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GRAMMAR NOTES

UNIT ONE (1)

In unite one there are exercises on the simple present tense and
present continuous tense and superlative adjective.

1.1 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The present continuous tense is formed with the present form of To

(Be) and the (ING) form of the verb.

AFFIRMATIVE FORMULA

Subject +am is are + verb +ing +object + adverb of time

1. I am cooking dinner now Can you phone back later

2. you are checking the numbers
3. she is parking her car
4. we are looking for stolen goods
5. they are waiting for an answer

There are full forms and contracted forms

1. I am …………………………=I’m
2. We are ………………….. = we’re
3. You are ……………………= you’re
4. He is ……………………….= he’s
5. She is ………………………….= she’s
6. It is ………………………………..= it’s
7. They ……………………………= they’re

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 Al-jazeera secondary s welcomes you with open hands
.. Grammar Form four
= Rules of the Present Continuous Tense
1. Verb +ing is called present participle
2. Am cannot be used with not short
3. Some verbs cannot be added ing and they are called perception verbs
4. Infinitive ending in –E lose the –E and add –ing
5. Infinitive ending in –IE change to y and add –ing
6. If the infinitive has two syllables and is stress on the second the final
consonant is doubled
You use the present continuous tense
1. For what is happening at the moment of speaking
2. For what is going on now before now and after now
I am studying French this year

Note: sentences of this type refer to past, present, and future activity

3. for planned events in the future

 I am meeting tom at 4 pm tomorrow
For expressing annoyance at people’s habitual behavior in
combination with such as always, constantly forever
 our neighbor is always having noisy parties

1.2 Simple present tense

You use simple present tense: EXAMPLES

1. Habitual states and activities 1. He catches the train everyday

2. Thing which is facts 2. lions eat meat
3. Future facts 3. the train leaves at 10 a, m tomorrow
4. Jokes and dramatic stories 4. This man comes in and

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1.3 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Comparison: is how we compare things animals or people are similar or

different

Adjective: is a word which adds meaning to noun and tell us about the
quantity, quality, number, colours , size , shape or anything else of noun

There are three degrees of comparison

1. Simple degree 2. Comparative degrees 3 superlative degrees

Simple Degree

The simple degree compares two nouns of similar quality it is

subdivided in to two parts

Simple degree

1. POSITIVE 2. NEGATIVE

Positive: as+ adjective+ as show sameness

Examples

1. This test is as difficult as the last one

2. Daa’uud is as tall as deeq

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Negative: not+ as +adjective +as to show inequality this is if we want
to tell that persons animals or things are not similar

Examples

1. This chair is not as comfortable as that chair

2. Barwaqo is not so as pretty as Basra
3. The shirt is not so as beautiful as the jacket

The comparative degree

Compares more than two nouns of different quality

Examples

1. salman is the youngest boy in the class

2. Mohamed is the cleverest of the students
Formation of the comparative and superlative adjectives

Rule. 1. Most adjectives with one syllable are those there comparative
degrees by adding [ER or R] and their superlative degree by adding
[EST. or ST] to the simple degree

Positive comparative superlative

High higher highest

Strong stronger strongest

Short shorter shortest

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Rule 2: when the positive ends in [E] only [R] and [ST] are added to
form the comparative and superlative

Positive comparative superlative

Wise wiser wisest

Large larger largest

Noble nobler noblest

Rule 3: if the last three letters of the adjective are (CVC) the last
consonant would be doubled and add [ER] and [EST]

Positive comparative superlative

Big bigger biggest

Fit fitter fittest

Hot hotter hottest

Sad sadder saddest

Rule 4. If the positive ending Y and the y is preceded by a consonant

the [y] is changed into [I ] and [ER] and (EST] are added to form the
comparative and superlative

Positive comparative superlative

1. Happy happier happiest

2. Heavy heavier heaviest
3. Lovely lovelier loveliest

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Rule 5: all adjectives with two and more syllables add more and most
as a prefix

Positive comparative superlative

Pleasant more pleasant most pleasant

Courageous more courageous most courageous

Hard working more hard working most hardworking

Successful more successful most successful

Some Adjective from their comparatives and superlative is an in

irregular way

Positive comparative superlative

Bad worse worst

Good better best

Little less least

Many more most

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Exercise

Present continuous tense and simple present tense

A : choose a verb from the box to complete the following sentences use
the verb in either the present continuous tense or simple present
Meet making melts, wears, see, paying

1. They ………………………………………... Every afternoon at 4 pm

2. I ………………………….…. Said jama so that is why you keep it
3. Sam Sam always …………....………..rubber glove s to do washing up
4. Mss ayan is ……………….……………. Address for her daughter’s
wedding
5. You just put two ice cubes in a glass and then what happen the ice
………………………..
6. Look he is ………………………….……. In cash I wonder why

B: sentence needs present continuous tense and simple

present tense note use the same verb in each sentence

A. Jackie, are you ………………… …….For the party after the concert
B. Do you …………………….. In hotels when you visit Paris (stay)
C. Do you …………………. A lot of fish in your country (eat)
D. Are we …………………….. This s teak for lunch today Mona or shall I
put it in the freezer?
E. What a lovely smell what are you ……………………… Nimao ( cook)
F. You are very quiet. What are you ………………………..about [think]
G. Do you ………………………………………….to work every day (walking)

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C. What Is the Correct Verb an Each Sentences
Under Line Them from Each Bracket

1. Tom is …………………………*make, makes, making, ] a model of the

ship. The Santa Maria to enter in the competition
2. Jennifer [make, makes, making ] wedding dresses for well known
designers
3. He [pay, paying, pays] all his restaurant bills with his credit card
4. Are you [eat, eating, eats] lunch now
5. It is ten o’clock and he is still in the bed does he
………………[sleeping, slept, sleep] as late as this every morning
6. Is the baby still,[Sleeping, sleeps, sleep] I will try not to make a noise

Exercise 1.4

A: Bring the superlative from of the adjective superlative

1. I have never heard a funnier joke 1. funniest

2. Richard has never lifted a heavier weight before 2. …………………
3. We have never eaten more delicious meal 3…………………..
4. We have never had a drier summer 4…………………
5. Mousse had never handled a more poisonous 5 …………………
6. I have never Owned a more accurate watch 6 …………………
7. John had never heard a more outrageous proposal 7…………………
8. The doctor had never been called to a worse accident 8…………………
9. She has never heard a more ridiculous excuse 9…………………
10. He had never seen a worse film 10. …………………
11. Margaret had never received a nicer birth day present 11. ………

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B: Complete each sentence by changing the
adjective in the bracket into the correct from

1. Who is the …………………………………of the tree student? [Good]

2. Of the tree books. The red on is the ……………………….[light]
3. The piano is the most …………………instrument to play [difficult]
4. Abebi drives …………………………than she does[carefully]
5. Hamada’s car is …………………………than Halima’s car [expensive]

C: Choose the right word

1. Who is …………………………………….film actor in the word

a. The better
b. a better
c. the best
d. a best
2. one syllable words add ………………………….or…………………
a. –er /r
b. Er /est
c. R /st
d. None
3. The tea is too hot to drunk
a. This means that is possible to drink
b. This means that is impossible to drink
c. This means that is imaginary to drink
d. None

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 Al-jazeera secondary s welcomes you with open hands
.. Grammar Form four
UNIT TWO (2)
This unit covers the simple past tense, countable and uncountable nouns.

2.1. Simple Past Tense

Describing states and actions in the past which the speaker regards as complete

Example: when did you meet him? We met him in 1970.

For describing hypothetical situations which have not yet happened

Examples:

1. It is time we left
2. I wish I knew the answer
2.2. Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Countable noun: is a noun that can be counted
Uncountable noun: is a noun that cannot be counted

Examples

1. Two boys are dancing [ countable noun ]

2. I drank much tea [uncountable noun ]

Note: how many is used for countable nouns

How much is used for uncountable nouns
NB: In many European languages this is plural countable noun (traffic, advice)

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Exercise

A: complete the following dialogues using the verb in the box use
simple past tense and present perfect tense

Hide, chosen, met, seen, found

Refused. Leave, do, brought eat

1. Did johns plane …………………………………………..……………….. On time?

2. Yes it did, but the airline …………………….……… To take one of his bag
so I ……………………………………. It back here what shall we do with it.
3. The police haven’t …………………………..……..The money yet, have they?
4. No the robber ………………………. It straight after the robbery.
5. Have you ……………………………………………….. Elizabeth recently?
6. No I haven’t we ……………………………. For lunch three weeks ago
7. What did jack…...…………..……With the letter when you give it to him?
8. Has the coach …………………………….. Mohamed for next Sunday’s team
have you ………………………….. in this food before

B: Multiple Choice Questions

1. I ……… new fridge yesterday, it was reduced in the sale

a. Buy
b. Bought
c. did bought
d. has bought

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2. The lake ……………… a few days ago and people are skating on it now.
a. Freeze c. did froze
b. froze d. has bought

3. Ahmed has ………………. The GCSE examination

a. pass c. passes
b. passed d. passing
4. Basher didn’t ………………………. To university.
a. Went c. going
b. Go d. gone
5. peter …………………… in Barcelona from in 1981 to 1989
a. Lived c. lives
b. Live d. living
6. Roderick ……………….. on June and no one has ……………….. him
a. Vanish c. vanishes a. seen c. saw
b. Vanished d. none b. see d. none
7. When one of the pipes burst last winter I didn’t ………….. it myself the
plumber did
a. Repair c. repairing
b. Repaired d. has repaired
8. We ……………. All our own vegetable before yesterday
a. Ate c. eaten
b. Eat d. eating
9. Basher and jam…..…… When they were at school together
a. Meet c. meeting
b. Met d, meets

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C: Change These Sentence In To Interrogative

1. You did leave home Mr. Campbell

What time ……………………………………………….………………………………..?
2. You did lock the door
……………………………………………………………………………….………………...?
3. You did go
Where ……………………………………………………………………………….…....?
4. You did see first of all
What …………………………………………………………………………..……….....?
5. You returned home
What time ………………………………………………………………..…………….?
6. You did know something was wrong
How ……………………………………………………………………………………....?
7. You called the police

When ……………………………………………………………………………………?

8. You spoke to anyone else

…………………………………….…………………………………….…………………?
9. The burglars chose your house

Why……………………………………….…………………………………………………?

1o. the burglars stole

What …………………………………………………………………………………..?

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2.2. Divide these words into two groups’. Words which are normally
countable and words which are normally uncountable
People , pen ,news ,information , feet , rice ,children , luggage
, teeth, money, sheep, luck, mice , spaghetti, water ,apple
Countable noun uncountable noun
1.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
5.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
6.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..B
B:complete these sentences with (much and many)
1. john was not able to give me Very ………………………………..Advice
2. not ………………………….people came to the party
3. how ……………………….spaghetti shall I cook
4. there isn’t ………………………...news in this news paper it just scandal
about film stars
5. I didn’t think there would be so…………………….traffic on this road
6. How ……………………….legs has a centipede got
7. We don’t have …………………………information about this product
8. Hamda didn’t have …………………………..luck in the competition
9. Mss Tayo does not have ………………….of her own teeth left
10. This passenger doesn’t seem to have …………………….luggage
11. Not …………………sheep survived the extreme weather conditions
12. We haven’t got …………………..money left so don’t be extravagant

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 Al-jazeera secondary s welcomes you with open hands
.. Grammar Form four
UNIT THREE (3)

In unit three you look the past continuous tense and simple past tense

Hope and expect, gain , win and earn, to be used, to get used to,
become used to

3.1 Past continuous tense

You use the past continuous tense for

Describing ongoing actions and events when we are not concerned

about when they started or when they finished often it describes the
back ground to another event

Example: I was reading when I heard loud noises from next door

For arrangements in the past

Example: we were leaving at dawn

When you use the past continuous to describe the back ground against
which a simple past action takes place It doesn’t matter what the order
of tenses in the sentence is

Example

1. He found some gold coins when he was walking In the forest

2. when he was walking in the forest he found some gold coins

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3. 2. HOPE AND EXPECT

Expect: when you use the word expect you are almost certain or have a
very good reason to believe that something will in fact happen. You
have prior knowledge that makes you think the event is almost certain

Examples

1. She is expecting a baby. (Because she is a pregnant)

2. we expect john to pass the exam because he is a bright student
3. We expected him to arrive at 9.a.m this was the arrangement

HOPE: when you use the word hope you say what you want to happen
but you are not certain

Examples.

