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Module - IV. \
Multiplexing, circuit switching and packet uitching Multiplecing 5 = |
a ia Bis
Frefuency _diviskes? ratipteing ae
— Muttiplezing is me set ot technitues TAr alleds TH Simutianeous
transmissia of rnuti pe eps accross O Sigg dota tink .
Device B ( pevice
(pups) (emai),
= Devices on TH A dived HEP yansmission streams #0 muttipiaen
(Mx) ich” Combines tem Iako-s SATE stim (apy ens) tes
Shaving me Capacity 4, me link
- Reeehipy end, demultiplexer (emu) Separates me Si
back into its Component transmissions (one- to- may
rein interced ; q
ey i
ts
Fon
FDM > Frequency Gevision Muttiplexing -
WDM > weet devision rath
“TpM > Time levision ERED:
Ne sSixeam
adivets |
OTDM { Synchronous TDM
stotistial -TOM _Fretuent dlevision Muttiplexing (rpm) ° =
ae
= rsd techniques $F plea when 3 “band i hou
TM oh @
a Tan THe uae ied ase Dene b
prot ae A sk
Avaliable bandiid® ok Communigetion pray aa
ai e moultiple users. See
The Gyvien Landuidty is clividec! into Sube- channels %s
aa widtr and each
xczmo wsynchtonays Time-Division Mutiplein
eee cui
= Each time slot is prea:
re wa teed user.
= The time slots ase transmitted ‘respective os taherer THE Users
have any deta to sencl op not.
= Capacity ot channe) fs Wwastect.
| = Tom device Con Vandle sources
different data rates -
= This is cone by assignin wer slots per cycle to slower Fnput-
Tis i ckne by seeirigg 4g per ¢y p
devices Than te Kester olevices.
peice Tatts) | vk
|
[ ™ Fiemea -—-Fromen._—«_“Frermet
|
| oye EEE] y | Calalsl [alels) Carsten $
peviee TLS) x No. ck i/p device = 3-
om no. && slots pee Ree =3.
tistical -divisi lech
dselietical Time division Muiplexiyy Lerow) s =
| ~ Dfaback of; apenas TDM is many of Te time Slot, in te
ame are cas’
_ The porticulort user has etticient alternative to eynchroneus 1
tpn is statistical Ton/ Asynchronous TDS
— WH allocetes te dime slots on demand +o Separate t]p clewet, ||
050 saving ig channel Sa
— Tt T/o tines vith S buyer associated to each oh em
— Dusing HE Ye me reutiplexer ae te Up buyers,
Cotteching |data until 1 fone as {utes and send THE
ene :
_ ne ne vest ond, me Semuttiplerer received ne Frame ,
nd cletrinutes He dst 4o NE appropriate Lutjex. >The precess +, moving me deta: 4 pockets oti
by gent be al
sity Technique 3 =
Circute— Message Booxet— OF
altering, “8 Saas ots.
TT 21g
ve get
mone te Te Se a
as §uitchi
= Seite Bend cola ow saat eats a
Suitehin st
\ q oT aviv
Connection less Connection= -triented. Tay
— No. hovelshoking or en seated cipeut
method falc hat =T reall
cincuit’ suitched Networks 2 =
= o 1
Consists 42 set cheats Connected by physical Links,
— Connecton ~“betteen stations is a dedicated ‘patty made &
‘one or more Links.
— Each Vink 6 Nepmatty divided into n chonnels »y using |
Fpm and Tom. q
— A CivcUlt suitched Networm is Ma
Gommected by physical Ving ; inv
divided into 'n' channels -
de of sem ob switches
nich” een eoch Unk is
‘oneling,
a . ‘ey channels
= drat saitching panes ploce ot He Physical toyer -
Communication, THe station, must makes CU
Te various 40 be used during me
e verious, guch as Chorinels mandoid
5 switch dues » Ports ,
. Eom € hme clot 1) TDM
entire duration oh dota
se nemoin dedicated dung
mus
transter . |
— The data fons sn a Continuous “Woy +
= There ® no aati ie da vig cite rans .
