Answers

Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 1

6 231
1 14, 27 7 2520
2 123456787654321 8 15
3 625 9 4
4 60 10 1100 (a square of 9 coins is approximately 80 cm2 );
5 431 x 52 approximately $220
6 $490 11 41◦
7 16 12 7
8 150◦ 13 7200◦
9 270 14 99
10 discuss: e.g. count how many times ‘the’ appears on one 15 e
page and multiply by the number of written pages in the 16 204
book.
11 varies: e.g. 7.5 km for an average step of 75 cm
12 a 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 × 9 = 100 Chapter 1
b many solutions e.g. 123 − 45 − 67 + 89 = 100
13 2.5 cm, 75 cm (answers vary if thickness of glass Exercise 1A
considered)
14 $110, $130, $170 1 a Babylonian b Roman c Egyptian
15 7 trips 2 a i I ii ∩ iii iv
2 b i ii iii
16 2 days
3
c i I ii V iii X iv L v C
3 5−1=4
Working with unfamiliar problems: Part 2 4 a i ii iii iv

1 17, 26, 35, 44, 53, 62, 71, 80 b i ii iii

2 60◦ , 155◦ iv
3 12, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36 and 40 c i II ii IX iii XXIV
4 12 arrangements possible, 8 open box nets iv CLVI
5 a i 33 ii 111 iii 213
iv 241
b i 12 ii 24 iii 71
iv 205
c i 4 ii 8 iii 16
iv 40
6 a XXXVI b c d DCLXXVIII

7 (21)
5 25 8 CLXXXVIII (188)
9
(64)

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 10 a Roman b Babylonian c Roman Exercise 1C
11 a IV b IX c XIV d XIX
Answers
1 a add, plus, sum
e XXIX f XLI g XLIX h LXXXIX b minus, take away, difference
i XCIX j CDXLIX k CMXXII l MMMCDI 2 a 10 b 69
12 A separate picture is to be used for each 1, 10, 100 etc. The c 12 d 20
number 999 uses 27 pictures. 3 a i 8 ii 27 iii 132
13 a i ii iii ....
b i 6 ii 16 iii 8
iv v 4 a true b true c true
vi ....
d false e true f false
b third position = 60 × 60 = 3600
5 a 18 b 19 c 32
c 216 000
d 140 e 21 f 9
14 Answers may vary.
6 a 64 b 97 c 579
d 748 e 948 f 5597
Exercise 1B
g 378 683 h 591 579 i 201 011
1 a hundreds b thousands c tens d ones 7 a 11 b 36 c 112
2 a 263 b 7421 c 36 015 d 100 001 d 4 e 3111 f 10 001
3 a B b E c D d A 8 a 24 b 75 c 95
e C f F g G d 133 e 167 f 297
4 a 7 b 70 c 70 d 700 9 a 24 b 26 c 108
e 700 f 7000 g 700 h 70 000 d 222 e 317 f 5017
5 a 20 b 2000 c 200 d 200 000 10 a 51 b 128 c 244
6 a true b false c true d true d 119 e 242 f 502
e false f true g false h true 11 a 12 b 27 c 107
7 a 1 × 10 + 7 × 1 b 2 × 100 + 8 × 10 + 1 × 1 d 133 e 14 f 90
c 9 × 100 + 3 × 10 + 5 × 1 d 2 × 10 g 1019 h 0 i 3
e 4 × 1000 + 4 × 100 + 9 × 10 + 1 × 1 12 38 hours
f 2 × 1000 + 3 × 1 g 1 × 10 000 + 1 × 1 13 107 runs
h 5 × 10 000 + 5 × 1000 + 5 × 100 + 5 × 10 + 5 × 1 14 32 cows
8 a 347 b 9416 c 7020 15 29 marbles
d 600 003 e 4 030 700 f 90 003 020 16 107 cards
17 a i 1 ii 5
9 a 44, 45, 54, 55
b 29, 92, 279, 729, 927 6 5 2 4
c 4, 23, 136, 951
2 4 3 3 6 1
d 345, 354, 435, 453, 534, 543
e 12 345, 31 254, 34 512, 54 321 b i 6
f 1001, 1010, 1100, 10 001, 10 100
9 2
10 a 6 b 6 c 24
1 7
11 27
12 a a × 10 + b × 1 4 8 3 5
b a × 1000 + b × 100 + c × 10 + d × 1 ii 9
c a × 100 000 + a × 1 1 2
13 Position gives the place value and only one digit is needed for
6 4
each place. There is also a digit for zero.
14 a You do not need to write the zeros. 7 3 5 8
b i 41 × 102 ii 37 × 104 iii 2177 × 104
c i 38 100 ii 7 204 000 iii 1 028 000 000
d i 1 × 106 ii 1 × 109 iii 1 × 1012
iv 1 × 10100 v 1 × 10googol

