Science and engineering of glass and natural stone in construction

F. Wittel
Glass design

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Teaching goals glass products:

You will
… learn to categorize glass applications, glazing and support types
…get an overview on the present codes for glass design
…will see on simple examples how to design with glass

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Golden rules when designing with glass:

 Avoid contact of glass with harder materials under mechanical

and thermal loading.
 Avoid load by restraints from unconsidered load cases.
 Choose an appropriate geometry of glass elements.
 Choose an appropriate connection type.
 Look for robustness of your glass construction.
 Be sure that usability is granted.
 Be sure durability is given.

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 Damage caused by ignoring design principles

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Overview glass support types

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 General force support types

Code: DIN 18008-2 Code: DIN 18008-3

• Free rotation of edges • Bore area, interlayer of soft Al-alloys, EPDM;POM;PA6
• EPDM layer of silicon profile • Stress concentration at bore holes  need for pre-
• Clamped glass only in exceptions. stressed glass.
• Statically determined support by combination of fixed and
movable supports (free of constraint forces)

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Support types: Linear force transmission examples

Simple glazing
Linear clamped with glazing bead
support with EPDM-
integral profile

Schüko FW50+
Linear clamped (Insolated post
support with steel and rail facade)
pressure cap

Clamped support Linear clamped

with wooden support
pressure cap

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 Support types: linear blocking
Constraint force free vertical support via blocks that transmit forces in frames and the
construction.
Avoids contact between glass and frame.
Materials: hardwood, polymers, elastomers.
Durable, compliant and pressure resistant.
80-100mm long, 2mm wider than glass.
Placed about 100-250mm distant from edge.

Distance
blocks

blocks
Distance blocks

wrong right

1 setting blocks

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Fixed glazing Movable window

Support types: Point-fixed glazing

Countersunk bolt fixing Backcut anchor
Point mountings Trösch
fixed

fixed

Eckelt Flachglas
Glastechnik AG
Dorma Manet®
Hinge outside of glass plane
Hinge in/outside of glass plane

Glass clamps
VEGLA VEGLA

VEGLA VEGLA

Fa. Pauli + Sohn

Sadev® Sadev®
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 Bolted glass assemblies
The bolts are designed to absorb:
• wind and/or snow loading,
• the weight of the glazing,
• the differential movements between the glass and
structure

The bolted glass assembly system requires finished

glass products of the highest quality in terms of edge-
work, drilling, toughening and heat soak testing.

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Support types: Glass spider supports

Constrained free, statically Spider for 4 sheets
determined point support

Simple / Double eccentric

Alternative point bearing:

 Adjustable in all directions

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 Load transmission: Connections
Connection techniques have to transmit load without contact to glass and metal.

Adhesive connections: PU; EP; Si

Durability of adhesive critical (creep, UV-light, chemical
influence, other polymers).
Adhesive bonding ONLY under controlled conditions.

Bearing type shear connection: Plastic deformable

interlayers avoid excess loads and distribute pressure
uniformly onto the glass. Materials: soft Al, PTFE, PA
spacer bushing

Friction type connection: Friction layers without relevant

Spring cap
creep deformation, similar to high pressure seals. Problems bushing (elastomer)

with laminated glass due to creep of PVB interlayers.

Needs to be evaluated in tests.

Friction layer Steel mounting plate

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Adhesive connections: Structural Glazing

Adhesively bonded glazing (Structural-Sealant Galzing System (SSGS)
Used in the USA since 40 years!!!

• Adhesive bonding with load carrying capability for wind loads.

better heat and noise insolation and proof against driving rain.
• Factory made (DIN EN 13022)  high quality.
• Different heat expansion coefficients of glass, adhesive and metal lead
to constraining loads of linear connections
life expectancy proof needed.
• Mounting by clipping the module in post-rail structure.
• Material mainly silicon filled with char, silica, carbon black.
• Thickness >6mm  Strength 1MPa
• Adhesion on coated surfaces needs to be tested
 adhesive test with cohesive failure.
• Some organic coatings have to be removed before coating.
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 SSGS Types

