Module Title: Exploring World History
Module Overview: This module provides a comprehensive overview of world history, focusing on
key civilizations, events, and themes. It aims to foster critical thinking and an understanding of
how historical developments have shaped the contemporary world.
Module Learning Outcomes: By the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Demonstrate knowledge of major historical events, civilizations, and figures.
2. Analyze the causes and consequences of pivotal historical moments.
3. Identify global connections and trends throughout history.
4. Evaluate the impact of history on contemporary society.
5. Develop critical thinking skills through historical analysis.
Module Outline:
1. Introduction to World History
Discussion: Understanding World History
World history is the study of the global past, encompassing diverse civilizations, cultures,
and events. It helps us appreciate the interconnectedness of human experiences across
time and place.
Example: The Silk Road, a network of trade routes connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa,
facilitated cultural exchanges and shaped world history.
2. Ancient Civilizations
Discussion: Mesopotamia - Birth of Civilization
Mesopotamia, located in modern-day Iraq, was home to the world's first civilizations,
including Sumer and Babylon. They developed writing (cuneiform) and advanced
agriculture.
Example: The Code of Hammurabi, an ancient Mesopotamian legal code, reflects early efforts to
codify laws.
Discussion: Ancient Greece - Birthplace of Democracy
Ancient Greece is renowned for its contributions to democracy, philosophy (Socrates,
Plato, Aristotle), and the Olympic Games.
Example: The Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE, where Greek city-states defeated the Persians, is a
symbol of Greek resilience.
3. Medieval and Early Modern Periods
Discussion: Byzantine Empire - Bridge Between East and West
The Byzantine Empire, centered in Constantinople (modern Istanbul), preserved Roman
law and Greek culture. It played a crucial role in preserving classical knowledge.
Example: Hagia Sophia, a Byzantine cathedral converted into a mosque, reflects the empire's
architectural achievements.
Discussion: Age of Exploration - Expanding Horizons
European explorers like Columbus, Magellan, and Vasco da Gama embarked on voyages
of discovery, leading to the Columbian Exchange, a global exchange of goods and ideas.
Example: Columbus's voyages to the Americas in 1492 opened the door to European
colonization in the New World.
4. Global Interactions and Empires
Discussion: Ottoman Empire - The Crescent Empire
The Ottoman Empire, centered in Istanbul, spanned three continents and showcased
cultural diversity. It was known for its legal code, the Kanun.
Example: The Siege of Vienna in 1683 marked a pivotal clash between the Ottomans and the
Habsburgs.
Discussion: British Empire - The Sun Never Sets
The British Empire was the largest in history, influencing language, politics, and culture
worldwide. The Industrial Revolution bolstered its power.
Example: India's struggle for independence, led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi, challenged
British colonial rule.
5. Revolutions and Modernization
Discussion: American Revolution - Birth of a Nation
The American Revolution (1775-1783) resulted in the United States gaining independence
from British rule. It inspired democratic movements globally.
Example: The Declaration of Independence (1776) outlined principles of liberty and equality.
Discussion: Russian Revolution - Bolsheviks and the Soviet Era
The Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the rise of the Bolsheviks and the establishment of
the Soviet Union. It transformed politics and geopolitics.
Example: The October Revolution (1917) brought the Bolsheviks to power, leading to the
overthrow of the Provisional Government.
6. World Wars and the Cold War
Discussion: World War II - The Global Conflict
World War II (1939-1945) was a worldwide conflict involving major powers. It led to the
establishment of the United Nations and the Cold War.
Example: The Holocaust, the systematic genocide of six million Jews by the Nazis, is a harrowing
testament to the war's horrors.
Discussion: Cold War - East-West Ideological Struggle
The Cold War (1947-1991) was a global standoff between the U.S. (capitalist) and the
USSR (communist). It had far-reaching political, economic, and cultural implications.
Example: The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) brought the world to the brink of nuclear war,
highlighting the tensions of the Cold War.
7. Globalization and Contemporary History
Discussion: Post-Cold War Era - Unipolar World
The end of the Cold War marked a shift in global dynamics, with the United States
emerging as the world's sole superpower.
Example: The collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War's division in
Europe.