The guitchres poutes bosed on tan occu ied ‘Lan
(FD) o° yime Slot (TDM). There is end-to-end. sang
used dune set-up phase «
— Belere stanti
reservation
Communication + Thes| Thiee_ghases * =
D getup phase
~A dedicated citeuit is esteblished 7 Communication,
— tach switch finds tHe dedicated channel fe ioe velue.
to be sent- yom sender to veceiver .
— a Cachan iersatey is Sent ley” me receive? «
» Date. fans e_ phase ! -
— Tuo Panes teansfex chto .
9) Teandeun phose t -
= then one of HE portles needs yordisconned, a “en
1S Sent $0 Bodh Suitch 40 Telense,” tHe yesources
PJ fe
sd
phase
Dete- tran:
Pome
Time Time
a Connection iS alive Nove to TE Allocation ek ‘sources du
Tye entire. duretion © Comection., THE ttieieney “OH diruit Swi
netwers is Lower WAN Me other Wo res x Switching .
Efcienat +=
Jn’ circuit” suitching , me’ resource remain dedicated as 4 Tipit pplication *— ay
The ciscult— couch is used in the telephone netiorks .
Pej von!
= The-major od vents ot Circuit aaitching 45 TON UR dedicated
transmission chamel, whe corey ectoblr provites a rr
dara rate
— fn drewt Sate becouse 6h, Aedicated parry Mere is no
delay in dota Hou
= ad Awan, Teaches the ater end in orden e
pisadvan' esta!
= The disedvantesss of ict swithisg, mer gic He concn
48 dedicated N it VY Cannot ok Us Jo transmit at omer
daa even % we Channel is pe
= dediated channels etuives more loarckorde +
— Te tones Lon yime to establish connection «|
= Te is Inebficielt™ intesms & utitizction ok System esoutee -
- wt is ime mose expensive tO" ong? Swit Y tednnitue -
( cisagr 1S
Jecicion Ca poe be changed once ME
- Rout decision n
astallibhes +
Teal Time *axen in Cipai au
Tooter = Set-¥P- Hime “+ Trpnenission Tine + Prpagstion dey
+ Tear. down HME - i
where Transmiselon tine (y= (re he |
Peppa ey OD = Rr (RE Rat Hessoae a ee sh a
— There is no Aedicated Fonz between we communicating device,
— Bach naeene is tweated as an independent unit anol, |
inchades its OWA destination and
Warour¢ £0073
Ly UTS
Ingo NC
wq~ oT.
Ins QUT4
ING - OUTS Time-clivision «switchil Be
- Tae division gw } Comes umcler disitor sisitchi fedmidue, |
Wheree@s ME pulse Xocle mochtlatigal si eae host
Baer 2 input and ne oulpu- pa. % aun
— The wpa eho) prem bh) oany Gan, be Connected fo me.
oh oy - ey rto enh calls
- The meng ry Gis. SI ysie ashen yeceived
fe tiansmived in oe ee fime stot, ig called Be THME
Aivision guitehi
— Bone vier an date, can be tansmitecl Us dy § 3
— Tme anision muttiptexi is Shani 4 cross nee a
= Time division Switches use Hme division moire Jn en
— The two popular mettods of TDM are -
~ TS! (Time and stot inter wey.
— Tp™ bus.