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Adhesive connection: Design

Design value of action < Design value of capacity
 Ed
Bondline width h=6-20mm 1
Bondline thickness 6mm min.  Rd
Deflection of static foundation max. L/300
Capacity Rd:
Rd=Ru,5/6 Design stress for tension (safety factor = 6)
Rd=Ru,5/6 Design stress for shear (safety factor = 6)
Rd,∞= Rd /c Design stress for shear under constant load (creep factor c>10)
Ru,5 Strength 5% fractile
ActionEd: a qd Design value for wind load
 Ed  qd  a shorter edge / h bondline width
2h

Design stress for Silicon adhesive Producer Typ Rd Rd Rd,∞
ETAG approved silicon
adhesive [MPa]: DC 993 Dow Corning 2K 0,14 0,11 0,11
SG 500 Sika 2K 0,14 0,105 0,0105
DC 895 Dow Corning 1K 0,14 0,14 -
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 Watertight joints
• Protect glass and frame durably from air and moisture ingress.
• Avoid transmission of noise and heat.
• Take module, support and temperature displacements (-20°-60°C), compensate swelling to
avoid constrain forces.
• Permit movements of glass module and support from wind loads, oscillations, vibrations,
low frequency noise.
• Minimum with: 4mm.
• Wet- or/and dry sealing .
• UV-resistant materials.
• Chemical compatibility.

1 glass sheet
2 laminated glass
PIB liquefaction 3 wet sealing
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Due to missing chemical 4 dry sealing
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compatibility

Bearing type Frictional type

Pre-fabricated bushing Polymer layers for friction
Materials: POM; PEEK or cast resins Are not allowed to creep
Thickness ~ 4mm Friction coefficients and pre-stress are given by
Minimum glass thickness ~ 12mm to avoid producer.
squeezing Pre-stress needs to be maintained  spring caps.

N  tang. principal stress at the edge

  k  k factor for bushing materials
  r t N bearing force
r hole radius
t glass thickness

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 Glazing types: Classification
The glazing must be designed in accordance with regulations governing the safety of building users :
• in the event of breakage, limiting of the risk of injury to persons
• guarding to protect people from falling
• safety of users and operatives during cleaning/maintenance operations.

Overhead glazing (horizontal Vertical glazing

glazing)

Fall protection Walk-on glazing

glazing

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Codes in German – the future

DIN 18008 Glass in Building - Design and construction rules -

12/10 Part 1: Terms and general bases
12/10 Part 2: Linearly supported glazings
13/7 Part 3: Point fixed glazing
13/7 Part 4: Additional requirements for barrier glazing
13/7 Part 5: Additional requirements for walk-on glazing
15/2 Part 6: Additional requirements for walk-on glazing in case of
maintenance procedures
Teil 7 Special purpose constructions

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 Vertical glazing types
Post-rail Space-frame Stiff tether system
construction system

Post construction Rail construction with Soft tether system

tethers

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Vertical glazing

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 Vertical glazing Pre-stressed cable net facade:

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Vertical glazing

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Entrance hall Uni Bremen
 Vertical glazing with tempered glass
 DIN 18516-4 (02.1990): Curtain wall facade
 Tempered glass min. 6mm with heat soak test.
 Edges at least edged, no edge defect >15% glass width (visual inspection)
 Every glass element has to be mounted without constraints.
 Linear support (2-4) or point support.
 Clamping depth at least 10mm (all-sided support); 15mm (2-3 sided) or glass
thickness + 1/500*post distance; 25mm (point support) clamping area larger
1000mm2/side
 Design approved, when bending stress < 50MPa
 Usability proof: Deflection of free edges <1/100*edge length (for all-sided support
no limitation)
 Loading in the plane of the glass is not considered.

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Overhead glazing / horizontal glazing

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Maximilian-Museum in Augsburg
 Overhead glazing / horizontal glazing

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Horizontal glazing with tempered glass (TRLV)

 Glazing with inclination >10°.
 Public areas underneath need protection from falling fragments  remaining
capacity after fracture.
 Wire glass, laminated glass from annealed or heat strengthened glass
with PVB interlayer>0.76mm.
 Holes and cut-outs are not allowed.
 Positive composite action (shear) can not be considered, negative one has to
be considered.
 Deflection limit 1/200*sheet length, max. 15mm.
 Always linear support, from 1.2m post distance on all sided.
 Aspect ratio 3:1 must not be exceeded.
 No slipping of sheets allowed (use blocks).