1. I hope I get the job [but I might not]

2. she is hoping to have baby [but she is pregnant yet]
3. I hope to arrive by 6 pm (but I am not sure)

3.3. GAIN, WIN, EARN

GAIN: you use gain to express the idea of increase

Example:

1. he gained a lot of experience

2. the car gained speed
3. she gained reputation for efficiency

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WIN: you use win to express the idea of victory

Example: He won the race

EARN: you use earn with reference to money. She earns 50.000 a year

3.4. USED TO , GET USED TO , BECOME USED TO .

If you not used to doing something then you feel uncomfortable when
you do it because you have not done it very often. if you are used to
doing something then you feel very comfortable doing it and probably
find it easy became you have done it many times before it is possible
however that you will never get used to doing some things even if you
do them many times because you dislike those things so much
example: for three years I got up at 5 .am. But I never got used to it this
means that getting up early was always difficult and strange even after
three years.

Note: remember that these expressions refer to how you feel.

. Not to the number of times you have done something

GET AND BECOME..

Refer to the process of change and often occur in continuous and

perfect tense

Example:

1. john isn’t used to driving a car

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 Al-jazeera secondary s welcomes you with open hands
.. Grammar Form four
This means that john has not driven the car [much] before and is not
enjoying it because he finds the controls very different from his normal car if
he drives the car for long enough however he will be able to say example: I
have got used to driving it now this means that he has now reached the
state of feeling comfortable and at ease when driving the cars.

EXERCISE A: complete these dialogues using a verb in simple past

tense and past continuous tense use the words in the box you can use
some verbs more than once

Working, stopped, rehearing, waiting, decided, went,

Arrest, left, doing, writing, making, thought

1. what was Sarah …………………….when you ……………………. to her house

2. she was ………… ………..a report but she ……………………. doing that and
we went out for a meal
3. What was john …………………………………….. When you phoned him
4. I don’t know but he ………….. ………… …whatever he was doing and
…………………….round to my house immediately
5. how long were you ……………………………………. the play last night
6. Unit 10 pm but were not …………………………… much progress so we
…………………………….. to stop
7. did the police ………………………………………………. jack at his hotel
8. No later when he was …………. ……………….. For a train
9. Were the others still ………………………. When you ……………..The office
10. yes they were I ……………………… back after an hour and we
…………………………………………… until 10 pm

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 Al-jazeera secondary s welcomes you with open hands
.. Grammar Form four
B: complete these sentences put one verb in the simple past tense and
one in the past continuous tense look carefully at the meaning of the
sentences and the order of tenses

1. I was ……………………………………. at books in a second hand book shop

when I …………………… a rare first edition *look , find ]
2. Janet was …………………………... Her essay when she ……………. …… A
spelling mistake [ check , spot ]
3. Peter was ………………………….. On the lake when the ice ………………..
. [skate , give away ]
4. Sarah …………… ………………her ankle when she was …………….Hockey
[twist , play ]
5. John …………………… at 200 k/ah when a police car ………………….. him
[drive , overtake ]
6. I was ………………………….. An art exhibition when I …………….. … An old
friend [ visit , meet ]
7. I was ……………………………..… when a beach ball ………….. Me on the
head [ sun bathe , hit ]
8. The minister was ……………….………….. Speech when someone in the
crowd …………………………... an egg [make , throw ]
9. nick ……………………………………… his finger when he was ……………….
onions [ cut , peel]
10. A thief ………………………… Mr. Brown’s wallet when he was
………………………. The parade * steal , watch ]
11. The soldier was ………………………….. Towards the enemy position
when a sniper……………………….him in the leg [ run ,shoot ]

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 Al-jazeera secondary s welcomes you with open hands
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A: complete the sentences with

(Hope, expect, wait for, or look forward to)

1. We have been ………………………………………… Tim since 80 clock but he
still has not got here
2. Mary’s ………………………………………… a baby at end of may
3. Anna is ………………………………………………. To visit china next year but
the trip has not yet been confirmed
4. I ……………………………………………... I will get there in time but with this
bad weather I don’t ………………………………………….. I will
5. I ……………………………………. Robert will be late he usually is
6. Do you think Richard well be at the party I …………………………... Not
7. sally …………………………………………. her mother to tidy up her room
8. I was not ………………………………….. My visit to the dentist but it was
not really that bad.
Complete the sentences with (gain, win or earn)
1 how do you intend to ……………………………………………..……your living
2 He has never ……………………………………………….. a prize in his life
3 Sally knew the job wasn’t well paid but decided to take it in order to
……………………………………………. Experience
4 The actor’s performance in the film ……………………….. Him many fans
5 What do you stand to ……………………. From undertaking this project
6 It s always better to ……………………………………………………. Than to loss
7 The baby …………………………………………….... weight steadily
8 She has had to ……………………………………... every penny she has spent

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Grammar notes

Unit four (4)

This unit looks at ways of talking about the future, other, the other,
another, others, journey, trip, etc, and so and neither.

4.1 THE FUTURE

There are a number of ways of talking about the future in English.

For things that you have already formed the intention of doing before
you speak about them, use going to

Example

1. I am going to apply for that job.

For arrangements that you have already made, and which might be in
your dairy use the present continuous tense

Example

1. I am meeting Mr. Thomas at 3.30 tomorrow

For things which happen at fixed times in the future and my appear on
time table and itineries use simple present tense

Example

1. Your flight leaves at 10 am tomorrow

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Will

For things that you spontaneously decide to do and say as soon as you
think of them use will

Example

1. The case looks very heavy. I will help you carry it.
(be careful not say I help. in these situations The simple present
tense is not correct for spontaneous offers and responses

Facts about the future

Example

1. I will see you on Tuesday

2. You will receive the goods early next week

We can you use will for requests

Examples

1. Will you come this way please? [would, should are also possible ]

Will: can be used in short answers

Example

a. Will you come to my party?

b. Yes I will (expressing agreement to do something)

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FUTURE

Simple future tense Future continuous tense

Future perfect tense

When you are imagining now future activities use Future continuous.

Example
1. This time next year, we’ll be working in a different office
2. I will be listening to the teacher
3. You will be playing football all Friday
4. She will be swimming in the sea all tomorrow

Note: Will not short form became *won’t+

Won’t is used to express refusal it is used for both people and things

Example

1. I won’t do as you say

2. The machine won’t give me my money back

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Exercise

Now choose the best response there may be one or two good answers

1. When is your meeting with Mr. Thomas?

a. I’ll see him at 10 a m tomorrow
b. I’m seeing him at 10 a m tomorrow
c. I see him at 10 a m tomorrow
2. What time is your train?
a. it leaves at 7:30 p m
b. It’s going to leave at 7:30 p m
c. it is leaving at 7:30 p m
3. I’m going to phone for a pizza do you want one?
a. yes I’ll have one too
b. yes I m going to have one too
c. yes I have one too
4. good bye
a. good bye I’m going to see you soon
b. good bye I’ll see you soon
c. good bye I see you soon
5. ………. And what about the third day of our tour of mogul India?
a. on the third day you travel by train to agra
b. on the third day you are going to travel by train to agra
c. on the third day you ll be travelling by train to agra
6. look at the skater I think she s in danger
a. Yes, the ice breaks
b. Yes, there ice is going to break
c. Yes, the ice will break

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7. you must be looking forward to going
a. yes this time next week I’ll be spending all day on the beach
b. yes this time next week I’m spending all day on the beach
c. yes this time next week I spend all day on the beach
8. bill is standing for election next month isn’t he
a. yes but he doesn’t win
b. yes but he won’t win
c. yes but he won’t be winning
9. john is getting very nervous why is that
a. He’ll perform in concert on Saturday
b. He’s performing in the concert on Saturday
c. He’ll be performing in the concert on Saturday

10. you like Charles dickens don’t you

a. Yes next year I ‘ll read all his novels again

b. Yes next year I ‘m going to read all his novels again
c. Yes next year I ‘m read all his novels again
11 Does Michael know about the change of date
a. No, but if see him I’m going to tell him
b. No, but if I see him I ‘m going to tell him
c. No, but I seen him I ‘ll be telling him
12 Have you bought your new house yet
a. Yes we are moving in the next mouth
b. Yes, we I’ll move in the next mouth
c. Yes, we move in next month

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4.2 THE OTHER, ANOTHER

You say the other when there are two items

Examples

1. Here is one glove where is the other one

2. Some children have arrived but where are the other children?
3. The two brothers’ laughed to each other (two persons)

Note:

Be careful not to make[other]plural when it’s followed by a plural noun

Example

1. You say the other girl [singular]

2. The other girls [plural]

We use another when we choose the second or third item from a group
Example

1. We managed to get another person in to the car

2. Students made practice one another

The others =refers to a known group of people

Example

1. Six of us are here but where are the others?

Others =refers an unknown group of people

Example: Many others had failed to reach the South Pole but a
Amundsen succeed

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Exercise

Complete these sentences with

. . (Other, another, the others, others)

One of his sons became a politician and……………………… a famous writer

1. That was a very nice cup of tea. Can I have ……………………………..one.

2. There are only two cakes left –you have one and I‘ll have
……………………………………………
3. I’ve found one of my shoes but I can’t find ………………………………one.
4. Let’s stop and rest ………………………………………….will soon catch us up
5. ……………..mountaineers had climbed the mountain but only Hans
had done it alone
6. She saw her ex –boyfriend on ……………………………………..side the room
7. I saw Michael just …………………………………………..day in Hyde park
8. Heather goes to her cottage in the country every ………………weekend
9. We looked at each ……………………………………….in amazement
10. I have done all I can, said professor Wright
……………………………….must finish my work.

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1.3. Words to do with travel Go from one place.

. To anther
Trip

Cruise Journey

Travel
Pilgrimage
Voyage

Flight

Word meaning

1. Voyage used for a journey by sea

2. journey is on land by train, or car
3. cruise is a holiday on a ship
4. Trip means going somewhere,
5. flight is by air
6. Trip is two journeys [going and coming back]
7. Religious journey pilgrimage
Noun verb adjective
Travel travel travel

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Complete the sentences with one of these words. You
will need to use some words more than once

Trip, journey, travel, travels,

voyage, flight, pilgrimage, cruise

1. Mr. and Mrs. Edwards went on a four week Mediterranean

………………………..….during which they visited several interesting ports
2. I really enjoyed reading the ………………………………of Marco polo
3. When she finished her ………………………………………and tourism course
at college luck got a job as a ………………………………agent
4. Joseph loves going on …………………….to place of religious significance
5. During the ……………………………….the pilot left his cabin and spoke to
the passengers
6. Next week Mr. hard will be away on a business ………………..to Berlin
7. People say that ……………………………….broadens the mind
8. Columbus ‘s first ……………………………….across the Atlantic took just
over five weeks
9. Alan hated his long ……………………………………………..to work every day
10. Bernard said that the
…………………………………….would be quicker if we took the motorway

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1.4. So neither [or, nor]
You use both of these words to agree with what someone has said
so agree with positive statements

Example

1. I like cats. so do I If you want to disagree you say I don’t

Neither agrees with negative statements

Example

1. I didn’t go to the concert neither did I

If you wish to disagree you say I did

Note = you use the auxiliary verb followed by the pronoun or noun in
the case of model verbs the same verb.

Example

1. I must go now. so must I

2. She can’t swim. neither can her brother

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Grammar notes

Unit five (5)

This unit looks at sentences beginning with If .

5.1. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional sentences have two parts if clause and main clause.

Example

1. If you buy a television this month, we will give you free video
recorder.
2. You will not have to pay a fine if you bring your library books back
tomorrow
3. If you come on time , we shall go to see a film

There are three kinds of conditional sentences and they are

1. Possible conditional sentence

2. Imaginary conditional sentence
3. Impossible conditional sentence

Possible conditional sentence

The first kind of sentence practiced in this unit has the pattern

If +simple present +will +infinitive

1. If you wait a moment , I will get the parcel

2. If Chelsea play as they usually do, they will win the match
3. If you ask him , he will tell you the answer

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It refers to things that the speaker thinks are likely or almost certain to
happen if a condition is met
the second example: of the speaker clearly expects Chelsea to win

When the if clause begins a sentence, you put a comma at the end of
the clause

When the if clause ends a sentence you do not put a comma.