Discussion: Contemporary Global Issues
Today's world faces challenges such as climate change, terrorism, and pandemics, which
require global cooperation and solutions.
Example: The Paris Agreement (2015) represents international efforts to combat climate change.
Module Activities and Assessment:
1. Class Discussions: Engage in discussions on historical topics to foster critical thinking.
2. Research Projects: Investigate specific historical events or figures to develop research skills.
3. Historical Analysis Essays: Write essays analyzing historical contexts and impacts.
4. Map Exercises: Explore the geographical aspects of historical events and civilizations.
5. Examinations: Assess understanding through quizzes and exams.
6. Primary Source Analysis: Analyze primary sources to gain insights into historical perspectives.
Recommended Resources:
Textbook: "A History of the World" by J.M. Roberts and Odd Arne Westad
Primary Source Documents
Historical Maps and Visual Materials
Online Databases and Archives
Documentaries and Historical Films
Module Title: Readings in Philippine History
Module Overview: This module explores key events, figures, and readings in Philippine history,
aiming to deepen students' understanding of the nation's past and its implications for the present.
It encourages critical thinking and analysis of primary and secondary sources.
Module Learning Outcomes: By the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Analyze and interpret primary and secondary sources related to Philippine history.
2. Identify the major events, figures, and movements in Philippine history.
3. Understand the social, cultural, and political forces that have shaped the Philippines.
4. Evaluate the significance of historical events in the context of contemporary Philippine society.
5. Develop critical thinking and research skills through the study of history.
Module Outline:
1. Precolonial Philippines
Discussion: Indigenous Societies
The Philippines had diverse indigenous societies, such as the Tagalogs, Visayans, and
Igorots, each with distinct cultures, languages, and social structures.
Example: The Code of Kalantiaw, believed to be a precolonial legal code, reflects early Filipino
customs and rules.
2. Spanish Colonial Period
Discussion: Spanish Conquest
The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 marked the beginning of Spanish colonization.
The Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for over three centuries.
Example: The blood compact between Magellan and Rajah Humabon illustrates early interactions
between Spaniards and Filipinos.
Discussion: Impact of Spanish Rule
Spanish colonization brought changes in religion (Christianity), culture, and governance.
The encomienda system and forced labor (polos y servicios) had significant effects.
Example: The Basi Revolt (1807) against excessive taxes on sugarcane wine reflects resistance
to Spanish policies.
3. The Philippine Revolution
Discussion: Katipunan and the Cry of Pugad Lawin
The Katipunan, led by Andres Bonifacio, initiated the Philippine Revolution against
Spanish rule. The Cry of Pugad Lawin in 1896 marked the start of open rebellion.
Example: The Kartilya ng Katipunan outlined the revolutionary society's principles and goals.
Discussion: Declaration of Philippine Independence
On June 12, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence in Kawit, Cavite,
establishing the First Philippine Republic.
Example: The Philippine flag, sewn by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina
Herbosa de Natividad, symbolizes independence.
4. American Colonial Period
Discussion: Treaty of Paris (1898)
After the Spanish-American War, the Treaty of Paris transferred the Philippines from
Spanish to American rule in 1899.
Example: The Philippine-American War (1899-1902) reflected Filipino resistance to American
colonialism.
Discussion: Thomasites and Education
The Thomasites, American teachers, played a crucial role in expanding public education in
the Philippines.
Example: Silliman University in Dumaguete, founded in 1901, was one of the early institutions
established with American influence.
5. Japanese Occupation and World War II
Discussion: Japanese Invasion
During World War II, the Philippines fell to Japanese forces in 1942. The occupation had a
profound impact on the country.
Example: The Bataan Death March (1942) remains a symbol of the hardships endured by Filipino
and American prisoners of war.
Discussion: Liberation and Independence
The Philippines was liberated from Japanese rule by American and Filipino forces in 1945.
Independence was granted on July 4, 1946.
Example: The raising of the American flag in Manila on February 23, 1945, signified the
beginning of the liberation.
6. Post-Independence Era
Discussion: Martial Law and People Power
The declaration of Martial Law by Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 led to a period of authoritarian
rule. The People Power Revolution in 1986 ousted Marcos from power.