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 Horizontal glazing: Component test
For laminated glass with tempered glass, the remaining capacity after fracture needs to be
proven in a component test.
Pressure loading
Destruction of glass layers by hitting the edge in the statically worst case.
Documentation of crack pattern and lifetime. No fragments are allowed to fall during lifetime.

Tram stop Bellvue WM 2006

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Overhead glazing / horizontal glazing

Free horizontal edge

Bad construction without

drainage edge

Good construction
with drainage edge

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 Fall protection glazing

Protection against human impact

Besides the ones of vertical glazing, puncture and free fall
protection must be assured.
In case of fracture blunt fragments and no fragments released on
public areas.
From 1m on free fall protection required.
Up to 12m height 0.9m, >12m height 1.1m
DIN 18008 Part 4:
1. Proof for static load
2. Proof for impact load

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Fall protection glazing

Category A: linear supported vertical glazing without
A supporting rail in relevant hight.

Category B: Clamped, linear supported, load bearing

B glass rails with continuous hand rail.

Category C: Fall protection glazing. C1

C2 Category C1: Railing that is supported at least at 2 opposide
sides.
Category C2: Vertical glazing below a load bearing rail, C1
supported at least at 2 opposite sides.

C3 Category C3: Glazing of type A but with forwardly spaced rail.

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C1
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Walk-on glazing

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 Walk-on glazing
Stairs, platforms, brides, roofs that can be accessed by users.
TRLV: all-sided, linear support with at least three edges and laminated glass
 Non shear interaction
 Stair cases outside of regulations.
Wear layer made of ESG/TVG t>10mm, has to be ignored for calculations ( scratches, cracks )
Mainly frosted wear layers
 psychological reasons
 Sight protection
 Anti-slip protection (DIN 51130)

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Sky Walk Tainmen Mountain,

China, 1200m free fall

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 Shear interaction
Shear interaction in laminated glass via PVB-foils leads to less stress and
deformation  consideration would be advantageous.
PVB foil hast strong temperature dependent behavior (stiffness) and tends
to creep strongly. (Tab. G(MPa) of PVB-foil). Load t<5s t<10min t<1d t<7d t<90d static
duration
T<3°C 1.86 1.44 1.01 0.84 0.62 -
T<25°C 0.54 0.37 0.19 0.12 0.03 -
T<50°C 0.32 0.09 - - - -
T<70°C 0.15 - - - - -

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Shear interaction
Due to creep, no positive shear interaction is allowed to be used.
For climatic load in insolation glazing with laminated glass the negative influence of
shear interaction has to be considered.
For impact loading the full shear interaction can be considered
 Laminated glass can be considered as monolithic plate.
Comparison between interaction/no interaction of an all side linear supported plate:

Deformation:
Foil thickness h
1
wv ,l  3 (1  2h / t ) 
2 Edge ratio a/b
  Overall thickness t=to+tu
 (1   )  4  k 
2 2
wm,l Thickness ratio to/tu
Stiffness glass E
Stress:  v ,l 4  4h / t  2 2 k Shear modulus PVB G

 m,l 3(1  2h / t ) 2  1   2 k Interaction parameter:
Plate with interaction v
  a   Eht
Monolithic plate m k  1  1.35    2
Institute for Building Materials   b   4Ga | |
 Remaining capactiy
Remaining capacity after glass failure via PVB foil  foil creeps.
 The time to failure under dead load /live load determines capacity.
Glass and support types are essential
In tempered glass, the small fragments practically can be ignored
 slack membrane.
Point mountings can break free – two-sided linear supports can slip out.

