SHIFT REGISTER
Introduction
Shift register is a sequential logic circuit whose output is
depends on present input as well as past output.
Shift register consists of group of same type of flip-flop.
Shift register is used to store group of binary data and also
used to shift the binary data.
The total number of flip-flop present in shift register are
depends on the total number of binary bits stored in shift
register.
If we have to store two bit binary data i.e 00,01,10,11 then
shift register require two flip-flops.
If we have to store three bit binary data i.e 000,001,010,011
upto 111 then shift register require three flip-flops.
If we have to store four bit binary data i.e 0000, 0001,
0010, 0011 upto 1111 then shift register require four flip-
flops.
Then according to the logic, if we have to store „N‟ bit
binary data then shift register require „N‟ no of flip-flops.
Functions of Shift Register
Shift register is used to store group of binary data and also
used to shift the binary data.
Or
Data Storage and Data Movement.
Modes of Shift Register
Left shift mode
Right shift mode
Types of Shift Register
1. Serial Input and Serial Output
2. Serial Input and Parallel Output
3. Parallel Input and Serial Output
4. Parallel Input and Parallel Output
Serial Input and Serial Output Shift Register
Block Diagram
Construction
Figure shows the block diagram of Serial Input and Serial
Output Shift Register which has D0,D1,D2,D3 are the Data
inputs and Q0,Q1,Q2,Q3 are the Data output.
Here we are applying single clock pulse to all the flip-flops
to make all flip-flops simultaneously ON and OFF.
This Shift Register is used to store 4 bit binary data i.e from
0000 to 1111 because it uses 4 flip flops.
In this we are shifting binary data from Right side to the
left side.
Truth Table:
Clock Data Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Data
Pulse Input Output
0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
Refer reference books for remaining types of shift register.
Counter
Counter is a sequential logic circuit whose output is
depends on present input as well as past output. Counter is
a series connection of flips-flops or it is a group of flip-
flops.
The counter is used to count the total no states. The total no
of states counted by the counter is depends on the no of bits
stored in particular type of counter.
If we are using two flip-flops in counter then two bit binary
data i.e. 00,01,10,11 is stored in counter and total states
counted by the counter are 4 and that are state0, state1,
state2, state3.
If we are using three flip-flops in counter then three bit
binary data i.e. 000,001,010,011 upto 111 is stored in
counter and total states counted by the counter are 8 and
that are state0, state1, state2, state3 upto state7.
If we are using four flip-flops in counter then four bit
binary data i.e. 0000,0001,0010,0011 upto 1111 is stored in
counter and total states counted by the counter are 16 and
that are state0, state1, state2, state3 upto state15.
If we are using N flip-flops in counter then N bit binary is
stored in counter and total states counted by the counter are
2N and that are state0, state1, state2, state3 upto stateN.
The total states counted by the counter is calculated by 2 N
formulae in which N is the value of total no. of bits stored
in counter.
Function of Counter
To store the group of Binary Data and to Count the stored
group of binary data.
Types of Counter
The types of counter is mainly depends of two factors the
way in which clock signal is applied and the way in which
counting is performed.
Depending on the way in which clock signal is applied the
Counter has two types:
1. Synchronous Counter
2. Asynchronous Counter
Depending on the way in which counting is performed the
Counter has two types:
1. Up Counter
2. Down Counter
1. Synchronous Counter: When same clock signal is
applied to make simultaneously on or off all flip-flops
are called as synchronous counter.
2. Asynchronous Counter: When every flip-flop has
separate clock signal i.e first flip-flop has clock signal
and for remaining flip-flop output of previous flip flop
act as a clock signal for next flip-flop this connection is
called as asynchronous counter.
3. Up Counter: When the flip-flop is performing counting
in ascending order i.e from 0 to n then the flip is called
as Up Counter.
4. Down Counter: When the flip-flop is performing
counting in descending order i.e from n to 0 then the flip
is called as down Counter.
1. 2 bit Asynchronous Up Counter
Truth Table
Clock Q0 Q1 State
Signal
0 0 State0
0 1 State1
1 0 State2
1 1 State3
Figure shows the block diagram of two bit Asynchronous Up
Counter which has J,K are the applied inputs and Q,Q- are the
output.
This counter uses two JK flip-flops because it is a 2 bit counter
which stores 2 bit group of binary data i.e. 00,01,10,11 and the
total no states counted by the counter are 4 by applying 2n
formulae in which n is the value of no of bits stores in flip-flop.