Example: The "Laban" sign and yellow ribbons became symbols of the People Power Movement.
Discussion: Modern Challenges
The Philippines faces contemporary challenges, including political corruption, poverty, and
territorial disputes.
Example: The 2013 Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) disaster highlighted the country's vulnerability to
natural disasters.
Module Activities and Assessment:
1. Primary Source Analysis: Analyze historical documents and speeches.
2. Critical Essays: Write essays analyzing key events and figures.
3. Group Discussions: Engage in discussions on historical topics.
4. Research Projects: Investigate specific aspects of Philippine history.
5. Examinations: Assess understanding through quizzes and exams.
6. Oral Presentations: Present findings on selected historical topics.
Recommended Resources:
Primary Source Documents (e.g., writings of Jose Rizal, Emilio Aguinaldo)
Textbooks and Monographs on Philippine History
Documentaries and Films on Philippine History
Museums and Historical Sites in the Philippines
Academic Journals on Philippine History
Module Title: Exploring General Sociology
Module Overview: This module delves into the fundamental concepts, theories, and methods of
sociology. It aims to develop students' understanding of society, social structures, and human
behavior, enabling them to critically analyze and interpret the world around them.
Module Learning Outcomes: By the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Define sociology and its relevance in understanding human society.
2. Identify and describe key sociological theories and perspectives.
3. Analyze social institutions and their impact on individuals and society.
4. Explain the significance of culture, socialization, and social interaction.
5. Apply sociological research methods to investigate social phenomena.
Module Outline:
1. Introduction to Sociology
Discussion: Defining Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, focusing on patterns of social relationships,
institutions, and human behavior.
Example: Emile Durkheim's study on suicide rates demonstrated how social factors influence
individual behavior.
2. Sociological Theories and Perspectives
Discussion: Structural Functionalism
This theory views society as a complex system with interconnected parts that contribute to
its stability and functioning.
Example: In education, structural functionalists analyze how schools contribute to the
socialization and integration of individuals into society.
Discussion: Conflict Theory
Conflict theorists emphasize the role of power and inequality in society, highlighting
conflicts between different groups.
Example: Karl Marx's analysis of class struggle and exploitation in capitalism.
Discussion: Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic interactionists focus on the meanings and symbols that individuals use in their
interactions, shaping their understanding of the world.
Example: Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach to understanding social interactions as akin
to a theatrical performance.
3. Social Institutions
Discussion: Family and Kinship
The family serves as a fundamental social institution for socialization, support, and
reproduction.
Example: The changing dynamics of the modern family, including single-parent households and
same-sex couples.
Discussion: Education
Schools and educational institutions play a crucial role in socialization and the
transmission of knowledge.
Example: The impact of online education during the COVID-19 pandemic on traditional schooling.
4. Culture, Socialization, and Social Interaction
Discussion: Culture and Its Components
Culture encompasses shared beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and practices that shape
human behavior.
Example: The cultural differences between individualistic and collectivist societies.
Discussion: Socialization and Agents of Socialization
Socialization is the process by which individuals acquire the values, beliefs, and behaviors
of their culture.
Example: The role of family, peers, media, and education in socializing individuals.
Discussion: Deviance and Social Control
Deviance refers to behavior that violates societal norms, and social control mechanisms
seek to regulate such behavior.
Example: The legalization of marijuana in some states in the United States and its impact on
deviance and social control.
5. Research Methods in Sociology
Discussion: The Research Process
Sociology employs systematic research methods, including surveys, interviews, and
observation, to study social phenomena.
Example: A survey examining public attitudes toward climate change and environmental policies.
Discussion: Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Sociological research can be quantitative (numeric data) or qualitative (non-numeric data)
in nature.
Example: A quantitative study analyzing income inequality through income distribution data.
Discussion: Research Designs and Sampling
Researchers must select appropriate research designs and sampling techniques to ensure
the validity of their findings.
Example: Random sampling methods used in political polling to predict election outcomes.
6. Applying Sociological Concepts
Discussion: Case Studies and Practical Applications
Sociology offers insights into real-world issues, such as poverty, inequality, and social
change.
Example: A case study examining the impact of minimum wage policies on low-income workers.