LG (laminated glass); TG (tempered glass); HSG (heat strengthened glass)

Remaining capacity after failure Remaining capacity of failed LG

LG from float All sided support

LG from TG Two-sided support

LG from HSG
Point mounting
LG from
HSG+TG Point mounting with
Wire glass
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countersunk hole | |

Case Studies:

 Rear ventilated vertical glazing with tempered glass

 Over head glazing with laminated glass
 Vertical insolation glazing

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 1st case: Vertical glazing with tempered glass

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Vertical galzing with tempered glass

 DIN 18516-4 (02.1990): Cladding for external walls, ventilated at read, tempered safety
glass: requirements, design, testing.
 Only TG with heat soak test (ESG-H), min. 6mm thick.
 Edges at least arris grinded, edge defects up to 15% of thickness (visual inspection
before installation).
 Every glass element has to be mounted by itself without constrains.
 Linear support (2-4 sided) or point support (clamped).
 Glass support depth min. 10mm (all-sided support); 15mm (2-3 sided support) or glass
thickness + 1/500*post width; 25mm (point support) clamping area min. 1000mm2/side.
 Requirement met, when bending stress<50MPa.
 Usability: Deflection of free edges<1/100*edge length (no limitation for all-sided
support).
 Load in the plane of the glass is neglected.
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 1st case: Vertical glazing with tempered glass
Point support with depth 25mm
(Wind suction) ESG-H 1785x2925
 Clamped area
(65-15)/2*80=
2000mm2 > 1000mm2

55
Design detail:
Plain sheet
Riegel Schüco
10mm
162590

M5x40
Point
Linear support with depth Bearing
15+1785/500= (clamped)

18.57mm < 20mm (wind pressure) HEA 100 M10x40 M10x25

ESG-H
15mm

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1st case: Vertical glazing from tempered glass

Material properties soda-lime glass (DIN EN 572-1):
ESG-H, 15mm; EESG = 70GPa; =0.23;  = 24kN/m3 ; Zul. ESG = 50MPa (TRLV)

Action:
Wind load (installation 3-13m above ground) (DIN 1991-1-4, Eurocode 1)
w=cpꞏq cp : Pressure-(d) or suction coefficient q: velocity pressure
Pressure coefficient: cp = 0.8 <8m: q=0.5kN/m2
Suction coefficient center: cp : =-0.56 8m<height<20: q=0.8kN/m2
Suction coefficient building edge: cp : =-2.0

Relevant height>8m:
Wind pressure: wd=eꞏcpꞏq=1.25ꞏ0.8ꞏ0.8=0.8kN/m2 (load increase 25% for local peaks)
Wind suction center: wsm=cpꞏq=-0.56ꞏ0.8=-0.45kN/m2
Wind suction edge: wsk=cpꞏq=-2.0ꞏ0.8=-1.6kN/m2

Dead load is transferred by blocks.

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 1st case: Vertical glazing from tempered glass
Stress calculation wind pressure:
Based on Kirchhoffs plate theory  Beyles tables for 2 / 4-sided supported plates
(!!w<t to be correct)

Max. stress: ∙Atꞏqꞏl2 =1ꞏ3.33ꞏ0.8ꞏ1.7822=8.49MPa < 50MPa

Max. deflection: wꞏCtꞏqꞏl4 =1ꞏ0.62ꞏ0.8ꞏ1.7824=5.0mm < 1785/100=17.85mm

At ,Ct dimensional coefficient

q area load [kN/m2] l post distance[m]
t glass thickness [mm] a/b long/short edge[m]
=a/b edge ratio , coefficient depending on 
t 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 19

At 83.33 46.88 30.00 20.83 11.72 7.5 5.21 3.33 2.08
But =
Ct 77.5 32.7 16.74 9.69 4.09 2.09 1.21 0.62 0.31
for 2-sided support
 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
w 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.8 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.9 0.91 0.92
s 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93

 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 5 6 10 50

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w 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 1 1| 1 |
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s 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.99 1 1 1 1

Excursion: FEM calculation for glass

 All load increasing influences have to be modeled exactly: Holes, cutouts, clamping,
eccentricity, deformation of support, tolerances, MOE and thickness of interlayers.
 Try to use contact elements and volume elements in the load transformation regions
 Sheets can be modeled with shell elements
 Load transfer has to correspond to reality
 Elastic interlayers MOE:
 EPDM 400MPa
 POM 3GPa
 Silicon 10MPa
 Hilti HIT-HY 4GPa (cast mortar)