Example

1. If you work hard , you will succeed

2. You will succeed if you work hard

You can use the other present tenses and model verbs in this type of
sentence

Examples

1. If you are thinking of buying a new television , you will get a bargain
at TV super store
2. If you buy ten , you can get a discount
Imaginary conditional sentence
The second kind of sentence has the pattern
If + simple past+ would +infinitive
1. If I had enough money , I would lend it
2. If I were rich, I would help you
Impossible conditional sentence
If people had joined hands they would have succeed

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EXERCISE

A: Now complete these sentences

Note: there are many possible answers

1. …………………………………………………………….we will miss the train

2. …………………………………………………………….I will arrived about 10 am
3. ………………………………………………………..….you will not catch malaria
4. ……………………………..he will have a good chance of winning the race
5. If you lift weight regularly ……………………………………………………………….
6. If you follow this diet ……………………………………………………………………….
7. What …………………………………….if I sing an exclusive correct whit you
8. If I drive your children to school to day ……………………………………….?.
9. What …………………………………………………if we press this button

B: Look closely at the verb from what forms are used

a. If I knew the answer , I would tell you

b. I would telephone her. if I knew her number
c. If we touched the electric fence , we would get a shock
d. John wouldn’t give money to beggars. even if he were a millionaire
Answer:
1. …………………………………………………………………………….
2. …………………………………………………………………………..
3. …………………………………………………………………………..
4. ………………………………………………………………………….

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C: Match the two halves of the sentences

1. If the rent goes up a. I would feel guilty
2. If we don’t repair it now b. I would invest the money in share
3. If she doesn’t quality as a doctor c. martin would repay the loan
4. If you don’t hurry up d. the horses will became exhausted
5. If we refused to obey these orders e. john will leave his flat
6. If he had the money f. we’ll leave without you
7. If you don’t let them rest g. the birds would eat the fruit on the tree
8. If I had 100.000 h. what would happen to us
9. If we didn’t protect it i. what job will sahra do
10. If a lied to terry j. the roof will leak next winter

Answers

1. …………………………
2. …………………………..
3. ……………………………
4. ……………………………..
5. …………………………….
6. ………………….…………
7. ……………….……………
8. ……………….…………..
9. ………………………….
10. ……………………

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D: Complete the sentences

1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
I would buy my own personal jet
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.I would grow my own vegetables
3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
There would be crocodiles in England Rivers.
4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
We would get stuck in the morning traffic jams
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.if we bought this house and redecorated it
6. If I had enough time
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. If I understood Russian
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. If john knew who the thief was
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
If I told you the secret
10. ……………………………………………………………..
If someone stole your passport

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Grammar notes

Unit six (6)

This unit looks at:

1. the passives,
2. Anybody, nobody etc.,
3. Must be , could be,
4. Too. Enough

6 .1 The passive voice

At the end of this unit you will be able

= define active voice

=define passive voice
= identify the difference between passive and active
= change these active sentences in to passive voice sentences

Active voice

A sentence generally begins with performer of the action (subject) then

the (verb) then the (object) or (person) the action is performed on this
is called active voice sentence. When the sentence begins with the doer
of the action we say it is active.

Example: john cleaned the room

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Passive voice

If we begin the sentence with the object or person that action is

performed on we formulate a passive sentence.
When the sentence begins the object of sentence we say it is passive voice

Active voice: john cleaned the room

Passive voice: the room was cleaned by john
1. John slept well
2. John lives far away

Note: This type of sentence cannot be changed in passive voice

When should we use the passive voice?

1. We do not know who the subject is or it is not important who the

subject is
Example: active voice: somebody cleaned the room
Passive voice: the room was cleaned
2. When it is obvious to the listener or reader who the subject is
because it is the person who usually does it
3. Transforming sentences from active to passive and vice versa is a
popular examination task remember however that the reason for
using the passive is that we want to start the sentence with the most
important thing
Active voice: lightning killed professor brown
we say: passive voice: professor brown was killed by lightning
because professor brown is more important than the lightning this
sentence would sound strange if you transformed it into the active

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another reason for using the passive is when you do not know who
did something(subject)
We say: my car was stolen because we do not know who stole and
even if we did we might not want to mention that person first.

Note1: if you want to mention the subject in passive sentence use (by).

My room is being painted by the decorator

Note 2: if the active sentence begins with (no one) an (nobody) the
passive sentence will be negative

Example:

1. active voice: no one turned on the light

2. Passive voice : the light was not turned on

Note 3: if there is a preposition between the verb and the object the
preposition will remain after the verb

Example:

1. Active voice : they talked about the issue

Passive voice: the issue was talked about
=how to formulate the passive voice?
1. Put the object of the verb at beginning of your sentence.
2. Conjugate the auxiliary verb in the same tense as the active sentence
3. Put the main verb in the past participle form

Sentences can be transformed into the passive by following four very

simple rules

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Example:

1. Active voice :the police took the documents away

Passive voice: the documents were taken away by the police

Step 1: Identify the object [the documents] and write it down the
documents………………..

Step 2: look at the active sentence and notice the tense of the verb
it is simple past so write down the simple past form of to be remember
that documents is plural so you need to write down were the
documents were ………………..

Step 3: write down the past particle of the verb the past particle of
took is taken

Step 4 : The documents were taken away…………….

consider whether you need to say by followed by the subject of the
original sentence * the police + it isn’t always necessary but in this case
it is the documents were taken away by the police

Example:

1. active voice: the post man delivers the mail

Passive voice: the mail is delivered
2. Active voice : the decorator is painting my room
Passive voice: my room is being painted
3. Active voice : someone stole the money
Passive voice: the money was stolen

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Note1: if you want to mention the subject in passive sentence use (by).

My room is being painted by the decorator

Note 2: if the active sentence begins with (no one) an (nobody) the
passive sentence will be negative

Example:

3. active voice: no one turned on the light

4. Passive voice : the light was not turned on

Note 3: if there is a preposition between the verb and the object the
preposition will remain after the verb

Example:

2. Active voice : they talked about the issue

Passive voice: the issue was talked about
THE PASSIVE OF DIFFERENT TENSES

Tense active voice passive voice

1. Present continuous tense I am doing it it is being done

2. Simple present tense I do it it is done
3. Simple past tense I did it it was done
4. Simple future tense I will do it it will be done
5. Past continuous tense I was doing it it was being done
6. Present perfect tense I have done it it has been done
7. Past perfect tense I had done it it had been done
8. Future perfect tense I will have done it it will have been done

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Tense active voice passive voice

1. Present perfect continuous tense I have been doing it not common
2. Past perfect continuous tense I had been doing it not common
3. Future continuous tense I will be doing it not common

Common mistakes

There are four common mistakes

Changing the tense to a similar tense

Example:

1. Active voice: somebody has reported the incident

Passive voice: the incident were reported (wrong)
Active voice: they are going to build a mosque
Passive voice: a mosque will be built (wrong)

Forgetting the auxiliary verb

Example:
1. Active voice : somebody has reported the incident
Passive voice: the incident have reported (wrong)
Using the present participle instead of past participle

Example:

1. Active voice: Somebody has reported the incident

Passive voice: the incident has been reporting (wrong)

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Plural /singular confusion
Example:
1. Active voice : someone has reported the incidents
Passive voice: the incidents has been reported (wrong)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE IN PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice it has four auxiliary verbs [am is are + being]

Affirmative formula

Object +am is are + being + past participle +by + subject

1. Active voice : I am listening the teacher

Passive voice: the teacher is being listened by me
2. Active voice :you are respecting me
Passive voice: I am being respected by you
3. Active voice : my mother is given us money
Passive voice: we are being given money by my mother

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Exercise
1. active voice: I am listening to radio
2. Passive voice ……………………………………………………………………………..
3. active voice : Eid is fixing the roof of his house
4. Passive voice: ………………… ……………………………………………………….
5. Active voice: he is working his office
6. Passive voice …………………………………………………………………………..
7. active voice: I am going to al-Huda secondary school
8. Passive voice ………………………………………………………………………..
9. active voice : she is watching a film
Passive voice …………………………………………………………………….
Active voice: he is speaking English and Somali
Passive voice ……………………………………………………………………….
Active voice: salman is buying it
Passive voice …………………….. …………………………………………………………
Active voice: niciima is buying the cheap cloth
Passive voice ………………………………………………………………………………..
Active voice: you are reading your lessens
Passive voice ………………………………………………………………………………..
Active voice: I am calling them
Passive voice ………………………………………………………………………………
Active voice: ahmed is killing me
Passive voice: …………………………………………………………………………….

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The interrogative formula

Am is are + object +being + past participle +by +subject

Example

1. Active voice: are they visiting us?

Passive voice: are we being visited by them?

Exercise

A: Change into passive voice

1. Active voice: am I reading a lesson now?
Passive voice: …………………………………………………….……………………
2. Active voice: is asha abusing me?
Passive voice: ……………………………………………………………. ………………..
3. Active voice: are you coming home?
Passive voice …………………………………………………….…………………………
4. Active voice: is he growing rice?
Passive voice ……………………………………………………. ……………………….
5. Active voice: is ahmed working at bank?
Passive voice …………………………………………………………………………….
6. Active voice is it eating meat?
Passive voice: ………………………………………………………….. ……………..
7. Active voice: are we selling computers?
Passive voice ……………………………………………………….…………………….

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A : complete each sentences using a passive form in
an appropriate tense use the verbs in brackets

1. Passengers cannot get on the train now.

2. Because ………………………………………………………………. *Clean+
3. People thing he committed suicide but Miss Maple believes
…………………………………………………………………………..….…… *murder +
4. The candidates …………... Still………………… ………………….... *interview+
5. I came by bus because my car …………………….……………… yet [ repair ]
6. deliveries …………………………………..………… every Tuesday * make+
7. As far as I can see nothing …………………… ……………………….. From the
office said the manager [ steal]
8. The car ……………… still ……………………………….……. When I arrived to
collect it [clean ]
9. The captain told me that the island ………………………….………..……. For
ten years [not in habit]
10. Everything possible ……………………….. To save
the patient we are still hopeful said the doctor [ do ]
11. we expect that all the painting in the
exhibition ……………………………………………..… by the last day [sell]
12. When I want to the shop I …………………………….
That the photos ………………… yet ………………….……. [tell, not develop]
13. All employees ……………………….……… to talk to
the press but many did so [ forbid ]
14.
As soon as he looked at her face tom realized
………………………………………………………..…………. [Not forgive)

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B: Complete each sentence using a passive form in
an appropriate tense use the verbs in bracket

1. …………………..The missing document …………………………….. Yet? *find+

2. …… …………………. The painting ………………… By next Friday *not finish)
3. …… …………. The new procedures …………..……. To you yet? explain+
4. ……….………………. Mr. Jones …………..……………….. to the airport or did
he go by train [drive)
5. How many times a week …………… the offices …………………. *Clean+
6. How much ……………………….…. Professor Sweet ………..…………. For his
lecture last month [pay]
7. ………………. The new swimming pool ……………….. Next week *open+
8. …………………. You …………………. How to use the camera before you
bought it [not show]
9. How many times ……………… The grass …………………. This month [cut]
10. Do you know how the jewels …………………….
[lose]
11. Do you realize how many people tomorrow’s
programme………………………… …………………. By [watch]

c: complete the sentences using the model verbs and

the verb in brackets use a passive voice form. Some
sentences are negative.