Discussion: Contemporary Social Issues
Sociological perspectives shed light on pressing contemporary issues, including racial
inequality, immigration, and healthcare.
Example: Analyzing the Black Lives Matter movement from a sociological lens to understand its
roots and goals.
Discussion: Policy Analysis and Social Change
Sociologists often contribute to policy development and social change efforts through
research and advocacy.
Example: Sociological research informing policies to address gender pay gaps and promote
workplace equity.
Module Activities and Assessment:
1. Class Discussions: Engage in discussions on sociological concepts and theories.
2. Research Projects: Conduct sociological research projects, applying research methods learned.
3. Group Presentations: Analyze and present findings from research projects.
4. Examinations: Assess understanding of course materials through quizzes and exams.
5. Reading Assignments: Read and analyze relevant sociological texts and articles.
6. Critical Essays: Write essays on specific sociological topics, theories, or issues.
Recommended Resources:
Textbook: "Sociology: A Brief Introduction" by Richard T. Schaefer
Journal Articles and Academic Papers
Online Sociological Databases
TED Talks and Documentaries on Sociological Issues
Module Title: Understanding Indigenous Peoples Communities
Module Overview: This module explores the rich diversity of Indigenous Peoples (IPs) in the
Philippines. It aims to deepen students' understanding of their cultures, histories, struggles, and
the challenges they face in the modern world.
Module Learning Outcomes: By the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Define and identify Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines.
2. Describe the cultural diversity, languages, and traditions of various Indigenous communities.
3. Analyze the historical and contemporary issues faced by Indigenous Peoples.
4. Understand the legal and policy frameworks governing Indigenous Peoples' rights.
5. Develop sensitivity and respect for Indigenous worldviews and practices.
Module Outline:
1. Introduction to Indigenous Peoples (IPs)
Discussion: Defining Indigenous Peoples
Indigenous Peoples, often abbreviated as IPs or IPs, are distinct cultural communities that
have inhabited an area before colonization or major social upheavals.
Example: The Lumad communities in Mindanao, such as the T'boli and Manobo, are examples of
IPs in the Philippines.
2. Cultural Diversity of IPs
Discussion: Ethnic Groups and Languages
The Philippines is home to numerous IP groups, each with its own language, customs, and
traditions.
Example: The Ifugao's terraced rice fields, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, showcase their
agricultural and engineering expertise.
Discussion: Traditional Beliefs and Practices
IPs often have unique spiritual beliefs, rituals, and practices closely tied to their
environment.
Example: The Cordillera Igorots' ritualistic "cañao" ceremonies to honor ancestors and spirits.
3. Historical and Contemporary Issues
Discussion: Historical Marginalization
IPs have faced centuries of marginalization, displacement, and exploitation, beginning with
Spanish colonization.
Example: The Manobo people's resistance against Spanish colonization in Mindanao.
Discussion: Land Rights and Ancestral Domain
Many IPs struggle to secure their ancestral lands and protect them from encroachment.
Example: The struggles of the Ati people of Boracay to reclaim their ancestral lands.
4. Legal and Policy Frameworks
Discussion: Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA)
IPRA (Republic Act 8371) recognizes IPs' rights to their ancestral domains, self-
governance, and cultural integrity.
Example: The establishment of Indigenous Peoples Mandatory Representative (IPMR) positions
in local governments.
Discussion: United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
The UNDRIP, which the Philippines has adopted, outlines the rights of IPs globally.
Example: The establishment of Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSP) schools
under the Department of Education.
5. Indigenous Worldviews and Practices
Discussion: Sustainable Resource Management
IPs have traditional ecological knowledge that contributes to sustainable resource
management.
Example: The "tagbanua" practice of "tawid" in Palawan, a sustainable fishing technique.
Discussion: Communal Decision-Making
Many IP communities practice communal decision-making, emphasizing consensus and
collective well-being.
Example: The Bagobo's "bansalan" system of community governance and conflict resolution.
6. Contemporary Challenges and Opportunities
Discussion: Cultural Appropriation
IP cultures are vulnerable to exploitation and misappropriation, raising questions about
cultural sensitivity.
Example: The commercialization of Indigenous textiles without proper acknowledgment.
Discussion: Development Projects and IPs
Many development projects, such as mining and infrastructure, can negatively impact IP
communities.