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 18 a Because 3 + 9 is more than 10, so you have to carry. 14 a i 29 ii 37
b Because 8 − 6 is easy, but 1 − 6 means you have to carry. b yes

Answers
19 a c − b = a b b−a=c c no
20 a four ways (totals are 9, 10, 11 and 12) d The balance of −19 + 20 is +1, so add 1 to 36.
15 a Answers may vary.
b Answers may vary.
b Different combinations in the middle column can be used
21 a 6 1 8 to create the sum.
7 5 3 16 a 62 67 60
2 9 4
61 63 65
b 10 15 8 66 59 64
9 11 13 b 101 115 114 104
14 7 12
112 106 107 109
c 15 20 13 108 110 111 105
14 16 18 113 103 102 116
19 12 17 17 452 and 526
d 1 15 14 4
12 6 7 9 Exercise 1E
8 10 11 5 1 a 20, 24, 28 b 44, 55, 66 c 68, 85, 102
13 3 2 16
2 a true b true
22 29 and 58 c false d true
e true f true
Exercise 1D g false h true
i false
1 a 17 b 101 c 144 d 110
3 a 3 b 0
e 1005 f 143 g 201 h 1105
c 5 d 2
2 a 8 b 27 c 67 d 84
4 a 56 b 54
e 15 f 92 g 29 h 979
c 48 d 121
3 a 8 b 1 c 1 d 6
e 72 f 35
e 2 f 1 g 8 h 3
g 108 h 39
4 a 87 b 99 c 41 d 86
5 a 57 b 174
e 226 f 745 g 1923 h 5080
c 112 d 266
5 a 161 b 225 c 2229 d 1975 e 105 f 124
6 a 77 b 192 c 418 d 4208 g 252 h 159
e 1223 f 1982 6 a 96 b 54
7 a 31 b 20 c 19 d 58 c 96 d 72
e 36 f 112 g 79 h 72 7 a 66 b 129
8 a 16 b 47 c 485 d 166 c 432 d 165
9 1854 sheep e 258 f 2849
10 576 kilometres g 2630 h 31 581
11 a 1821 students b 79 students 8 a 235 b 4173
12 a b c c 3825 d 29 190
3 8 1 1 4 6 7
+ 5 3 9 $264
+ 7 7 + 8 4 7
10 1680 metres
9 1 9 1 4
1 9 1 11 116 cards
13 a b c 12 no
6 2 2 6 5 3 0 9 2
− 2 8 13 a 3 9 b 2 5
− 1 8 4 − 9 2 7
3 4 × 7 × 5
8 1 2 1 6 5
2 7 3 12 5