1. Students …………………………..…... to apply before April *should advise]

2. photos ……………………………………………… unless a stamped addressed
envelope is enclosed [will return]
3. you …………………... A bonus in December if sale are high * may offer+

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4. He is a good runner but he ……………………………………………... In the
final [ might beat]
5. the painting ……………………………………..…… from the museum last
Saturday night [ must steal]
6. you ………………………………………………… earlier than this * should tell+
7. ………………………….. It ………………………………………… before you can eat
it [ have to cook]
8. Do you thing the signature ……………………………..……………. During the
artist’s lifetime [ could forget]
9. The children……………………………………… Like that [ ought treat]
10. In my opinion this information …………………
…....................... To the enemy at least six weeks ago [ must give]
11. This equipment ……………………………… …………
there is nothing wrong with it [ need, replace)

D:Change the following sentences in to passive voice

1. Active voice: the teacher is talking to the students

Passive voice: ……………………………………………………
2. Active voice : people speak English all over the world
Passive voice: ……………………………………………………
3. Active voice : the teacher refused me the permission
Passive voice: ……………………………………………………
4. Active voice: is the singer is singing a song?
Passive voice: ……………………………………………….…

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5. Active voice: did they abuse me?
Passive voice: ………………………………………………..…
6. Active voice: I love you
Passive voice: ………………………………………………….
7. Active voice :He moved in to the white house
Passive voice: …………………………………………………..
8. Active voice: Somaliland will get recognition
Passive voice: ……………………………………………………
9. Active voice : The people of Somaliland like Somaliland to get recognition
Passive voice: …………………………………………………..
10. Active voice: al –rahma institute was providing good quality. .
. education to the students
Passive voice: …………………………………………………………………………….
11. Active voice ; Palestine troops will have captured all over their country
Passive voice: ……………………………………………………
12. Active voice: The government is setting up a library now
Passive voice: …………………………………………………
13. Active voice: Asha will cook the food
Passive voice: ………………………………………………

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B: Rewrite the Active Sentences Starting With Words
Given Do Not Change the Meaning

1. Active voice: has she forgotten your name?

Passive voice: has your name …………………………………………………?
2. Active voice: she was not telling me a story
Passive voice: I ……………………………………………………………………..
Passive voice; a story ………………………………………………………….
3. Active voice : she handed that boy a pen when he lost his pen
Passive voice: that boy ……………………………………….
4. Active voice: Edna Adam university will open a new hospital
Passive voice: anew hospital …………………………………
5. Active voice ;people migrate to Europe or and north of America
Passive voice: ………………………………………………….
Europe and north of America……………………………………………………………
6. Active voice ; I hate the way you dress
Passive voice: ……………………………………………………
7. Active voice : we will have used water as fuel by the end of this
century
Passive voice; water ……………………………………………………………………
8. Active voice : she will have paid the rent before the end of the
month
Passive voice: the rent…………………………………………………………………
9. Active voice: after we had paid the money we collected the goods
Passive voice: …………………………………………………………………………..

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10. Active voice: does he love at you?
Passive voice: are you…………………………………………………………?
11. Active voice: did she draw a picture?
Passive voice: was a picture………………………………………………………?
12. Active voice; the police may catch the thief
Passive voice: the thief …………………………………………………………….

E : change in to passive voice

1. ACTIVE VOICE : supporters will hope Chelsea to win league

Passive voice:
2. Active voice : I shall speak three languages
Passive voice: …………………………………………………………………………………
3. Active voice ; I want to know it
Passive voice; …………………………………………………………………………………
4. Active voice : ministers hope the president to win the election
Passive voice: …………………………………………………………………………………
5. Active voice: I hope him to go out
Passive voice: ……………………………………………………………………………
6. Active voice: she will ask you to leave
Passive voice: …………………………………………………………………………….
7. Active voice : arrest the thief
Passive voice: ……………………………………………………………………………
8. Active voice: remember about the past
Passive voice: ……………………………………………………………………………

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9. Active voice: kill the snake
Passive voice: …………………………………………………………………………..
10. Active voice: drive the car
Passive voice: …………………………………………………………………………
11. Active voice: please help me
Passive voice: ………………………………………………………………………….
12. Active voice: we are going to play foot ball
Passive voice: ……………………………………………………………………………
13. Active voice: she makes me cry
Passive voice: ……………………………………………………………………………
14. Active voice : I make him jealous
Passive voice: ……………………………………………………………………………
15. Active voice the woman wants her husband to hate her
Passive voice: …………………………………………………………………………..

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GENERAL Rules OF THE PASSIVE VOICE

The use of infinitive in the passive voice

Some infinitive verbs take an object after them so the object after the
infinitive is put before the infinitive and the word ‘’to’’ changes
‘’to be’’ then the verb expresses an action change into its past participle
form.

Active voice passive voice

1. They expect me to meet him they expect him to be met

2. We want you to keep the secret we want the secret to be kept
3. He likes them to leans English he likes English to be learnt

Some inventive have no objects before them so they are different in

passive construction from those above but they have an object after
them so the object goes the front part of the sentences and becomes
the subject agent and the pre position ‘’to ‘’ changes into ‘’to be’’ while
the verb expresses an action changes into its past participle from

Example

Active voice passive voice

1. She want to learn I T C IT C is wanted to be learn

2. He likes to play foot ball foot ball is liked to be played

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The use of the infinitive as an object complements
in the passive

Some infinitives are object complements so in passive voice they are

not change but they are placed after the main verb.

Examples

1. Active voice : my mother told rahma to sleep

Passive voice: rahma was told to sleep by my mother
2. Active voice: my teacher learns me to speak
Passive voice: I am learned to speak by my teacher
3. Active voice : I will tell you to learn
Passive voice: you will be told to learn by me

Note: if is an object complement is bare infinitive (without to)

in active voice it will be necessary to use ‘’to ‘’ in the passive
constructions

Remember that the verb ‘’make’’ generally takes bare infinitive as an

object complement

1. Active voice: she made us laugh.

Passive voice: we were made to laugh.
2. Active voice : nimco makes you angry

Passive voice: you are made to angry

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The use of (GOING TO) in passive

Going to means ‘’want ‘’ or ‘’intend ‘’ so when it is used in passive the

object goes to the front part of the sentences and takes the suitable
auxiliary verb after the word ‘’going ‘’ is put down by changing nothing
from it then ‘’to ‘’ becomes ‘’to be’’ the last , the main verb is made
past participle

Examples:

1. Active voice: The president is going to meet the ministers

Passive voice: the ministers are going to be met by the president
2. Active voice: Ahmed is going to expel me
Passive voice: I am going to be expelled by ahmed
3. Active voice: I am going to visit my mother
Passive voice: my mother is going to be visited by me
4. Active voice : The teachers are going to teach English
Passive voice: English is going to be taught

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The use of the complement s in the passive voice

Complement is (a noun or an adjective) which comes after a transitive

verb in the active voice so in passive voice the object of the sentences
becomes subject agent as normal and the complement doesn’t make
any change to its position in the sentence, but comes after the main
verb.

Examples:

1. Active voice : the president made him a minister

Passive voice: he was made a minister by the president
2. Active voice: we have elected ahmed chairman
Passive voice: ahmed has been elected chairman

Command Sentences in the Passive

‘’let ‘’ is used for all command sentences in passive voice when

changing a command sentences into passive voice we first start with
‘’let ‘’then the last object is put next and then ‘’be ‘’is included and the
last we make the verb past participle

Examples

1. Active voice: open the door

2. Passive voice: let the door be opened
3. Active voice: play the ball well
4. Active voice: Let the ball be played well

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Requested sentences in passive voce

If the word ‘’please’’ is included in the sentences we change it into

‘’you are requested”

Example:

1. Active voice: please help me

2. Passive voice: you are requested to help me

The use of the phrasal verbs in the passive constructions

Phrasal verb is an expression that consists of a verb followed by

a preposition with certain like [set on, do up, set in etc]
the preposition are placed after the main verb

Example:

1. Active voice: mothers look after their children

Passive voice: their children are looked after

The use of the present participle in the passive voice

1. Active voice: I saw ahmed playing ball

2. Passive voice: I saw ball being played
3. Active voice : we heard nasra abusing you
4. Passive voice: we heard you being abused

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The use of the question word in the passive voice

Words those are used for asking question are called question words
used in the passive voice. Some of them make no change of their
position and form while some make change

1. Active voice: Where did you see my pen?

Passive voice: where was my pen seen?
2. Active voice: When will he divorce her?
Passive voice when will she be divorced?
3. Active voice: How do we learn English?
Passive voice: how is English learnt?

Note: that ‘’who’’ changes into ‘’by whom’’

In the passive voice and ‘’whom’’ into who’’ because ‘’ whom’’

is accusative case so nominative case is required

Which and what’’ can also be used in the passive voice

1. Active voice: I explained the lesson which they knew

Passive voice: the lesson which they knew was explained by me
2. Active voice: She know what a person can leant
Passive voice: what a person can learn is know by her
3. Active voice: They must endure what they can’t cure
Passive voice: What they can’t cure must be endured

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6.2. Anyone, Anybody

1. You can use these words in negative sentences.
2. You can use them in questions
3. You can use them in statements
Examples
1. There isn’t anyone here means (negative no-one here)
2. Does anyone know the answer? No , No one (interrogative)
3. Anyone can do it (statement)
4. Anyone can go to the party

Exercise

Anything, Something, Nothing,

Read the Following Sentences and answers the question

A. What can you wear for the party

B. you can wear……………………………….for the party
C. What kind of party is it?
D. It is a very informal party and it doesn’t matter what you wear but
you must wear………………………………….
E. Anyone can become a member of the club [is it difficult to join?]
F. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
G. John would do anything to get revenge [is he dangerous]?
H. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
I. There is nothing john wouldn’t do to get revenge *is this the same as
2]?
J. ……………………………………………………………………………………………

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3.5. Must Be , Could Be

That must be professor moriarty this means that you are almost sure

That could be professor moriarty this means that you are not sure
but it is possible that you are right if we put these words on a scale it
looks like this.

He may be the man the police are

1. Looking for. possible

2. He might be possible
3. He could be very possible
4. He must be almost certain
Exercise

A: Complete the text with must or could

It …………………………….(0).be The same person the handwriting is

identical . The man we are looking for ………………….…… (1) Have black
hair said inspector Collins because we have found some strands of black
hair at the scene of both crimes he ……….………….. (2) be. Extremely
strong because he carried the safe down the stairs and out of the
building he ……………….….. (3) be the same man we were looking for last
year because there are similarities in his technique but we are not sure
yet if the finger prints match then it …………………… *4+ be the same man
. There …………………………….(5)be more than one man involved but we
have no evidence concerning a possible accomplice.

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B:Comment on these sentences using (must , could)

1. He paid for a new rolls Royce in cash

………………………………………………………………………….
2. john is a hurry to get to work he’s almost running
……………………………………………………………………………
3. Although it looks like a Leonardo da Vinci drawing the paper was made in the early twentieth century.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. these diaries look genuine, but we don’t know where they have been all these years
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. There are five cars travelling together but which one is the president in ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. I can hear voices inside the house
C: Complete the sentences with these words use the word in its correct form

Invent, Discover, Find Out, Find, Found, Establish.

1. Professor Green has ………………………….. a machine that will ion

clothes automatically
2. in a remote desert area geologists ………….rich deposits of iron ore
3. sometimes amateur astronomers have become famous for
…………………… new stars
4. I …………………….. a 20 dollar note on the floor of the supermarket
5. the shop was ………….… by the present owners grandfather in 1920
6. have the police …………………… why the murder was committed
7. Wad ham college oxford was ……………….. in 1610
8. Michael faraday s work on electro magnetism led to many modem
…………….. …………………………………………………………………………………

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6.4 TOO

Do not confuse too with very

It is very cold but we are going to play football.

This means that despite the cold will play football

It is too cold to play football.

This means that we will not play football because of the cold too
conveys the idea that something is impossible

Enough

You use enough before nouns and after adjectives

1. John isn’t old enough to drive a car. (After adjective)
2. We have isn’t got enough money to buy this car (before noun)

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Exercise

Complete the sentences using (Too or Enough)

1. These shoes don’t fit me they are hurting my feet

They are ……………………………………………………………………….
2. we need ten tickets but we only have six
We haven’t …………………………………………………………………..
3. The meal has been on the table for ten minutes
It won’t be ………………. …………………………………………………….
4. john has had two years experience overseas but he needs five
He hasn’t had ………………………………………………………………….
5. The word processor weighs 60 kilograms one person can’t carry it.
It is ………………………………………………….……………..…………………
6. The oasis is 80 kilometers away we can’t walk there in a day
The oasis is …………………………………………………………………………
7. He lacks the experience to do this job
He isn’t experienced ………………………… ………………………………
8. Mr. Baxter is still sick. He cannot travel yet.
Mr. Baxter is …………………………………………………………………….

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Grammar notes
Unit seven 7
This unit looks at
7.1. The present perfect tense

Whichever way use the present perfect tense , it always relevant to

now .the point of view from which events and action are seen is now
.this is why it is called the present perfect tense .the present perfect
tense refers to past events but they are past events which are relevant
to now and seen from now ., however sub divide the various uses of
the present perfect tense

A: for saying what happened in the past but not

saying when.

Example: Jane has studied the history of art. This sentence does not tell
us when Jane studied

B: for referring to recent past events.

Example: Jane has just phoned.