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 1st case: Vertical glazing from tempered glass
Stress calculation wind suction: FEM calculation, Linear, Volume elements
Pressure above 8m, quarter Suction above 8m, building edge
model with linear support quarter model with point support
Elastic support Detail
with
contact

d,max=8.93MPa
wd,max=5.66mm

d,max=16.97MPa < 50MPa

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2nd case: Overhead glazing with laminated glass (DIN 18008)

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 2nd case: Overhead glazing with laminated glass
Problem: Overhead glazing of a station roof with laminated glass 2x8mm heat
strengthened, 2190x1090mm, all-sided linear supported.
 Use only glass products according to DIN 18008.2.
 PVB interlayer has to be at least 0.76mm thick.
 Positive effect of shear interaction can not be considered.
 Deflection of support <l/200, max. 15mm
Material properties soda-lime glass (DIN 1249-10, TRLV):
 EESG = 70GPa; =0.23;  = 25kN/m3 ; Adm. TVG = 29MPa

1 LG from 2x8mm HSG

2 Elastomer, EPDM
1 LG from 2x8mm HSG 3 IPE 160, St37-2
2 Si-Sealing 4 IPE 80, St27-2
3 IPE 160, St37-2 5 Stone cover
4 IPE 80, St27-2 6 IPE 180, St 52-3
Institute for Building Materials 5 IPE 180, St 52-3 7 2xM14 | |

6 IPE 240, St 52-3 8 IPE 240, St 52-3

2nd case: Overhead glazing with laminated glass

Action: Glass in the center with 2.6° inclination
Wind load (DIN 1991-1-4, Eurocode 1):
w=cpꞏq cp : Pressure(d) or suction coefficient q: velocity pressure
Inclination<30°no wind pressure <8m: q=0.5kN/m 2

Suction coefficient lower surface: cp = -0.8

Suction coefficient upper surface: cp = -0.6 (only use ½ since they work against the dead load)
ws,lower=cpꞏq=-0.8ꞏ0.5=-0.4kN/m2 ws,upper=cpꞏq=0.5ꞏ-0.6ꞏ0.5=-0.15kN/m2
Load always act simultaneously but in opposite direction
ws,total=ws,lower-ws,upper=0.25kN/m2
Snow load(DIN 1991-1-4, Eurocode 1, Snow zone III):
Standard snow load s0=0.75kN/m2, up to 30° snow load=standard snow load
Dead load has to be considered for all overhead glazing:
g=ꞏd=0.4kN/m2, specific weight =25kN/m3, thickness d=2x8mm
Total load (DIN 1991-1-4, Eurocode 1):
Summation of all loads, however simultaneous wind and snow loads only the max. load of
s+w/2 or w+s/2 has to be taken.
Loading case 1: g+s+w/2=0.4+0.75+0.25/2=1.275kN/m2  significant case
Institute for Building Materials Loading case 2: g+s/2+w=0.4+0.75/2+0.25=1.025kN/m2 | |
 2nd case: Overhead glazing with laminated glass
Stress calculation: Calculate individual glass sheets without shear interaction with half of the
load.  Beyle table for 4-sided linear supported plates.

Max. stress: ∙Atꞏqꞏl2 =0.81ꞏ11.72ꞏ0.5ꞏ1.275ꞏ1.092=7.19MPa < 29MPa

Max. strain: wꞏCtꞏqꞏl4 =0.78ꞏ4.09ꞏ0.5ꞏ1.275ꞏ1.094=2.87mm < 1090/100
=10.9mm
At ,Ct dimensional coefficients
q area load [kN/m2] l post distance[m]
t thickness [mm] a/b long /short edge [m]
=a/b edge ratio , coefficients depending on 
= 2190/1090=2.012.0
t 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 19
At 83.33 46.88 30.00 20.83 11.72 7.5 5.21 3.33 2.08
Ct 77.5 32.7 16.74 9.69 4.09 2.09 1.21 0.62 0.31