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 c 7 9 d 1 3 2 11 a b
2 3 1 4 3
× × × 1 7
Answers
3 8 × 1 3
2 3 7 10 5 6 1 6 1
4 2 9
e f 2 3 0
2 7 3 9 1 4 3 0
× 7 × 9 3 9 1
1 8 5 9
1 8 9 3 5 1
c d
4 9 1 2 6
g h
2 3 2 3 1 4 × 3 7 × 2 1
× 5 × 7 3 4 3 1 2 6
1 1 6 0 2 1 9 8 1 4 7 0 2 5 2 0
14 12 ways
1 8 1 3 2 6 4 6
15 a 3 × 21 b 9 × 52
12 60 480 degrees
c 7 × 32 d 5 × 97
13 One number is a 1.
e a × 38 f a × 203
14 a 39 984 b 927 908 c 4 752 188 d 146 420 482
16 three ways: (0, 1), (1, 5), (2, 9). You cannot carry a number to
15 a 1600 b 780 c 810 d 1000
the hundreds column.
16 a 84 000 b 3185
17 a Answers may vary; e.g. 17 123, 117
2 1 7
× 7
Progress quiz
1 5 1 9
b Answers may vary; e.g. 2 9 5 1 a b CXXXIV
× 3 2 5 × 10 000 + 8 × 100 + 6 × 10 + 2 × 1
8 8 5 3 a 375 b 64 c 57 d 71
18 6, 22 4 a 62 b 78
5 a 28 b 72 c 108 d 45
6 a 84 b 195
Exercise 1F
7 a 252 b 948 c 15 022
1 a 2 b 0 c 0 d 4
8 a 3800 b 1680 c 102 600
2 a 100 b 10 c 10 000
9 a 312 b 5072
3 a incorrect, 104
b incorrect, 546 10 a 1973 students b 77 students
c correct
Exercise 1G
d incorrect, 2448
4 a 400 b 290 c 1830 d 4600 1 a 2 b 3 c 7 d 12
e 50 000 f 63 000 g 14 410 h 29 100 000 2 a 1 b 2 c 2 d 5
5 a 340 b 1440 c 6440 d 22 500 3 a 1 b 1 c 5 d 5
e 41 400 f 460 000 g 63 400 h 9 387 000 4 a 4 b 3 c 6 d 5
6 a 407 b 1368 c 1890 d 9416 e 7 f 9 g 8 h 11
e 18 216 f 40 768 g 18 620 h 33 858 5 a 21 b 19 c 19 d 41
7 a 209 b 546 c 555 d 2178 e 29 f 21 g 302 h 98
8 $2176 6 a 22 b 31 c 17 d 7
9 $6020 7 a 26 b 1094 c 0 d 0
10 86 400 seconds
8 a 23 rem. 2 b 13 rem. 1 c 69 rem. 1
d 41 rem. 1 e 543 rem. 1 f 20 333 rem. 2
g 818 rem. 3 h 10 001 rem. 0
9 a 131 rem. 2 b 241 rem. 4 c 390 rem. 5
d 11 542 rem. 1
10 13 packs

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 11 124 packs b One number is rounded up and the other is rounded down.
12 a $243 b $27 c i 3 ii 3 iii 1 iv 2

