysis-Control Volume[1]

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-5

19 Aug 2023 (c) MA Islam 3
 2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.4.1 First Law Analysis-Control Volume[1]

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-5

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 2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.4.1 First Law Analysis-Control Volume[1]

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-5

19 Aug 2023 (c) MA Islam 5
 2. Thermodynamic Principles
2.2 Energy [1]
 Mechanism of Energy Transfer across a system boundary:
 Work, W: Wb, Wsh, We
 Heat, Q due to temperature diff between system and
surrounding
 Mass flow, m—flow work
-Q

mass
-W
+W
mass

For Closed System (Control Surface), +Q

∆𝑬 = Q – W = ∆𝑼 + ∆𝑲𝑬 + ∆𝑷𝑬

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-2

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 2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.4.1 First Law Analysis-Control Volume[1]
 Energy Transport by Mass—flow work

Flow work is the energy needed

to push a fluid into or out of a
control volume

F = PA

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-5

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 2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.4.1 First Law Analysis-Control Volume[1]

 Energy Transport by Mass—flow work

A = Area normal to flow direction,

Wflow = FL
P
F V on which P is working = PAL
L
= PV

Wflow P
V
Flow work per unit mass:
wflow = Pv

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-5

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 2.0 Thermodynamic Principles
2.2 Energy[1]

 Total Energy of a flowing fluid:

Total specific energy of nonflowing fluid:
𝑽𝟐
𝒆= 𝒖+ + 𝒈𝒛
𝟐
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Internal energy

Total specific energy of flowing fluid:

𝜽 = 𝒆 + 𝒘𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘

𝜽 = 𝒆 + 𝑷𝒗
𝑽𝟐
=𝒖+ + 𝒈𝒛 + 𝑷𝒗
𝟐
𝑽𝟐
𝜽=𝒉+ + 𝒈𝒛 ; 𝒉 = 𝒖 + 𝑷𝒗
𝟐
1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-5
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 2.0 Thermodynamic Principles
2.2 Energy[1]

Energy Transport by Mass:

Amount of Energy Transport:

𝑽𝟐
𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝒎𝜽 = 𝒎(𝒉 + + 𝒈𝒛)
𝟐

Rate of Energy Transport:

𝑽𝟐
𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝒎𝜽 = 𝒎(𝒉 + + 𝒈𝒛)
𝟐

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-5

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 2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.4.1 First Law Analysis-Control Volume[1]

Mass and Energy Balances for control volume:

𝐸𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐸𝑖𝑛 Control Volume 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑚𝑖𝑛 Control Volume 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 (CV)
(CV)

𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
Mass in-out of a control volume Energy in-out of a control volume

Mass balance:
Energy Balance:
𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉
= 𝑚− 𝑚 𝑑𝐸𝐶𝑉
𝑑𝑡 = 𝐸− 𝐸
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡
= 0 for steady operation
= 0 for steady operation

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-5

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 2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.4.1 First Law Analysis-Control Volume[1]
Energy Balances for control volume:
𝑚(ℎ + 𝑉 2 2 + 𝑔𝑧)
in
W

𝑚(ℎ + 𝑉 2 2 + 𝑔𝑧) Control Volume 𝑚(ℎ + 𝑉 2 2 + 𝑔𝑧)

(CV) out
in

Q 𝑚(ℎ + 𝑉 2 2 + 𝑔𝑧) out

Under steady flow condition:

Rate of Energy Transport 𝒊𝒏 = Rate of Energy Transport 𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝑄+ 𝑚 ℎ + 𝑉 2 2 + 𝑔𝑧 = 𝑊 + 𝑚 ℎ + 𝑉 2 2 + 𝑔𝑧
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑸−𝑾= 𝒎 𝒉 + 𝑽𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛 − 𝒎 𝒉 + 𝑽𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒈𝒛
𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏

1. Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-5

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 2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.4.1 First Law Analysis-Control Volume[1]
EP# 1.4
Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is compressed steadily to 600 kPa and 400 K. The mass flow rate of the air
is 0.02 kg/s, and a heat loss of 16 kJ/kg occurs during the process. Assuming the changes in kinetic
and potential energies are negligible, determine the necessary power input to the compressor.

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 2.4 Laws of Classical Thermodynamics
2.4.1 First Law Analysis-Control Volume[1]
EP# 1.5
Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state with a mass flow rate of 4600 kg/h. The turbine develops a power
output of 1000 kW. At the inlet, the pressure is 6.0 MPa, the temperature is 400oC, and the velocity is 10 m/s. At
the exit, the pressure is 0.01 MPa, the quality is 0.9 (90%), and the velocity is 50 m/s. Calculate the rate of heat
transfer between the turbine and surroundings, in kW.

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 Lecture Closure

 Today’s Class
 1st law analysis for control volumes
 Solved some examples problems

 Next Class: 2.4.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics

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