 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.8 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.9 0.91 0.92
 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93

 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 5 6 10 50

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 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 1 1| 1 |
1
 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.99 1 1 1 1

2nd case: Overhead glazing with laminated glass

Stress calculation: Calculate individual glass sheets without shear interaction with half of the load.
 Bachs plate equation for 4-sided loading.
Max. stress: ∙pꞏ(b/2)2/d2=2.44ꞏ1.275/2ꞏ(1.09/2)2/0.0082ꞏ1e-3=7.22MPa
Max. deflection: wꞏpꞏ(b/2)4/(Ed3)=1.77ꞏ1.275/2ꞏ(1.09/2)4/(7e7ꞏ0.0082)ꞏ1e3=2.78mm
 dimensional coefficients p area load[kN/m2]
d thickness [mm] a/b long/short edge [m] E MOE [MPa]
a/b   a/b   a/b   a/b   a/b   a/b  
1.00 1.15 0.71 1.4 1.82 1.24 1.8 2.27 1.63 2.2 2.57 1.89 2.6 2.75 2.05 3.0 2.85 2.14

1.02 1.19 0.74 1.42 1.85 1.26 1.82 2.29 1.64 2.22 2.58 1.9 2.62 2.76 2.06 3.05 2.86 2.15

1.04 1.23 0.77 1.44 1.87 1.29 1.84 2.31 1.66 2.24 2.59 1.91 2.64 2.76 2.06 3.1 2.87 2.15

1.06 1.27 0.8 1.46 1.9 1.31 1.86 2.33 1.67 2.26 2.6 1.92 2.66 2.77 2.07 3.15 2.87 2.16

1.08 1.3 0.83 1.48 1.92 1.33 1.88 2.35 1.69 2.28 2.61 1.93 2.68 2.77 2.07 3.25 2.89 2.17

1.1 1.34 0.86 1.5 1.95 1.35 1.9 2.36 1.7 2.3 2.62 1.94 2.7 2.78 2.08 3.35 2.9 2.18

1.12 1.38 0.89 1.52 1.97 1.37 1.92 2.38 1.72 2.32 2.63 1.94 2.72 2.79 2.08 3.4 2.9 2.19

1.14 1.41 0.91 1.54 2.0 1.39 1.94 2.39 1.73 2.34 2.64 1.95 2.74 2.79 2.09 3.5 2.91 2.2

1.16 1.45 0.94 1.56 2.02 1.41 1.96 2.41 1.74 2.36 2.65 1.96 2.76 2.8 2.09 3.6 2.92 2.2

1.18 1.48 0.97 1.58 2.05 1.43 1.98 2.43 1.76 2.38 2.66 1.97 2.78 2.8 2.1 3.75 2.94 2.22

1.2 1.15 1.0 1.6 2.07 1.45 2.00 2.44 1.77 2.4 2.67 1.98 2.8 2.81 2.1 3.8 2.94 2.22

1.22 1.55 1.02 1.62 2.09 1.47 2.02 2.45 1.78 2.42 2.68 1.99 2.82 2.81 2.11 3.95 2.95 2.23

1.24 1.58 1.05 1.64 2.11 1.49 2.04 2.47 1.8 2.44 2.69 1.99 2.84 2.82 2.11 4.15 2.96 2.28

1.26 1.61 1.07 1.66 2.14 1.51 2.06 2.48 1.81 2.46 2.7 2.0 2.86 2.82 2.11 4.35 2.97 2.3

1.28 1.64 1.1 1.68 2.16 1.52 2.08 2.5 1.82 2.48 2.71 2.01 2.88 2.83 2.12 4.4 2.98 -

1.3
Institute for Building Materials 1.67 1.12 1.7 2.18 1.54 2.1 2.51 1.83 2.5 2.71 2.02 2.9 2.83 2.12 4.8 2.98 - | |
1.32 1.7 1.15 1.72 2.2 1.56 2.12 2.52 1.84 2.52 2.72 2.02 2.92 2.83 2.13 4.85 2.99 -
 2nd case: Overhead glazing with laminated glass
Form a/d>50 on the membrane effect of the plate can be used.
Here a/d=1090/(2*8)68
Shell elements, reduced integration, Kirchhoff shells (thin shell theory).
 Non-linear calculation brings here no significant advantage.
 All calculations show admissible bending stress <29MPa and deflection <l/100=10.9mm