This happened a short time ago. When the present perfect tense refers
to recent past events, you can use just remember that the present
perfect is only for the recent past

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C: often present perfect tense does refer to complete
events and actions

Example: she has sold all his paintings (selling is completed)

Note: you can use just, yet, already, never and ever with the present
perfect tense

You cannot use ago, last week, in 1970. These tell you exactly when
things happened and are used with simple past tense

Exercise

A: Look at these examples all sentences are

examples of the present perfect tense

1. I have just cut my finger what is happening now?

2. These dinosaur bones have lain this cave for 200 million years
where are they now?
3. Jane has lived in three different countries do we know when?
4. Paul has baked a cake is the baking finished?
5. I have known Mary since 1970 do I still know her?
B:In the light of these examples decide whether the following
statements about the present perfect are TRUE OR FALSE

1. The present perfect is used only for recent past events ……………………
2. The present perfect always describes completed actions ………………..
3. The present perfect tell us when something happened …………………….
4. Yet is used negative and question sentences …………………………………..
5. Present perfect tense has two auxiliary verbs have and had …………….

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C:Put one of these words in each statement in the correct position
Already, just, yet, ever, never
1. We have………………………………. sold two hundred tickets and there is
still a month to go before the concert.
2. I have…………………… visited new York I’m looking forward to going
3. Have you…………………………thought of learning to fly?
4. I have…………………. received my exam result it came ten minutes ago
5. Janet hasn’t finished…………………… with the camera she need it
Circle the correct answer
1. I have………………………fifteen counties so far.
a. Visit
b. Visited
c. Visiting
d. Visits
2. The counties ……………………………. At war for ten year
a. Has been
b. Have been
c. Will be
d. Shall be
3. I haven’t ……………………………. Samantha since I left school
a. Seen
b. Saw
c. See
d. None

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4. Helen’s ……………………. For the Island revenue since in 1990.
a. Works
b. Working
c. Worked
d. Work
5. I have …………. this piece of music for as long as I can ………………….
a. Loving a. remember
b. Loved b. remembered
c. Loves c. remembering
d. Love d. none
6. The doctor ……………………………………….. in 1990
a. Resigned
b. Resign
c. Resigning
d. Has resigned
7. George ………………………………… the country three days ago
a. Left
b. Leaves
c. Leaving
d. Has left

D: Answer the following questions using the present

perfect

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1. Can we use your car?
………………………………………..……………………………………………….
2. Is your brother at home? No
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Does bill know what happened? yes
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Is there any soup left? no
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Do the browns still live there? no
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Do you know what happens at the end of Macbeth? No
………………………………………………………………………………………………

E: Complete these sentences using the verbs given in the

present perfect tense or simple past tense

1. Although Sarah has……………..………… the competition many times

she has never……………………………. before [ enter, win ]
2. During the last ten years I have ……………………………….The work that
professor sweet ……………………………….. * continue, start ]
3. I’m sorry I’m late the bus didn’t ………………………..So I ……………….a taxi
[ come, take ]
4. Where you have …………? We ……………... you an hour ago [ be, expect
5. We first ……………………... To come wall in 1980 and we have………………
back every year since then [go be]
6. All my life I have….……………………... For this moment and at last.
it ………………. …………… [ wait, arrive ]

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Grammar notes

Unit (eight) 8

This unit looks at the present perfect continuous tense

8.1 Present perfect continuous tense

You form the present perfect continuous tense by adding the –ING
form of the verb.

Form affirmative

I
We Verb + ing + object +adverb of time
Have been
You +
They
He
She Has been
It

Affirmative: Subject + have, has +been +verb +ing+ object

1. I have been working since 9 a. m

2. He has been working for six hours
Questions
Have, has +subject + been +verb+ ing +object
1. Have you been reading this book?
2. Has he been taking medicine?

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The contacted forms are

1. I have I’ve
2. We have we’ve
3. You have you’ve
4. He has he’s
5. She has she’s
6. It has it’s.

Negative

Subject +have has+ not+ been + verb +ing + object

1. I have not (haven’t) been studying hard

2. She has not been (hasn’t) feeling well lately
Use

You use the present perfect continuous tense to refer to actions and
events which began in the past and continue at the moment of
speaking, or have stopped but relevant to the present or will continue
in to the future.

Examples

1. I have been driving for four hours.

2. I have been working in the garden all morning
3. It has been raining for six hour
4. I have been trying to phone him all morning
5. I have been decorating the house.

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Exercise

Respond to the following remarks using a sentence

with a present perfect continuous tense verb

A: Varieties of answers are possible

these are examples only

1. Why are your hands covered in flour?

I have been ……………………….………………………….…… Bread (bake)
2. you seem to be of breath
I have been …………………………………………………………………..(run)
3. hands are sticky with paint
I have been …………………………………………………………………….(paint )
4. you look exhausted
I have been ……………………………………….very hard (work)
5. your shoes are very muddy
I have been …………………………………….. In the woods (walk)
6. There’s a delicious smell in your kitchen
I have …………………………………….bread (baking)
7. why is your hair wet
I have been ……………………………………….. (Swim)

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B: Complete the following sentences using a verb in

the present perfect continuous

1. How long have you been……………… here since you got married (live)
2. How long ……………you ……………………………..……...? (have, been , read)
3. How long have you ………………………… For the result (been , waited)
4. How long ……………………you…………..…………… tennis? (been, played)
5. How many years …………you………………… Latin? ( have been studied)
6. How many weeks ……………..you……………. For this company (work)
7. How long have you ……………………….……These pills? (take).
8. Have you been ………………… from headaches since accident? (suffer)
9. Have you been ……………………………….. to ring him since 9 am (try)

C: Complete these sentences using either the present

perfect tense or the present perfect continuous

1. I have ………………....…. Gold at last, said the old prospector * find +

2. The police have been ……………………… for the stolen money but
they have not ……………………………..………... yet [ search, find ]
3. Our tests show that you have been…………………. Calcium from your
body for several years said the doctor [ lose ]
4. I’m afraid we have been ………………your file said the manager [lose]
5. The champion has ………………………………………. Out of the ring said the
commentator [fall]
6. Some one has …………………………………….……. My car [steal]

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7. I am afraid I have accidentally….…………………. The page *tear)
8. Peter has been ………………………..………. The apple pie there’s only one
piece left [eat ]
9. The birds have been …………..………………….. the strawberries we need
a net to protect them [ peck]
10. scientists have been ……………..……………… the date for several
days now but they have ……………………………… nothing unusual so far
[ analyze, find ]

E complete these sentences with one verb in the simple

past and one verb in the present perfect tense
[simple or continuous)
as appropriate sometimes you will have to make the verbs negative

1. The solicitor ……………………. To him a fortnight ago but

……………………………………… a reply Yet (write , receive )
2. I first ………………… my driving test three years ago I ………………………….
Ten times since then [ take, fail]
3. Jonathan ………………….. ……..His first piece of music when he was 12
he has…………………. Five symphonies so far [compose ]
4. I …………………………… a model aircraft kit last year.
but I ………………………………………..… it yet *buy, build ]
5. Mr. and Mrs. Myers ….. …………………….. To Dorchester in 1946.
they have …………………………….... there ever since [ move, live ]
6. When I lived in Australia I never ………………….….. A kangaroo but
since returning to England I have …….………. them in zoos * see, see ]

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Grammar notes
Unit nine (9)

This unit looks at relatives (who, which, that, and whose)

They join clauses together in one sentence. Without them, you would
have to write in very short sentences.

9.1. Relatives

A: Defining Clauses (Subject) Who, Which That

EXAMPLES

1. The girl was happy .she had won the first prize
2. The girl who had won the first prize was happy
3. The car was stolen. it has been recovered
4. The car which was stolen has been recovered
5. The girl that had won the first prize was happy
6. The car that was stolen has been recovered

The word (who) replaces (she) in the second sentence

Note:

1. WHO: is used for a person subject

2. WHICH: is used for things and animals
3. That : is used for both people and things

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The only information that we have about(the girl and the car)
is given by the words (who, that)had won first prize
and (which, that) was stolen this information helps us to
identify the girl and the car.

We call these clauses defining relative clause

Exercise

Joint the sentences with (WHO OR WHICH)

1. The man had ticket no. 158. He won the prize

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The man found some gold coins. He took them to a museum
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. The stream has dried up it runs through the village.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The girls had university degree. They were interviewed by the bank
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. The firefighters rescued two children they got a reward
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. The hinges squeaked. they have been oiled
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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B: Defining Clauses (Object) Contact Clause

In the examples above, who which that replace (She and It)
the subject of the sentences

In the examples below we are going to replace the object of the

sentences

Examples:

1. He is the man .the policeman arrested him

2. He is the man policeman arrested

Notice: that there is no relative here it is known as a contact clause

we can also say:

1. He is the man that the policeman arrested.

But (That) is not necessary
2. He is the man whom the policeman arrested
(whom is now extremely formal.
3. He is the man who the policeman arrested ( incorrect)
4. Mr. brown , who called yesterday ,is coming to dinner
The word who do not define or identify Mr. brown but give us
extra information about him

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C: Circle the correct answer

1. The man……………… committed the robbery. he was never identified

a. Whom
b. Who
c. Which
d. whose
2. Here is a cake………………………. I made it earlier
a. Which
b. Who
c. What
d. Whom
3. I recognized all the names…………………….. were on a list
a. Which
b. That
c. Who
d. A and B
4. Michael spent all the money ………………. his grandfather left him it
a. Which
b. Who
c. Whom
d. Whose
5. Maria helped me with the question…………………. I couldn’t answer it
a. Who
b. Which
c. What
d. whom

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D: Add the extra information in brackets to the sentences.
Remember to include the commas they are essential because the
information between the commas is only extra information and does
not identify the subject of the sentences
1. General Campbell has now fully recovered from his wounds
[he was shot in the lung ]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. The president has returned to his place
[he narrowly escaped an assassination attempt ]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. The new supermarket opened last Saturday
[it is built on the site of an old school ]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. The exhibition at the at the royal academy will close on Saturday
[it has been visited by 100,000 people ]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Robinson Crusoe is Daniel Defoe’s most famous novel
[it is based on a true story ]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Proffer green died yesterday
[he won the Nobel prize in 1990]
7. The Goodwin lighthouse is now controlled automatically
[it was built in 1806 ]

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Joint the sentences using the word whose

Remember to use commas to en close the extra

information this is essential

1. John Forrest died last week. his portrait of the queen caused so
much controversy
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Sally and sahra will be looked after by their grandparents their
parents are tour with a theatre company
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The prime minister spoke about controlling inflation his speech was
broadcast live
6. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Mrs. Lawson will welcome guests to the exhibition her son has just
won two gold medals
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Martin brook will appear on the program next week we discussed his
novel last week
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Grammar notes
Unit ten (10)
1o.1. Model verbs

Model auxiliary verbs is sufficient to help you do the exercise on model

verbs
Can, could, will, would, shall, should,.
May, might,, must, ought , dare ,need,

The model auxiliary verbs don’t change with the number or person of
the subject.
They cannot be used in continuous sentence; we use models, to
express our moods, manners, and attitudes

Uses Of Can and Could

We use can to say something possible, that someone has ability

Can is also used for permission
Could is used for a stronger sense of possibility
Could is also used for in the past tense
Examples
1. How many games can you play? I can play football now
2. Can I go the market? You can go
3. She could play piano when she was young
4. I could play hand ball in the school
5. Our time could win the match (it is possible)

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Use Of Should and Might

Should: can be used in two ways:

1. to express a present obligation
2. to say that something is probably either now or soon
Might: is used to say that something is possible but not very likely.
Examples
1. You should pay him the money you owe him
It is your duty to do so not as strong as must
2. You should see the train any minute now
You expect to see it soon
3. We might arrive in time (but I doubt it )
Must: can be used in two ways:
1. To express strong obligation
2. To make deductions based on evidence
Examples
1. You must arrive before 9 a.m.
2. That must be the man we are looking for .he fits the description
we have
Should +have+ past participle verb
Can be used in two ways
1. To make a reasonable assumption about what has happened
2. To refer a past obligation
Example
1. Jane should have reached the airport by now but we are not sure
2. He should have given us the information but he didn’t

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Could +have +past participle

Can be used in three ways:

1. For things that we are able to do but did not do

2. For things that were possible but did not happen
3. For making guesses about what happened

Example

1. We could have finished the should job in three days but we

didn’t
2. You could have lost all you r money but you did not
3. Jane could have missed the train or he could have got we don’t
know lost
Must +have +past participle

Can be used for deduction s that we are fairly certain about and
probably have evidence

1. He must have walked this way look at the foot prints in the
snow

Might +have +past participle verb

Can be used in two ways:

1. For things that were possible but did not happen

2. For making guesses about what has happened

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If we arrange sentences according to how certain the speaker is. The
order is as follows