Answers
13 67 posts d If the numerator is decreased, then the approximation
14 15 taxis will be smaller. If the denominator is increased then the
15 19 trips; any remainder needs 1 more trip approximation will also be smaller. If the opposite occurs
16 2 9 12 the approximation will be larger.
36 6 1
3 4 18 Exercise 1I
17 a 1, 12 b 13, 7 c 4, 5 1 a addition b division
18 $68 c multiplication d multiplication
19 a a b 0 c 1 e division f addition
20 8 or 23 g division h multiplication
21 a = b or a = −b i division j subtraction
22 a 33 rem. 8 b 54 rem. 8 c 31 rem. 1 k multiplication l division
d 108 rem. 1 e 91 rem. 16 f 123 rem. 26 2 a true b false c false d true
23 a 3 rem. 269 b 11 rem. 5 c 18 rem. 625 3 a 23 b 21 c 0 d 18
24 1 6 20 56 e 32 f 2 g 22 h 22
40 28 2 3 i 38 j 153 k 28 l 200
14 5 24 4 4 a 10 b 3 c 2 d 22
12 8 7 10 e 2 f 9 g 18 h 3
25 a 37 b 43 c 75 d 91 i 10 j 121 k 20 l 1
e 143 f 92 5 a 48 b 18 c 13 d 28
e 22
Exercise 1H
6 a 27 b 10 c 8 d 77
1 a up b down c up d up e 30 f 21 g 192
e down f down 7 75 books
2 a larger b smaller c smaller d larger 8 45 TV sets
3 a 60 b 30 c 120 d 190 9 a (4 + 2) × 3 = 18 b 9 ÷ (12 – 9) = 3
e 200 f 900 g 100 h 600 c 2 × (3 + 4) – 5 = 9 d (3 + 2) × (7 – 3) = 20
i 2000 e (10 – 7) ÷ (21 – 18) = 1
4 a 20 b 30 c 100 d 900 f (4 + 10) ÷ (21 ÷ 3) = 2
e 6000 f 90 000 g 10 000 h 10 g [20 – (31 – 19)] × 2 = 16
h 50 ÷ (2 × 5) – 4 = 1
5 a 130 b 80 c 150 d 940
i (25 – 19) × (3 + 7) ÷ 12 + 1 = 6
e 100 f 1000 g 1100 h 2600
10 first prize $38, second prize $8
i 1000
11 a no b yes c no d yes
6 a 120 b 160 c 100 d 12
e yes f no g no h yes
e 40 f 2000 g 4000 h 100
i yes
7 a 1200 b 6300 c 20 000 d 8 000 000
12 a no b yes c no d yes
e 5 f 16 g 10 h 25
13 a b b 0 c a+1 d b
8 Answers may vary.
9 ≈ 2100 scoops 14 a Multiply by 2 and add 1.
10 ≈ 1200 sheep b Multiply by 3 and subtract 3, or subtract 1 and then
11 ≈ 8 people multiply by 3.
12 a 200 b 100 000 c 800 d 3 000 000 c Multiply by itself and add 1.
13 a i larger ii larger
b i larger ii larger Problems and challenges
c i smaller ii smaller 1 The two people pay $24 each, which is $48 in total. Of that
d i larger ii larger $48 the waiter has $3, leaving a balance of $45 for the bill.
14 a i 9 ii 152 iii 10
iv 448

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 2 2 9 4 Chapter 2
Answers
7 5 3 Exercise 2A
6 1 8 1 a •p b N
3 5 A
4 One way is (2 + 7) × 11 + 4 − 3
5 a 22 L/day b 7900 L/year c A d T
6 21, 495
S

Multiple-choice questions B C

1 B 2 C 3 E 4 A 5 B e f
C
6 A 7 D 8 C 9 B 10 A
B
A
Short-answer questions
1 a i ii iii 2 a all in a straight line
b all meet at the same point
b i ii .... iii
3 a ray b line c segment
c i XIV ii XL iii CXLVI
2 a 50 b 5000 c 50 000 4 a line b plane c plane d point
e line f plane g line h point
3 a 459 b 363 c 95 d 217
5 a point T b line CD c angle BAC
4 a 128 b 2324 c 191 d 295
d plane e ray PQ f segment ST
5 a 95 b 132 c 220 d 41
6 a ∠BOC b ∠BAC c ∠BEA d ∠AOC
e 33 f 24 g 29 000 h 10 800
i 14 678 7 a segments AB, BC, AC, BD, CD; angles ABD, CBD,
CDB, BCD
6 a 1413 b 351 c 46 rem 5 d 7540 rem 2
b segments PQ, PR, QR, RS, QS; angles PQS, RQS, QRS,
7 a b RSQ
2 2 3 7 2 9
+7 3 8 − 4 7 3 8 a C, B and D b A, C and D