Linear calculation


wmax=2.9mm
Non-linear
calculation

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 | |
wmax=2.876mm

3rd case: Vertical insolation glazing (DIN 18008)

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 3rd case: Vertical insolation glazing DIN 18008
• In general insolation glazing needs to be designed following the DIN 18008
• Additionally climatic loads have to be considered that originate from the closed glass filling (3K
 1kN/m2 = 84m height)
• Deflections due to climatic loads in general smaller than thickness.
• Deflection limitation by producers (sealing of the edges) or l/100.
• Edges can be considered like a freely rotatable bearing.
• Coupling via the closed interspace leads to simultaneous loading of all glass sheets, depending
on their thickness and the insolation glass factor
• Shear interaction in laminated glass can additionally introduce loads.

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3rd case: Vertical insolation glazing (DIN 18008)

Vertical insolation glazing all-sided linear support. Freely rotatable support.
Window size 2977x2777  a/b=≈1.1
• Consider wind / climatic loads
• Edge defects <15% window thickness
• Support depth for all-sided linear support >10mm
• Deflection of supporting profiles <l/200, max. 15mm
Position 1
36 glass sheets

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 3rd case: Vertical insolation glazing (DIN 18008)

Wind load (DIN 1991-1-4, Eurocode 1):

w=cpꞏq cp : Pressure(d) or suction coefficient q: velocity pressure

8m<height<20m: q=0.8kN/m2
Pressure coefficient: cp = -0.8
Suction coefficient: cp = -0.5 (DIN 1055-4 6.3.1, Tab. 11 Lfd. Nr. 1,2)

Load increase factor for local pressure peaks e=1.25

wD=eꞏcpꞏq=1.25ꞏ0.8ꞏ0.8=-0.8kN/m2  significant case

ws=cpꞏq=-0.5ꞏ0.8=-0.4kN/m2

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3rd case: Vertical insolation glazing (DIN 18008)

Climatic loads (DIN18008-2): p0: +16kN/m2 summer

Climatic load of the isochoric system: p0: -16kN/m2 winter
pi=±ꞏp0
: Insolation glass factor p0: isochoric pressure in the interspace
p0=c1ꞏT-pmet+c2ꞏH, with c1=0.34 kPa/K and c2=0.012 kPa/m
T Temperature difference between fabrication
and installation site
 Height difference between fabrication and
installation site
pmet Difference of the meteorological air pressure
between fabrication and installation site

Combinations T [K] pmet H* [m] p0t kN/m2]

[kN/m2]
Summer 20 -2 600 16
Winter -25 4 -300 -16
Institute for Building Materials * If fabication and installation sites are known, real values can be considered. | |
 3rd case: Vertical insolation glazing (DIN 18008)
Climatic loads (TRLV, Anhang A):
Climatic load of an isochoric system: pi=±ꞏp0
1 a smaller edge
: Insolation glass factor:  4
 a  a* characteristic edge
1  
d SZR  d a3  di3  a*
a*  28.9  4 dSZR interspace in mm
(d a3  di3 )  BV da outside glass thickness in mm
di inside glass thickness in mm
16 103  63 BV factor (a/b) DIN 18008-2 Tab. A1
a*  28.9  4  546.05mm
(103  63 )  0.0233 Kirchhoff’s plate theory
1 for =0.23
  2777 4  a smaller edge
  1    0.00149
  546.05   b longer edge
  a/b =2777/2977=0.93

Climatic load pi=±ꞏp0=±0.00149ꞏ16=±0.0238kN/m2

 For the outer glass, the winter is more critical- (+ꞏp0) while for the inner glass the summer condition
(+ꞏp0) is more critical.
a/b 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
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BV 0.00194 0.0237 0.0288 0.035 0.0421 0.0501 0.0587 0.0676 0.0767 0.0857

3rd case: Vertical insolation glazing (DIN 18008)