Example: The Manobo's struggle against mining activities in Surigao del Sur.
Module Activities and Assessment:
1. Group Discussions: Engage in discussions on IP-related topics and issues.
2. Research Projects: Investigate specific IP communities, their histories, and contemporary
challenges.
3. Oral Presentations: Share findings from research projects.
4. Examinations: Assess understanding of course materials through quizzes and exams.
5. Field Visits: Visit IP communities to learn directly from them and gain practical insights.
Recommended Resources:
"Igorots: Indigenous Peoples of the Cordilleras" by June Prill-Brett
"Lumad Mindanao: Indigenous People's Struggle and Resistance" by Karl M. Gaspar
Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997 (Republic Act 8371)
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
Module Title: Life and Works of Rizal
Module Overview: This module explores the life, works, and significance of Jose Rizal, a
national hero of the Philippines. It examines the historical context of Rizal's time, the importance
of studying his life, and his role as a symbol of Philippine nationalism.
Module Learning Outcomes: By the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Understand the historical context of the 19th century Philippines.
2. Analyze Rizal's family background, childhood, and early education.
3. Explain the principle of assimilation advocated by the Propaganda Movement.
4. Analyze the factors that led to Rizal's execution and its impact on Spanish colonial rule and the
Philippine Revolution.
5. Compare and contrast the characters, plot, and themes of Rizal's novels, "Noli Me Tangere" and
"El Filibusterismo."
6. Recognize the role of the youth in societal development.
7. Assess Rizal's writings and their significance in Philippine history.
8. Analyze the concepts of "bayani" and "kabayanihan" in the context of Philippine society.
9. Interpret views and opinions about Rizal as a national symbol and the values he represents.
Module Outline:
1. Why Study Rizal?
Discussion: The Significance of Rizal
Rizal is a central figure in Philippine history, and studying his life and works helps us
understand the Philippines' struggle for independence.
Example: Rizal's writings, such as "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," exposed the
injustices of colonial rule.
2. Republic Act 1425 (Rizal Law)
Discussion: History of the Rizal Law
The Rizal Law (Republic Act 1425) mandates the study of Rizal's life, works, and writings
in Philippine schools and universities.
Example: The Rizal Law was enacted in 1956 to promote patriotism and nationalism.
3. Rizal's Life: 19th Century as Rizal's Context
Discussion: Economic Changes
The 19th century witnessed the end of the galleon trade, the opening of the Suez Canal,
and the rise of export crop economies.
Example: The decline of the galleon trade affected the Philippines' economic dynamics.
Discussion: Social Transformations
The 19th century saw significant social changes, including the rise of the Chinese mestizo
class and inquilinos.
Example: The mestizo class played a role in the emergence of new social strata.
Discussion: Political Developments
Liberalism, the impact of Bourbon reforms, and the Cadiz Constitution were key political
factors of the time.
Example: The Cadiz Constitution of 1812 influenced demands for political representation in the
Philippines.
4. Rizal's Life: Family, Childhood, and Early Education
Discussion: Rizal's Family Background
Rizal came from a prominent family with a history of advocating reforms and education.
Example: His parents, Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo, were known for their influence on
his values.
5. Rizal's Life: Higher Education and Life Abroad
Discussion: The Principle of Assimilation
Rizal and the Propaganda Movement sought reforms through peaceful means and
advocated assimilation with Spain.
Example: Rizal's essay "The Philippines: A Century Hence" expressed the need for reforms
under Spanish rule.
6. Rizal's Life: Exile, Trial, and Death
Discussion: Factors Leading to Rizal's Execution
Rizal's writings and involvement in nationalist activities led to his trial and execution.
Example: The trial of Rizal highlighted the Spanish authorities' fear of his influence.
Discussion: Effects of Rizal's Execution
Rizal's execution fueled nationalist sentiments and inspired the Philippine Revolution.
Example: The Katipunan, led by Andres Bonifacio, emerged as a revolutionary movement after
Rizal's death.
7. Noli Me Tangere
Discussion: Important Characters in the Novel
Characters like Crisostomo Ibarra and Maria Clara represent different aspects of Philippine
society.