~Time- division rattiploy sata is same coder
YR TN Tee
Time and Slat— TDM Bus
Interchagae 3
Time And Sit Intenchange $=
= Data is mot sent mr ame seer. For tape oxtpu
- reaper cider Of, Te Sots based one desiedd. connect
= In Ram memosy Location input and output location andl Conte
CE UMA OFR oBtor
AaB
— Place an TH S}qna\ $0 Gmmon tronemiscion par
+ ata sete a THe bus i Ten indlividuas -4]0 lines. q Control writ
133
1 2—>4 [Le
3 —>1
4— 2
seuential
Contven
“Terminal
ae
Termina)
L
exchoy
Time. division csuichion
SDM
Adventoges > Trstantoneous -
Olisadv” —> Number of Gosspomt Iuived .
era ake! er NO Cross se
coat = esi ae: X25 anol Frome Relay 2 -
le . + <
- aed is a Standeréd Used by many oder public nekuorks i
- This en rat ed in 19905 by ecity dor providing an.
Intex face betiween public racket &uitched neti
Theix~ Customers . Pe Herth
= Tht Poker Sariteh wetvoong used X-R5 Prolocel -
— Te NEM Yoyer protocol perpen ue sien ee Gn
detiven Condiy mation, ete. Shieh
3 y
— TE anous me user to establish virtuod Graiits and’ send Fa
on Bem+ These packets Ae delivered to ME destination
and jn order. ,
— X-2F is A Connection oviented sewice. It suppor duitched
Vivtuad Gyait as wel as te Ppownonent Graitr.
— poke switching ic a technique uhereby bye Netwosk,
individual packets of WDLe dota between sifjenent-
destination based on sing) waitin each ROK
—aA suitched Virtual Cipcuit 1s eStabtiched between, a Com
And network when the Computer Sends a pocket Ad TEI
seduces +0 raph ic . can i HE omer al haa a
Thee loyers of X+RS- : i
— We X-ab_ wnterkece is dened at theee levels 4 ~
~The tree levele wes
- Poysiced loyer Creed 4).
= Dajatink layer (Level, ) St
~ Packer loy-er ( evel 3). ct
~ These myree loyers: corrospond. 10, ME Tree. leuer, most
loyers of UR -S8R 1S0-OS1 Feperence model. The physi
layeo poKes Care A he intentoce ‘between @ computer, ten
and Te mK wdich attaches Jt te me Pore snitch
Node - ! user's machi
NE (DTE) and me Pocket atditchiga node fo which mis
yee de i exc 4
The bres tre interface For xchonge ok packers betuaeen a
t e
DTE is attched which is caued as DeE
— pata- terminal eduipment- (eTe)
- pata- Circwl teyminatin ;
2 eMu{pment- (vce
| whe Tyee lyers h X-RT inter tae
}~- - a ne Pypal level x-a1 physica herp is being used which
deka Per casera vauhehed data ‘hetwork:
58 AR BR” clata- Link level, Xe ag speadbes THE Une access procedures
Cunp-wy protect which is a subset Of HDLC protocel
— AY HE erwork, level (a8 lever), ¥e 25" de Fires © protoco) i
an access te packet data Sub metvaotk: This peotece! dein zs Tre.
eee Content and procedure s exshegtt ob @ntrol and dake.
tkans Ren i Tre packer vers peo es an external
virtues circnite Service +
a characteristics of WRT
Th addition 4 tye chavacteristics ¢h SE poe guitched network,
yeas has We Ypuowre Chavectes istes ¢~
Ly rmtiple Uggicat channels con be se on o Single physical Wne. -
Terminals a clifferent communication speeds cam Communicates .
| The psocedure ior eoomementen transmission Contyols Can be.
| Changeal «
Virtuol Circuit Seovice t=
— WITT THE K-25 poor joyer, dato.
extenno) ‘Vittua) Circuits. The vit
qe swe aypes o% virtual Clradts.