Coupling of sheets (TRLV, Anhang A):
• pa,ges=aꞏi)ꞏwa + ꞏp0 + ꞏaꞏwi Winter significant
• pi,ges=) ꞏiꞏwa + ꞏp0 + ꞏai)ꞏwi Summer significant
Portion of the single sheets for the total bending stiffness:
a=da3/(da3+di3)=103/(103+63)=0.8224
i=di3/(da3+di3)=63/(103+63)=0.1776
Here wi=0:
pa,tot=aꞏi)ꞏwa + ꞏp0 =(0.8224+0.00149ꞏ0.1776)ꞏ0.8+0.00149ꞏ16=0.682kN/m2
pi,tot=) ꞏiꞏwa + ꞏp0=(1-0.00149) ꞏ0.1776ꞏ0.8+0.00149ꞏ16=0.1658kN/m2

Load on Action Portion of outer Portion of inner

sheet: sheet sheet
outer Wind wa (a+ꞏi)ꞏwa (1-) ꞏiꞏwa
Snow s (a+ꞏi)ꞏs (1+) ꞏiꞏs
inner Wind wi (1-)ꞏaꞏwi (ꞏa+i)ꞏwi

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both Isochoric pressure p0 -ꞏp0 ꞏp0 | |
 3rd case: Vertical insolation glazing (DIN 18008)
Stress calculation: Material properties soda-lime glass (DIN 1249-10;DIN 18008):
EESG = 70GPa; =0.23;  = 25kN/m3 ; Admissible HSG = 29MPa
 Beyle table for 4-sided plates

Max. stress: ∙Atꞏqꞏl2 Max. deflection: wꞏCtꞏqꞏl4

Outer sheet:
a=0.43ꞏ7.5ꞏ0.682ꞏ27772=16.96MPa ua=0.37ꞏ2.09ꞏ0.682ꞏ277724=31.36mm
Inner sheet:
i=0.43ꞏ20.83ꞏ0.1658ꞏ27772=11.45MPa ui=0.37ꞏ9.69ꞏ0.1658ꞏ27774=35.35mm

At ,Ct dimensional coefficients

q area load [kN/m2] l post distance[m]
t thickness [mm] a/b long/short edge[m]
=a/b edge rations , coefficient depending on 
t 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 19

At 83.33 46.88 30.00 20.83 11.72 7.5 5.21 3.33 2.08

Ct 77.5 32.7 16.74 9.69 4.09 2.09 1.21 0.62 0.31 = a/b=2977/27771.1
 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

 
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0.31 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.8 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.9 0.91 0.92
| |

 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.64 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.91 0.92 0.93

3rd case: Vertical insolation glazing (DIN 18008)

Outer sheet:
a=0.43ꞏ7.5ꞏ0.682ꞏ27772=16.96MPa
ua=0.37ꞏ2.09ꞏ0.682ꞏ27772=31.36mm
Inner sheet:
i=0.43ꞏ20.83ꞏ0.1658ꞏ27774=11.45MPa ui=0.37ꞏ9.69ꞏ0.1658ꞏ27774=35.35mm

For vertical insolation glazing No deflection limitation

18MPa+15% = ad=20.7MPa but deflections of 1/88 or 1/78
 16.96MPa < 20.7MPa have to be approved by
 11.45MPa < 20.7MPa producer.

Insolation glass,10mm Glass type Overhead Vertical galzing

FG, 16mm inter spacing, Strength [MPa] glazing
6mm FG
TG from float glass 50 50

Support profile
TG from cast glass 37 37

Fritted TG 30 30
Pressure cap
with sealing Float glass 12 18

Cast glass 8 10

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| |
 Summary:

Glass in architecture
Glass chemistry
Glass physics
Glass forming and processing
Glass products in civil engineering
Glass in constructions

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Thank you for your attention.

Institute for Building Materials | 09.09.2013 | 64

 Glass Overhead Vertical
type glazing galzing
TG from 50 50
float glass
TG from 37 37
cast glass
Fritted TG 30 30

Float 12 18
glass
Cast glass 8 10

LG from 15 22.5
float

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Institute for Building Materials | |

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