Example: Crisostomo Ibarra symbolizes the educated Filipino's desire for reforms.
Discussion: Present Philippine Situation through Novel Examples
Many themes and issues raised in "Noli Me Tangere" remain relevant in contemporary
Philippine society.
Example: Issues of social injustice and corruption depicted in the novel continue to resonate
today.
8. El Filibusterismo
Discussion: Comparing Noli and El Fili
"Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo" explore different aspects of colonial oppression
and resistance.
Example: "El Filibusterismo" is more focused on the radical response to injustice.
Discussion: The Role of Youth in Society
Rizal believed in the transformative power of youth in shaping the nation's future.
Example: The youth played a significant role in the People Power Revolution of 1986.
9. Rizal's Writings and Values
Discussion: The Philippines: A Century Hence
In this essay, Rizal analyzed the Philippines' colonial situation and proposed reforms.
Example: Rizal's call for education as a means of liberation remains relevant.
Discussion: Bayani and Kabayanihan Concepts
Rizal's life and writings embody the concepts of bayani (hero) and kabayanihan (heroism).
Example: Rizal's sacrifice and dedication to the Philippines exemplify kabayanihan.
Discussion: Rizal as a National Symbol
Rizal is a symbol of Philippine nationalism, embodying values such as love of country,
freedom, and justice.
Example: Rizal monuments and celebrations on Rizal Day reflect his enduring significance.
Module Activities and Assessment:
1. Group Discussions: Engage in discussions on Rizal's life, works, and values.
2. Critical Essays: Write essays analyzing Rizal's writings and their relevance.
3. Presentations: Deliver presentations on Rizal's impact on Philippine history.
4. Examinations: Assess understanding of course materials through quizzes and exams.
5. Reading Assignments: Analyze Rizal's essays and novels.
6. Debates: Participate in debates on Rizal's principles and their applicability today.
1. Explain the history of the Rizal Law and its important provisions: Understand the historical
context and significance of Republic Act 1425 (Rizal Law) in promoting the study of Rizal's life
and works.
2. Analyze Rizal’s family, childhood, and early education: Gain insights into Rizal's formative
years and the influences that shaped his character and beliefs.
3. Explain the principle of assimilation advocated by the Propaganda Movement:
Comprehend the intellectual and ideological foundations of the Propaganda Movement and
Rizal's role in it.
4. Analyze the factors that led to Rizal’s execution: Explore the political, social, and historical
context that ultimately led to Rizal's martyrdom.
5. Analyze the effects of Rizal’s execution on Spanish colonial rule and the Philippine
Revolution: Evaluate the impact of Rizal's death on the course of the Philippine Revolution and
Spanish colonial governance.
6. Appraise important characters in the novel and what they represent: Analyze key characters
in Rizal's novels, "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," and their symbolic significance.
7. Examine the present Philippine situation through the examples mentioned in the novel
(Noli): Connect themes and issues raised in "Noli Me Tangere" to contemporary Philippine
society.
8. Compare and contrast the characters, plot, and theme of the Noli and the El Fili: Identify the
similarities and differences between Rizal's two novels in terms of themes, characters, and social
critique.
9. Value the role of the youth in the development and future of society: Recognize the
importance of youth engagement and leadership in societal progress.
10. Assess Rizal’s writings: Critically analyze Rizal's literary and political works, understanding
their historical context and significance.
11. Appraise the value of understanding the past: Recognize the importance of historical
knowledge in shaping contemporary perspectives and decision-making.
12. Frame arguments based on evidence: Develop critical thinking and argumentation skills by
constructing well-reasoned arguments grounded in historical evidence.
13. Interpret views and opinions about bayani and kabayanihan in the context of Philippine
history and society: Analyze differing viewpoints on heroism and patriotism in the context of
Philippine history.
14. Assess the concepts of bayani and kabayanihan in the context of Philippine society:
Evaluate the enduring relevance and evolving interpretations of heroism in Philippine society.
15. Examine the values highlighted by the various representations of Rizal as a National
symbol: Identify the values and principles associated with Rizal's image as a national symbol.
16. Advocate the values Rizal’s life encapsulates: Promote the values of love of country, freedom,
justice, and enlightenment embodied in Rizal's life and works.