1. Jack might have forgotten his appointment

2. you may have warned me (but you didn’t)
3. They might have reached the air port by now (not real sure)
4. The could have reached the airport by now (possible)
5. They should have reached the airport by now (very likely)
6. They must have reached the air port by now (almost certain)

Exercise

Rewrite the following sentences keeping the

meaning the same use the words in the box

Write one sentences for each answer

Should, could, might, must,
should have, could, have, might have

It wasn’t necessary for john to take a taxi; there is a cheap and

convenient train surface

John could have taken a train instead of taxi

1. This is the wrong way. we made a mistake in turning right instead of

left
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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2. I think jack stolen the radio there is no reasonable explanation
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. You have a number of choices taking the course again is one possibly
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Is it possible that there is a tenth planet
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. He wants to sell his bicycle for 100 but it is possible he will accept 80
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. It was obvious it would break why didn’t you realize that
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. It’s possible that Jane was at the part. I really don’t remember
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. You likely to win the race if you train hard
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. I’m sure that’s professor smith .he always wears that kind of coat
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. A week after we bought the computer .the price went down by
200 .we didn’t know that was going to happen
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. I have no idea what knocked the plane post over was it the
wind, perhaps ……………………………………………………………………………
12. When peter worked up in hospital , he realized that he had no
memory of the accident
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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The sentences using the word whose

1. The man was arrested. his car was involved in an accident

2. The man whose car was involved in an accident was arrested
1. The girl reported the incident to the police. Her hand bag was
snatched ……………………………………………………………………………………
2. The children were given 10 each their houses won a prize
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. The people received compensation. their houses had been
destroyed
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The shopkeeper chased the youths down the street his window
had been smashed
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. People must pay a fine of 5p per day. Their library books are
overdue …………………………………………………………………………………

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10.3. Used To

Form

1. I used to live in Bristol ( Affirmative )

2. Did your parents use to live in that flat? ( Question )
3. He didn’t use to drive to work. (Negative)
4. He didn’t use to like gardening did he? (Tag )

Used to refers to regular, habitual activity in past .it is only used for
past. It has no present form. If you want to talk about the habitual
activity in the present, you need simple present tense and usually.

Examples

1. We get up early
2. We usually get up early these are present equivalents of
3. We used to get up early.

Used to similar in the meaning to simple past but emphasizes

that an action or event continued for a long time or was often repeated
.these sentences are very similar in the meaning:

1. When I was at university I cycled a lot

2. When I was university I used to cycled a lot
Make sure that you can distinguish between
Used to+ infinitive+ and used to + ing and use +noun
1. John used to work in a restaurant
2. Sheila isn’t used to working such long hours
3. We used to a knife to open the tin.

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A: Complete the gaps

1. You used to fly with British airways. ,..................... You? yes, I

…………………………….but I don’t work as a pilot any more
2. Didn’t you …………..to be on television? yes but it was ten year ago
3. I didn’t ………………to like opera, but I’m beginning to enjoy it now
4. John …………………………………..to cycle to work but he’s given up now
5. People ………………………………...to use coal or wood to heat their house
but nowadays they mostly use gas or electric .

B: Read these vocabularies and complete the

following text use one to three words in each gap
Practice, positive, contract, smiled , nodded.
jewellery, masculine. Grey, interviewers, filming

Dr Campbell carried out her research by…………………………(1+candidates

during the interviews and by talking to the………………………….*2+ before
and after the interview .she discovered that successful male candidates
usually wore a …………………………………..*3+ suit and successful female
candidates wore clothes that were slightly ……………………looking[4] and
avoided ………………………………….*5+ during the interview, successful
candidates did three things more than unsuccessful ones they
…………………………their*6+ heads more ……………………………………….*7+ a lot
and made eye……………………………*8+with the interviews successful
candidates always managed to give a …………………………………answers. [9]
to even the most critical question and had often arranged
…………………….……interview[10] with their friends .

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10.4. LIKE , AS, AS IF , ALIKE

When you say that two things or people are separate but similar you
use (LIKE)

Example: You house looks like mine

this means that the two houses are similar in appearance.

We can also say:

1. These two houses look alike

When you use (as) you are referring to one thing or person not two
Example: John works as a doctor
This means that john and doctor are the same person. John is doctor
you are referring to one person, not comparing two
He eats like a horse.
This means that he eats a lot – like a horse it does not mean that he
is horse.
If you use (as) in this sentences it can only mean that he goes in to a
field and eats grass. He looks as if he knows what he is going.
But this rather colloquial
Exercise
Complete the sentences with like, as, as, if or alike

Sahara looks like her great-grand mother when she was young those
brothers look very much bob plants to get a job as a lorry driver

1. Lucy works ………………………….a receptionist in a dentist’s surgery

2. This film starts roger more………………………………………James bond

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3. You look …………………………………..you’ve seen a ghost
4. I hate to be rude but William really does look ………………….a horse
5. ……………his father before him ,Neil entered the legal profession
6. ……………………….head master ,Mr. Myers is responsible for the health
and safety of all the children in the school
7. The little cottage was just ………………………..I had expected it to be
8. We decorated our new house exactly ………………………our old one
9. Jill and her sister took ………………………………………………………………….
10. The students looked ……….they knew the answer –but they didn’t

10.5. About To
1. He is about to speak.
This means that he will speak in the next few seconds but he isn’t
started yet.
2. She was about to leave work when the telephone rang.
This means that the telephone rang just before she left, so she didn’t
until later
Exercise
Comment in these sentences using (about to)
1. The parachutist is standing in the open doorway of the aircraft
2. John is standing right on the edge of the diving board.
3. The president has taken the microphone in his hand.
4. The racing drives are revving up their engines.
5. The election is over and the votes have been counted
6. The patient has rolled up his sleeve and the doctor has the syringe
ready

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10.6. Bound to

Bound means to tie-up, fasten, wrap, cover, bandage, restrain, stick.

1. Present past past participle

2. Bind bound bound

Example:

1. his hands were bound behind his bag

2. All four engines of the aircraft are on fire it’s bound to crash
3. She bound to pass the exam (this means that she certain to pass)

But to be bound literally means to tie-up .and also that some thing is
certain to happen.

Exercise

Comment on these sentences using (bound to)

1. Marjorie is 50 meters a head of all the other runners

………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. The burglar left his fingerprints every where
……………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Mrs. Richards is driving the wrong way down the motorway
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Peter has eaten a kilo of strawberries and a plate of hot curry
…………………………………………………………………………………….
5. They yacht has a large hole below the water-line
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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10.7. A Few , Few

You use these words in front of plural nouns. Countable nouns

A Few FEW

Plural Noun Plural Noun

Positive Meaning
Adjective Negative Meaning

Examples

1. We have a few tomatoes, so we can make some soup.

This means that we have a small number of tomatoes but we have
enough. It has positive meaning
2. Few people are interested in this subject. We will have to cancel the
course next year.
This means the number is so small that the course is not running .it
has negative meaning
3. We have a few eggs left so we can make cake (positive)
4. The shop has few customers and soon closed (negative)
5. Many friends gave me a few present (positive)
6. Few people India are rich (negative)

Note: few, a few, little, and a little are also adjective that describe noun

1. A Few=is a positive adjective

2. Few= is a negative adjective and means not many

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A little Little

Adjective of quantity

Uncountable nouns Uncountable nouns

Use as nouns

Positive meaning Negative meaning

You use these words uncountable nouns.

Examples

1. This is a little flour, so I can make cake

This means that there is a small amount of flour, but just enough
for a cake.
2. They have little food lift they cannot survive for much longer
This means that the amount of food is so small that they may
soon starve to death
3. The patient has eaten a little today.
This is a good new he is getting better
4. The patient has eaten little today
His is a bad new he is not getting better
5. He gave me a little butter

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Exercise
Complete these sentences with these words
A little, little, a few, few,

1. Patricia made ............. friends at university and felt rather lonely

2. John felt …………………………….. Embarrassed when he had stand up
and make a speech
3. …………………. People have returned their questionnaires, so we
may have to abandon the research project.
4. ………………….. Research has been done in this area there is much
to be discovered.
5. …………………………. People have already paid in full so I am sure the
trip will go head.
6. The police had ……………….. Information to give us, so we must just
wait for something to turn up.
7. Dr martin give me …………………… advice which I found most useful
8. The climber had eaten …………………………..during their ascent of
the mountain and were very hungry
9. There is …………………………to report said inspector Collins
………………..progress has been made since out last meeting we are
no further forward .
10.……………………… daffodils have already appeared and it’s begging
to look like spring

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Examinations

Circle the correct answer

1. My father buys me …………… books. he wants me to build a library

2014 paper 2
a. A little
b. Little
c. A few
d. Few
2. I though you would appreciate ………………… light in this room
2014 paper 2
a. Little
b. Few
c. A little
d. A few
3. I can’t make any maintenance on this machine. I have
………………………………. Knowledge about it 2012 paper 1
a. A few
b. Few
c. A little
d. Little
4. This is a small office. There is ……. Furniture in it. 2012 paper one
a. A few
b. Few
c. Small
d. A little

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5. There were ………………………. Books in library so the majority of the

students couldn’t get any what to read. 2008 paper 1
a. A few
b. Very few
c. Little
d. a little
6. Poor asha made ……………………….. friends at university and is very
lonely2007 paper 1
a. A few
b. Few
c. Little
d. A little
7. We have ……………………………… money left so we can buy some
drinks 2007 paper one
a. A few
b. Few
c. Little
d. A little
8. My parents gave me ……………………………….. money for the journey
but it wasn’t enough for food 2006 paper one
a. A little
b. Little
c. A few
d. Few

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Unit eleven 11

11.1. PAST PERFECT TENSE

Form

You form the past perfect tense with the past of have (had) and the
past participle of the verb.

Affirmative:

1. I
2. We
3. You
4. He
Had + Verb past participle +object
5. She
6. It
7. They

Examples
1. I had finished work before the inspector arrived (affirmative)
2. Had I finished the work before the inspector arrived(question)
3. We hadn’t (had not) seen so much money before.(negative)
4. Had he not used that type of machine before? tag question ling form

Use
You use past perfect when you look back on the past form a point in
the past .therefore, it is necessary to know what the point you can
indicate this by using the simple past in the same sentence

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Example
1. In the garden of my new house there was
Point in the past simple past tense
2. A lot of rubbish which the builders had left behind.
Before the point in the past, past perfect

You can indicate the point in the past by mentioning a specific time.

by 10 a.m. (point in the past ) we had taken

(before the point in the past ) orders from fifty

You can indicate the point in the past in another sentence. John left
the arm in 1990 (point in the past).he had served in the twenty years
(before the point in the past)

You use the past perfect in the third conditional sentences

Example:

If I had studied harder (but I didn’t)

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Exercise

Most of the following sentences can be completed

with a verb in the past perfect some must be
completed with a different tense

1. The strong man threw down the iron bar he had …………….……….. it
into a u shape (bend )
2. Mark’s arm was in a sling he had …………………………….. it while
playing polo [ break]
3. Diana looked delighted the manager has….…………………. Her for the
team [choose ]
4. The little screamed his nose was……………………….…….………. [bleed]
5. Lisa looked longingly at the new Porsche in the showroom.
It was………………………………..….. Her a lot of money [go/ cost]
6. I was amazed when I saw my niece she ………………….…………. a lot
taller [ grow]
7. John …………………………. At the school from 1990 to 1994 and the
……………………………………….… to Canada [work / emigrate ]
8. both Andrew and his horse were exhausted he had…………………………
all night to warn us of the danger [ ride ]
9. in the morning we looked at the damage the hurricane

had……………………………… all the fences down [ blow]

10. Sarah dropped her racket in amazement she had
…….………..………… the champion * beat ]

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B:In this exercise use the past perfect continuous or
another continuous tense decide which is the
correct tense for each sentence

1. tom finally stopped work and went indoors he had ……………………

since early Morning (dig)
2. when the accountant checked the books she found that
the manager had been………………………… company for years [ steal]
3. John looked over his shoulder and saw that.
the other runners were ………………………………..… him up fast * catch+
4. Sally desperately needed a bath and a hot meal.
she had been ………………… for three days without a break * travel+
5. Patrick finally went to see the dentist.
He had been ………………………… great pain for several * suffer +
C: Circle the correct answer
1. as he ……………… for the signal to take off he felt very nervous
It was the first time he had …………………………… without the instructor
a. Waiting a. flew
b. Wait b. flown
c. Waited c. fly
d. Waits d. flies
2. It was first time she had …………………………before a live audience
a. Performed
b. Performs
c. Performing
d. None