~The virtua) crew service eh HAS provicles a quae types vet |
Cicenits te, Viewed ca" ancl peuNanent™ virtual Civa ar
— A virtual can is & dynamicany Lstabliched Virtual Circuit using a
Cail setup and CoN caret procedure « a
— A Revimanent- yintuad cuits a fxd, netwerk acsigned virtual circuit
“Derde Mansker FAKES PIAS AS WIT Virtual Colts, bur He Cal setUp cp rie 4 j
_ i {
axe transmitted in packets overt
al Civewlt Sewice ef X-25 prevaes
| Xa me- Relay - 7S
= X+25 arantees, ada intggeity and network mon Cont
at me Tost y Some ne two ic aamyss t di tee |
~— Frame yelay euitches packets end to end mach }esten, bute
there is no pasantee of, cate ‘preny, ar ons
Frame- Relay ¢ = in aa
— Frame. relay is a Virtual Cort wide-area netuson, wet Teac
des my ses poree 40 NeW Aype of WAN.
— Her tragmented into Lansmission units caned fyomes
sent 40% high Speed bursts figough a digital ‘TRIK
— Establishes an exclusive men twonsmission Fe
Covad virtua) Connection « 3
Features. Z
» Frame- Reley opesates of a Wisher speed IG 54d tps ond tec
44-376 Mops). This weons ae W can eosily be Used hnsi
& & mesh eh Ti On TZ Lines 2
%) Frame - Raloy operates iw Gust- TE Physical and dotabine tay:
This means ir Can eosity be used as a backbone nekwaorK_
Provide services. to photocle Net already have a “nehoon
Protec, auch as The mitonet.
Wh) Fyome- Reboy atious bursty dota + {
1) Feame-Reloy vous O yore site oh 9000 bytes , which Sa
Actomedase an Loca) eaves, NEU Prame Sites. —
» Frome: Reloy ie Jess eRfenstie FON otlg¥ Traditional 1
WANS. 7
NA) Frame. Relay has ensos detection at He data link heya
There is ne ye Conrso) And ersor Control © frame ASO) Biome Joowet t=
[Fag | raciess Contvet | tmdormetio] res | Flag ] 7
[peer [eye] =A [pics] Fev] peer | De | EA
| DLCI = Dato link Connection Identijer -
C]R — Command | Resporse .
EA — Extended oddress -
| FECN— Fortaord explicit? Ory estion, Notifcotion -
BECN— Backword explicit copgestion Nebifj cation -
| DE — Discard Eligivit
| | HY
Advantage ok Frame- Relay t=
= Streamlined Communication process -
| = The number oh fpretion ef protect ot
|
| veduced. > 4
| — ues deley,
(= And “se tiroyshpor
— Frame Yasy can be used ak access speeds upto 2 Mrs .
| = Frame- seloy te cost etfective, Partly due te Te Jeet ter He Meteor
buyjeuiny yeduivemerts ave Gorey optinited . ¥
= Competed to %+R57 wit Stove and jyreed mechanism and ee
pros Grvection, network ‘bulfering is minimal
— Frame relay is also much Fosterd Ten K-25) He Yor owe,
guitched tyelr destination wilt Oxy a fe byte Ymes detey,
as apposed yo seveso\ hundgedmitliseconds detay on X25.
Disadvantages ¢=
= Fyaed ave delivered uneetiobly «
= Packets Moy not be Aevivered WW TE Same setuence os Tor oT”
sendirg encl.
a Tees Yoving ewwors We simp" Aiscoudled
i |
= Foame- Rerdy does met provides How Contyol -
|
tre user metusork interfere is
— Tr hes wt poovide HE Seton ee & ne veceived
Packs X. 25 Vs Fiame- Relay
Features, Yana ae
} Connection establish- -
Caen At te hetworm lyer
he poo Nee ea
partes At TE cletalime layer» «
dontye) and ertor ah 1 yer 2]
Geahol - £ trot sem
ii) Frd-to-end Yoo
Contyo! and error
Contre)
Ar the Netwong layer
iy) Data-vate Fixed
») rmuntplesg At We nehoork \eyen
¥) “epee Cone)
wor nectssonge
E96. 20f-foce
tress
FMS 90) ayers (he ated
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seroRe TAD. Saf SENT Mou. Bal gr
ee