This is a asynchronous type of counter in which separate clock
signal is applied to first flip-flop and for remaining flip-flop the
output of previous flip-flop is applied as a clock signal to next
flip-flop.
This is a Up type of counting which considers output of upward
directions such as Q1,Q2. this counter performs counting in
ascending order i.e. from 0 to n. this counter stores 2 bit binary
data and it has 4 states from state0 to state3.
2. 3-Bit Asynchronous Down Counter
Truth Table
Clock Q2 Q1 Q0 State
Signal
1 1 1 State7
1 1 0 State6
1 0 1 State5
1 0 0 State4
0 1 1 State3
0 1 0 State2
0 0 1 State1
0 0 0 State0
Figure shows the block diagram of three bit Asynchronous down
Counter which has J,K are the applied inputs and Q,Q- are the
output.
This counter uses two JK flip-flops because it is a 3 bit counter
which stores 3 bit group of binary data i.e. 000,001,010,011 upto
111 and the total no states counted by the counter are 8 by
applying 2n formulae in which n is the value of no of bits stores
in flip-flop.
This is a asynchronous type of counter in which separate clock
signal is applied to first flip-flop and for remaining flip-flop the
output of previous flip-flop is applied as a clock signal to next
flip-flop.
This is a down type of counting which considers output of
downward directions such as Q1-,Q2-,Q3-. this counter performs
counting in descending order i.e. from n to 0. this counter stores
3 bit binary data and it has 8 states from state7 to state0.
[Link] bit Synchronous Up Counter
Truth Table
Clock Q0 Q1 State
Signal
0 0 State0
0 1 State1
1 0 State2
1 1 State3
Figure shows the block diagram of two bit Synchronous Up
Counter which has J,K are the applied inputs and Q,Q- are the
output.
This counter uses two JK flip-flops because it is a 2 bit counter
which stores 2 bit group of binary data i.e. 00,01,10,11 and the
total no states counted by the counter are 4 by applying 2n
formulae in which n is the value of no of bits stores in flip-flop.
This is a Synchronous type of counter in which single clock
signal is applied to all flip-flop which are present in particular
type of counter.
This is a Up type of counting which considers output of upward
directions such as Q1,Q2. this counter performs counting in
ascending order i.e. from 0 to n. this counter stores 2 bit binary
data and it has 4 states from state0 to state3.
4.3-Bit Synchronous Down Counter
Truth Table
Clock Q2 Q1 Q0 State
Signal
1 1 1 State7
1 1 0 State6
1 0 1 State5
1 0 0 State4
0 1 1 State3
0 1 0 State2
0 0 1 State1
0 0 0 State0
Figure shows the block diagram of three bit Synchronous down
Counter which has J,K are the applied inputs and Q,Q- are the
output.
This counter uses two JK flip-flops because it is a 3 bit counter
which stores 3 bit group of binary data i.e. 000,001,010,011 upto
111 and the total no states counted by the counter are 8 by
applying 2n formulae in which n is the value of no of bits stores
in flip-flop.
This is a Synchronous type of counter in which single clock
signal is applied all flip-flop which are present in particular type
of counter.
This is a down type of counting which considers output of
downward directions such as Q1-,Q2-,Q3-. this counter performs
counting in descending order i.e. from n to 0. this counter stores
3 bit binary data and it has 8 states from state7 to state0.
3 Bit Synchronous Up- Down Counter
The circuit above is of a simple 3-bit Up/Down synchronous
counter using JK flip-flops configured to operate as toggle or T-
type flip-flops giving a maximum count of zero (000) to seven
(111) and back to zero again. Then the 3-Bit counter advances
upward in sequence (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) or downwards in reverse
sequence (7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0).
Generally most bidirectional counter chips can be made to
change their count direction either up or down at any point
within their counting sequence. This is achieved by using an
additional input pin which determines the direction of the count,
either Up or Down and the timing diagram gives an example of
the counters operation as this Up/Down input changes state.
Nowadays, both up and down counters are incorporated into
single IC that is fully programmable to count in both an “Up”
and a “Down” direction.
Difference Between Synchronous and Asynchronous
Counter
[Link] Parameter Synchronous Asynchronous
Counter Counter
1 Components High Less
Required
2 Requirements Extra logic gates are No extra logic
of Gates required gates are required
3 Operating Operating Operating
Frequency Frequency is high Frequency is low
4 Speed Slower Faster
5 Cost High Low
6 Design Easy to design Difficult to design
Complexity
7 Clock Signal Clock is same to all Clock signal is
flip-flops. different to all flip-
flops.