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Complete the sentences with either simple past tense
verb or a past perfect tense verb

1. The prison officer opened the door of the cell.

the prisoner had…………………………… to leave
2. There was no one in front of her Lynne knew.
She had ……………………….………………. The race [win]
3. John …………………..………… underneath his car and then got in. [ look]
4. I ………………………..… a fox in my garden it had…………………… from the
hunters [ find , escape ]
5. As soon as Charles ………………………………………………..….. on stage the
audience cheered[ appear]
6. I realized with horror that I had…………………………………. the tickets at
home [ leave ]
7. I knew even without looking that the money had not been
……………………………….. * steal ]

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11.2. WOUND, INJURY, DAMAGE
Wound

Verb Noun
Wound (N) =, lesion, offense
Wound (v) =, twist, bend,

Wound = is both a noun (a wound) and a verb (to wound)

You use wound when the skin is clearly cut or penetrated .by a knife
or bullet for example you can use wound therefore when people
7have been fighting in battles

Injury

Noun
Verb Harm

Hurt,
Injury =is both a noun (an injury, injuries) and a verb
(to injure) you use it in connection with accidents .how ever if
you are referring very precisely to a cut on the skin you can say
wound even if it has been caused by an accident

Damage
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Verb
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Damage = is uncountable noun (damage) and a verb (to damage) it is used

for objects, not people. However you can use damage for internal organs,
brain damage, for example note that damage because it uncountable , has
no plural and is preceded by “ a lot of “ much “ etc
the word damages means a sum of money which is paid by someone who
has committed libel or slander

Note: damages means compensation money paid for injury or harm

done to a person or property. Examples

1. The judge ordered him to pay 200,000 damages.

2. The victim suffered minor injuries
3. Doctors tried to save the soldier’s life but he died of his wounds
4. Caroline fell of her bicycle but it was not damage
5. Frankle grazed her leg and it took a long time to heal
6. For many year the patient was treated for the wrong illness
7. The doctors told the young man that there was little chance of his
being completely cured

EXERCISE

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Complete the Sentences with the Correct Word,
Wound, Injure, Injury, or Damage In The Correct
Form

1. More than two thousand men were ………………………… in the battle

2. The house suffered major structural ……………as. a result of the storm
3. You must report a report a road accident to the police if someone is
……………………………..
4. The general has an old war ……………………….. in his leg which causes
him difficulty in walking
5. Martin suffered brain ………………………. As a result of the accident
6. The builder fell from scaffolding and was taken to hospital with
multiple …………………………..……..
7. The building was badly ………………………………………..……… by fire
8. The ……………………. Were transported by helicopter from the battle
9. The wings of the plane were ……………………………… in the attack
10. Clean the ………………………………….…… with running water

B” Complete the sentence with correct word

(heal, cure, or treat)
1. There is no …………. But we can ………………. This condition with drugs.
2. I have been talking lots of medicine, but nothing to ………….…….…..
My cough.
3. John cut his finger two weeks ago it still hasn’t ………………………………
4. I went into medicine in order to ………………. The sick said the doctor.
5. There is still no …………………………. for the common cold

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6. There are no facilities in this hospital to ……………………… these kinds
of injuries, the doctor stated.
7. You could put cream on the sore, but it will …………………….. of its own
accord just as quickly
8. The doctor could offer no …………………………. She could only
………………….. the symptoms
9. It took three years before I knew I was ………………………….. of the
disease
10. Yes ,the skin is ……………………………. Nicely said the specialist

Complete each sentence with the appropriate

preposition

1. Julia has suffered ………………..…. Back problems for number years

2. I’ve got a pain ………………………..…..…………my foot
3. John shad to undergo an operation ………………………... his left knee
4. Years of lifting heavy objects had caused damage …………..………..
terry’s spine
5. My father is recovering …………………………….. a heart attack
6. the prime minster entered hospital ……………………… a check up
7. What s wrong ……….……………….. Frank he doesn’t look at all well
8. Many people in this village died ………………….…….. tuberculosis

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Unit 12
12.1. If sentences

Sentences with this pattern usually called the third conditional

If we had repaired the wall it would have cost 5oo dollars

Past perfect tense perfect conditional tense

Mean that something did not happen. We did not repair the wall,
therefore we did not spend 500 dollar. The idea that (it did not happen)
is true only if both parts of the sentences are positive, if they are
negative then something did happen
If you hadn’t remained me the ticket, I would not have remembered to bring them

Past perfect tense perfect conditional tense

This means that you remind me and I did remember.

Sometimes one half of the sentence is negative, and the other part is
positive

Example
If the spy hadn’t warned the soldiers and they would have walked in to ambush

Past perfect tense perfect condition tense

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Exercise

Match the two halves of each sentence

a
1. If the soldiers had known about the ambush
2. If we have invested more money in research
3. If the weather forecast had given a warning about the high winds
4. If the workers had known more about safety procedures
5. If the sea wall had been strengthened

B
a.
We could have produced a better product
b.
People could have taken precautions
c.
The town would not have advanced into the valley
d.
The town would not have been flooded
e.
The accident would not have happened
Write down answers here
1. ………………… 2……………..3…………………. 4……………….. 5…………………

Complete the sentences

1. If we had realized the water was polluted ……………………………………

2. If john had known how poor the train service was …………………………
3. If Mary hadn’t been vaccinated …………………………………………………………
4. The police car wouldn’t have followed peter if ………………………………
5. The sailors would not have survived if …………………………………………

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Write an appropriate conditional sentence [note you do
not need the same type of conditional in every case

1. it cost us 5dollar to enter the museum today but yesterday it was free
2. I can give you an earlier flight but only on Friday your ticket is for
Tuesday do you want to change?
3. our friends left a note for us but we didn’t see it so we didn’t know
where they had gone
Answers
1. If we had known that the museum was free yesterday
………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. If you change your flight to Friday
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
3. If we had seen the note our friends had left for us
………………………………………………………………………………………….
12.2. Bath ,bathe, sunbathe
1. Bath =means to have bath, usually in a bathroom
2. To bathe = means to swim, usually in the sea it is also means to clean
with water
For example: the nurse bathed the cut with water
3. To sunbathe: means to lie in the sun until your skin becomes darker
it has nothing to do with water
Example
Don’t write I had a sunbathe on the beach
You should write I sunbathed on the beach the noun is sunbathing

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Exercise
Complete the sentences with these words use the
correct form of the word (bath, bathe, sunbathe)
1. I don’t much rather have a ………………………..…….. than shower
2. I like sailing but the worst thing is that is impossible to have a proper
…………………………………………….. on a small boat
3. On the first day of your holiday, don’t …………………….. for more than
twenty minutes and use plenty of suntan lotion
4. At this resort, you can lie on the beach, play football, water ski
………………………… in the sea and enjoy many other activities
5. Mrs. Frost gave her children a …………………and put them to bed
6. The mid wife taught the class how to …………………… a new born baby
7. It is inadvisable to ………………………. Between 12 noon and 2pm when
the sun is at its strongest
8. …………………… the wound with clean water
9. Don’t ……………. In the sea when the red flag is flying
10. ………………………. Is not good for your skin.

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12.3. Short answers

To form a short answer to a question, you use the auxiliary verb or the
main verb in to the case of model verbs (be and have)

Note: remember that the short answers are not contracted. You use
the full form.

Example

1. You are doctor aren’t you? Yes I am

2. You don’t know the answer? Yes I do
But negative short answers can be contracted
Example: he’s late, isn’t he? No, he isn’t
Exercise
Complete the responses using short forms
1. Johns knows the answer. Yes he …………………………………………..
2. Will Mary help us? No, she ………………………………………………….
3. The students all arrived on time. No, they …………………………….
4. The soldiers have plenty of ammunition. No, they …………………..
5. They have finished the painting. Yes they ………………………………..
6. The race started at 6 pm. No, it ………………………………………………
7. I should go and visit Aunt Lucy. , yes you ………………………………….
8. lan can do the job by himself. No, he ……………………………………….
9. He had freezer before he left. No he ………………………………………
10. I don’t think you would like it. No, I ……………..

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12.4 What, which

What can be followed by an infinitive with to or a clause.

The clause beginning with what is the subject or object of the sentence.

In contrast which does refer to a word which precedes it in the

sentence?

Example:

1. He gave me a painting which his grandfather had left him

In this sentence which refers to painting
2. He didn’t know what to do about it

Exercise

Complete the sentences with (what or which)

1. he didn’t tell anyone ……………….……… had happened

2. the workmen cut down the trees ………………… were beginning to die
3. Bernard identified the painting ……………………………. had been stole
4. I didn’t know …………………… to wear for the garden party
5. Madeleine showed me the cave …………………. Led to a secret world
6. The chef rejected any mushrooms …………………… were not fresh
7. You can eat …………………………….. you like
8. I could not understand ……………….. he was trying to tell me
9. The police recovered only of the cars ……………………. Had been stolen
10. Tell me …………………………………..…. Janet told you

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Unit 13
13,1, for revision of past tenses see units 2,4,8,and 11.

Past tenses

Simple past tense Past continuous tense Past perfect tense Past perfect continuous

Which happened in Sequence of two events in past

the past time. (Did) . ( had )

Which was happening in the past Which began in the past and was
time continuously ( was , were) completed in the (past had been)

Exercise

Look at the following sentences and answer these

questions tell the kind of tense

1. When I had shouted to her, she walked away ……………………………….

2. She was walking away ………………………………..
3. I had been shouting to her, …………………………………….
4. John died of food poisoning ………………………………………
5. He was dying of food poisoning ……………………………………

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Complete these sentences with the past continuous
or simple past form of the verb some sentences
need only one tense others need to two

1. when the robber ……………his gun ,police …………….fire [draw, open ]

2. The life guard …………………..……into the pool. because a man was
…………………………….………[dive ,drown ]
3. the dog …………….up the river bank and ………..….itself[climb, shake ]
4. I was……………………..a letter to Elizabeth when, to my surprise she
…………………………………..*write, ring ]
5. The plane was…………………at 10,000metres when one engine
……………………….fire [fly, catch ]
6. The house was………………………………when the fire fighters
……………………………*burn, arrive ]

In this exercise, put the verbs in the simple past or

past perfect as appropriate

1. As he …………………….the runway , the pilot ……………………… that he

had…………………….the undercarriage [approach, realize, not lower ]
2. Before Rebecca ………………………… the train ,she ……………………
some glossy magazines [catch , buy ]
3. By the time he …………………….he had ……………………..over seventy
fights [retire win ]
4. After he had………………the deer, he …..……………it back to his car
[shoot, drag]
5. When Lucy …………………..from the horse , she …………………..her arm
[fall, break ]

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13.2 Adjectives -

Adjective: is a word which adds meaning to a noun and adjective

always before comes a noun

Present participle: is a verb can be used as an adjective (interesting)

past participle: is a verb which can be used an adjective (interested)

There are many pairs of adjectives such as interesting and interested

Example

1. If you read an interesting book, you are interested

2. This is the playing ground
3. There are many destroyed houses
4. He is a very interesting player , I am interested what he played

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13.3. Remind, remember, memorize, reminder, memory souvenir

Remind: if you remind someone to do something, you say or do something that

makes another person
1
remember: something that they might have forgotten. Things that you see can
remind you of other things.
A reminder: is something that reminds people, if someone had not paid a bill
they might be a sent a reminder

Examples
1. I reminded peter to buy the tickets. if hadn’t he would probably forgotten
2. These mountains remind me of the Swiss alps
Memory: is your capacity o remember, you can lose your memory, improve.
Memories: are the specific things that you remember
to memorize: is to earn things by heart
souvenir: is an object that reminds you of a holiday or a similar experience

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Exercise

Choose the correct word to fill the gap and make

any changes that are necessary

Remember, remind, reminder,

souvenir, memorize, memory.
1. The book contains useful hints about ways of improving your…………
2. The spy had to ………………………….. all the information in the report
before he burnt it
3. Following the military victory many firms produced ……………………….
To commemorate the great events.
4. The mountains …………………………………………..me of the French alps
5. All members of the Tennyson society were sent a ………………………
that their annual subscriptions were due
6. The author drew on happy ………..……………….. of his childhood for a
number of stories
7. My mother ……………………….. meeting Ghandi when she was a child
8. The judge ………………………. Their injury that they should not be
affected by the accuser’s charming manner
9. The publicise the film, there was a full colour ……………… programme
10. Do you …………………… what happened at the end of the film?

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Unit 14:
14.1. For revision of if sentences see units 5, and 12

Match the haves of the sentences

1. If you give me address

2. If the garden were bigger
3. If we had known about the bob in time
4. If the rescue workers had had better equipment
5. If the experiment fails this time
6. If we understood these coded messages
7. If there is a further reduction in the price
8. If his fees weren’t so incredibly high
9. If it hadn’t been raining heavily

a. They could have saved more lives

b. I would ask him to represent me in court
c. We could arrest all the spies
d. The accident would probably not have happened
e. We would have evacuated the building
f. I ‘ll send you the details
g. I could grow enough vegetables to feed us all year
h. We must abandon our research
i. We will make no profit
Write down answers here
1. ……………………2…………………3…………………..4…………………….5………
2. ……………………7……………….....8…………………9…………………….

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14,2. UNLESS

If you don’t pay in full you can’t have a discount you can re-write this
as:

1. Unless you pay in full, you can’t have a discount

2. If you couldn’t passed the test we cannot consider your application
3. Unless you have passed the test we cannot consider your application

Exercise

Re-write these sentences using unless

1. If you are not a member you come in

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. You will lose a day’s pay if you don’t produce a medical certificate
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. There will be more accident if traffic light are not installed
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. If we don’t replace these old windows , we will freeze next winter
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. If he is not caught quickly he will committed more crimes
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Complete these sentences begin with unless

1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
you cannot get a job as an interpreter
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
you will not be allowed to enter the country
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
the shop will not accept your Cheque.
4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
inflation will get out of control
5. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
that wall is likely to collapse

14.3 Rob, Steal

If you steal something, you take away with you the thing that you steal.

Example:

1. He stole the painting (this means that he took the painting away)

If you rob something the thing that you rob stays where it is.

Example :

1. He robbed the art gallery This means that the art gallery stays where
it is; the sentence doesn’t tell us what was stolen We cannot say he
stole the art gallery
2. Captain blood stole the crown jewels from the tower of London in
[Link] that time the tower of London has never been robbed

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Exercise

Complete these sentences with the correct form of

. (Rob and steal)

1. Two banks have been ……………………..….in Cambridge this week

2. He was found guilty of committing murder during a ………………………..
3. Although the house was broken into nothing was ……………………………
4. Last week Mrs. Roberts nothing was ………………………………………………
5. I have been ……………………………. I shouted lady Brookes when she
realized her necklace was missing
6. Two ……………….. Were arrested by the police but the third escaped.
7. By the time he was fifteen tom was addicted to ……………….. fast cars
8. Don’t leave your brief case inside your car it might get …………………..
9. Robin hood ……………………………. The rich to pay the poor.
10. Marjorie was ashamed of ………………………….....money from her
mother’s purse

14.4. Fault, blame

To blame person means to believe that he or she is responsible for

accident of mistake. If you blame someone for something you think
that the mistake is his or her fault

Examples

1. I blame john for not finishing the working in time

2. John is to blame for not finishing the work in time

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Exercise
Re-write these sentences using the word s
. (Fault and blame)
1. Richard was to blame for the accident.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. They blamed the polite for the crash
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The victim of this crime is partly blame
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Don’t blame me
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I will not accept any blame whatsoever
………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………
Re –write these sentences using the verb to blame
in an appropriate form
1. The accident was the other driver ‘s fault
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. People said that the heavy losses were the managers fault
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The cyclist agreed that he was partly at fault
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. It is not peter’s fault
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. It is not your fault at all
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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14.5. The difference between
(Prison and the prison)

Example:

1. He went to prison
2. He went to the prison

Is that the first sentence means that he was a prisoner

and the second sentence means that he was not a prisoner, but went
to the prison for some other reason to work

Write or not writing the makes a big difference to the meaning

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Unit 15
a. Reported speech

Reported speech plays a great role; in the language when we are

reporting some words to the other people it is usually necessary to
make certain change in them, especially in the
(punctuations and tenses) the following examples are illustrating the
adjustment that takes place in the statements, commands, request,
and questions when they are being reported

Note: indirect speech we use inverted commas (“) to put exact

words of speaker among them but indirect speech we use
connecting words

Example

1. Direct speech : he said “we are very late”

Indirect speech: he said that they were very happy
2. “I take my sons swimming every Sunday” said peter
Peter said that he took his sons swimming every Sunday
We do follow the rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech,
especially if the time and place are different from the original time
and place. The changes are as follows
When the reporting or principle verb is in the past tense, all present
tenses of the direct speech are changed in to the corresponding past
tenses.

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Direct speech indirect speech
Present continuous tense past continuous tense
1. he said “I am learning English “ he said that he was learning English
2. he said “my brother is writing a letter” he said that his brother was writing a letter
3. they said “we are watching a film “ they said that they were watching a film

Simple present tense simple past tense

1. she said “I learn English” he said that he learnt English

2. they said “ we want to go” they said that they wanted to go
Simple past tense past perfect tense
1. he said “I understood my lessons” he said that he had understood his lessons
2. They said “the man died by the common ALLAH” they said that the man had
died by the common of Allah

Simple future tense present conditional tense

1. Nimco Said “ I shall get a good job” nimco said that she would get a good job
2. They said “ we will pass” they said that they would pass
Present perfect tense past perfect tense
I have gotten through the last exam. he said that he had gotten through the
last exam.
The Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives
of the first person are changed into third person

He said “my brother and I are keen on big lunch”

He said that he and his brother were keen on big lunch

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Exercise

Change in to indirect speech

1. she said “ I am reading a lesson”

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. I played foot ball yesterday
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. We will meet tomorrow
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. I have written a letter
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I didn’t do this
………………………………………………………………………………………………….,
Change These Sentences from Direct To Indirect Speech
1. “My daughter is getting married next month” said Mrs. Morse
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. “I go to the cinema every week” said Barry
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. “We didn’t enjoy our holiday at all complained” Mr. and Mrs. leech
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. I‘ll make sure that the good arrive on time Mr. Barnes told me
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. “I can’t order any more goods unit I I’ve sold what I have in stock”;
said the shop keeper
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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C: Change These Sentences From Indirect

Speech To Direct Speech

1. Borah claimed that she had seen a ghost the previous night
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Peter said that he was going to stand for election to parliament
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Mr. Blake said that he always took a packed lunch with him to work
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Bernard said that he would order the food for the part
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Lisa said that that she had been waiting for me for half an hour
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Jack asked me if I knew what had happened to his cassette-player
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Mary asked me where the college was on the map
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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8. Oliver asked jenny why she hadn’t take part in the race the previous
day
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Lucy asked Paul how he managed to remember so many telephone
numbers
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. George asked the receptionist what the manager’s name was
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Paraphrasing direct speech

Sometimes instead of keeping the exact words that the speaker used
and making various tense changes, we use different words in order to
express more clearly the meaning of what the speaker said

For example if tom says

Why don’t we have a picnic? He is not really asking a question he is

making a suggestion.

If we say: Tom asked why we didn’t have a picnic, it sounds as if he is

asking a question or even making a complaint.

It is better to say: Tom suggested having a picnic because this is a truer

reflection of his meaning

Words frequently used in this way are:

1. Accuse someone of +ing

2. Apologise to someone for+-ing
3. Admit + ing
4. Deny + ing
5. Suggest +ing or that +pronoun +should
6. Tell(not)+to infinitive
7. Promise +to infinitive refuse +to infinitive
I’m sorry I lost your book, Amanda; said penny
Penny apologized to Amanda for losing her book [Instead of penny
said to Amanda that she was sorry that she had lost her book]]

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Change these sentences using the introductory verb
and make any other changes necessary

1. You stole the camera, john said Tim.

Tim accused ……………………………………………………………………………………
2. Why don’t we visit the exhibition asked Charles,
Charles suggested …………………………………………………………………………
3. “It was me that set fire to the house”; said martin,
martin admitted …………………………………………………………………………..
4. “I did not meet Professor Wilson in Zurich”, said the inspector.
The inspector denied……………………………………………………………………
5. “I’ m sorry I’m late” said normal..
Normal apologized ………………………………………………………………………
6. “Don’t skate on the ice, Barbra” said john.
John told ……………………………………………………………………………………..
7. “Wait for ten minutes, everyone” , said bill .
Bill told ……………………………………………………………………………………….
8. I will do everything possible to help tom told us ,
tom promised ………………………………………………………………………………
9. “I will not make s statement to the police” said Angela ,
Angela refuse ……………………………………………………………………………….
10. Well………er…………un……I ………er…………………..,,said Christopher ,
Christopher ………………………………………………………………………………..

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16.2 So, Such (a)

So is followed by adjectives

Example: the soup was so hot I couldn’t drink it

This is followed by a noun or an adjective plus noun, if it is a singular

noun, you need such a.

Example

1. It was such a slow train that I arrived late for the meeting
If it is an uncountable noun or a plural countable noun
you need such.
Example
1. They were such large tablets that I couldn’t swallow them
2. It was such poor quality oil that is damaged my car engine
Exercise
Finish each of the following sentences in such a ,away that it means
exactly the same as the sentence printed before it
1. It was such an expensive vase the museum couldn’t afford to buy it
The vase ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Patrick knows such a lot about renaissance art I daren’t disagree
with him
3. Patrick knows so …………………………………………………………………………..
They are such old books that they are beginning to fall to pieces
The books…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. The artist became so famous that it was difficult for him to find time to
paint
He was such ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. The sculpture was so heavy that a crane was need to move

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It was……………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. The exhibition was so popular that people had to queue for three hours to
get in
It was ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. It was so far to walk to the museum that I decided to take a taxi
It was such……………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Anthony has read so many books on art that he can answer all your
question
Anthony has read such……………………………………………………………………………

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Exercise

Look at these words and phrases which tell you

(how,? where,? when,? how long?)

Quickly, badly, well, fast, easily, at home, in

the park, on Saturday, yesterday, at five o
clock, for two days, for six years.

Answers

1. How = ………………………………………………………………………………
2. Where = …………………………………………………………………………..
3. When = …………………………………………………………………………..
4. How long = …………………………………………………………………….

B: What questions do these words answers?

Often, sometimes, never, rarely, always,

hardly ever, usually, seldom
Answer

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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1. Our team wins a match. (rarely)

………………………………………………………………………………………
2. We will get there on time. (never)
………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. I have never seen such interesting fossils (rarely)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. He arrives at 9 am. (hardly never)
………………………………………………………………………..
5. The brushes should be cleaned before being used again(always)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. I can understand what she says (usually)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
C: what question do these words answer?
Definitely, possibly, absolutely,
undoubtedly, obviously, just

Answer

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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 Al-jazeera secondary s welcomes you with open hands
.. Grammar Form four
Place the word in brackets in the correct position
in the sentence

1. Samuel Castro was an imposter. (obviously)

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2. David will win the race (definitely)

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3. He has spent a lot f time in the sun (obviously)
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4. They have committed these crimes together (undoubtedly)
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5. He might have given the map to his brother (possibly)
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6. She moved the ring and walked away (just)
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 Al-jazeera secondary s welcomes you with open hands
.. Grammar Form four
D: Although there is in some flexibility about
the position of adverbs in English

The following sentences definitely have the adverb in the wrong

position. The order is clearly wrong and the writer has obviously made
a mistake can you re-write them correctly?

1. Jenny wasn’t worried about the faulty look just she thought it was a
nuisance.
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2. Professor Jones wants to stop immediately this project
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3. I have received this morning a letter from you.
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4. The pilot safely landed
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5. Helen needed desperately new clothes
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6. He forgot easily people’s names
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7. Just I wanted to let you know about it
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8. I always am the last person to know.
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Prepared by: A/rahman Ahmed Mahamoud (Sameeco) Tell: 063-4179350 133

 Al-jazeera secondary s welcomes you with open hands
.. Grammar Form four
20.2. A note on hardly

Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective. This is the case
with hard.

Examples

1. He is a hard worker (adjective)

2. He works hard (adverb)
Hardly is a different word with a negative meaning
Examples
1. He does hardly any work
This means that he does very little work
2. They hardly ever arrive on time
This means that they usually late

Adjectives ending in (ly)

Although many adjectives form adverbs by adding (–ly)

Adjective adverb
Quick quickly
These are some adjectives which end in (– ly )
the most common are:
(Friendly, lively, lovely, ugly, silly, cowardly, motherly)
To you use these words adverbially you have to say “in a friendly way”

Example

1. He was very friendly (adjective)

2. He spoke to me in a friendly way adverb)

Prepared by: A/rahman Ahmed Mahamoud (Sameeco) Tell: 063-4179350 134