9 6 1 2 5 6 9 a no b yes
10 a 8 b 14
c d 8 3
5 3 1 11 10
× 2 7 5 4
9 11 5 12 Missing numbers are 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15. For 5 points, add 4
to the previous total; for 6 points, add 5 to the previous total,
3 7 1
and so on.
1 0 6 0
13 All segments should intersect at the same point; i.e. are
1 4 3 1 concurrent.
8 a 70 b 3300 c 1000 14 a yes b no
n
9 a 800 b 400 c 5000 d 10 15 number of segments = (n − 1)
2
10 a 24 b 4 c 14 d 20 Exercise 2B
e 0 f 13
1 Answers may vary.
2 a 2 b 3 c 4
Extended-response questions
3 a 50° b 145° c 90°
1 a 646 loads b 9044 kilometres
d 250°
c $36 430 d $295
4 a acute, 40° b acute, 55°
2 a 3034 sweets b 249
c right, 90° d obtuse, 125°
c liquorice sticks, 6 d yes (124)
e obtuse, 165° f straight, 180°
g reflex, 230° h reflex, 270°
i reflex, 325°

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 7 a EF ⊥ GH b ST ⊥ UV c WY ⊥ XY
5 a i 20° ii 25° iii 35°
8 a 30 b 75 c 60 d 135

Answers
iv 40° v 35°
e 45 f 130
b ∠AOF (155°)
6 a b 9 a No, should add to 90°. b Yes, they add to 180°.
c Yes, they add to 360°. d Yes, they are equal.
40° e No, they should be equal. f No, should add to 360°.
75°
10 a 30 b 60 c 60 d 45
c d e 180 f 36
135° 11 24°
12 a a + b = 90 b a+b+c= c a + b = 270
90°
180
e 175° f 205° 13 Only one angle – the others are either supplementary or
vertically opposite.
14 a 360° b 72 c 108
g 260° h 270° d Regular shape a b
Triangle 120 60
Square 90 90
Pentagon 72 108
Hexagon 60 120
i 295° j 352° Heptagon (360 ÷ 7) (900 ÷ 7)
Octagon 45 135

Progress quiz
7 a 29° b 55° c 35° d 130° 1 a G
8 Yes, the two smaller angles make up the larger angle. b angle EGF or FGH or EGK or KGH and other names
9 a 180° b 360° c 90° d 270° c angle EGF or KGH and other names
e 30° f 120° g 330° h 6° d AD, IJ and EH
i 54° j 63° k 255° l 129° e angle ABF or angle KBD measures 125◦

10 a 180° b 90° c 120° d 30° 2 a x = 28 (angles in a right angle add to 90)

11 a i 70° ii 70° iii 90° b x = 75 (angles on a straight line add to 180)
iv 90° v 80° vi 80° c x = 64 (vertically opposite)
b no d x = 23 (angles in a straight line add to 180)
c Subtract 360° until you have a number that is less than e x = 43 (angles in a right angle add to 90)
180°, then change the sign if it is negative. f x = 60 (revolution)
12 Use the revolution to get 360°− 60°= 300°. g x = 150 (revolution)
13 a 115° b 127.5° c 85° d 77.5° h x = 65 (vertically opposite)
e 122° f 176.5° i x = 270 (revolution)
j x = 50 (revolution)
Exercise 2C k x = 115 (angles in a straight line add to 180)
1 a,b angles should add to 90° c complementary l x = 34 (vertically opposite)

2 a,b angles should add to 180° 3 a Vertically opposite angles are equal.
c supplementary b 34◦
c 180◦
3 a,b angles should add to 360°
c vertically opposite angles
Exercise 2D
4 a ∠BOC b ∠AOD and ∠BOC
c ∠COD 1 a 4 b no

5 a 60 b 15 c 135 d 70 2 a 2 b yes
e 40 f 115 g 37 h 240 3 a equal b supplementary
i 130 c equal d equal
6 a N b N c S d N 4 a ∠DEH b ∠BEF c ∠DEB d ∠CBG
e C f C g C h S

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 5 a ∠FEG b ∠DEB c ∠GEB d ∠ABC 4 a 130◦ b 120◦ c 55◦ d 75◦
6 a ∠CFG b ∠BCF e 90◦ f 75◦
Answers
7 a 130, corresponding b 70, corresponding 5 a 50 b 150 c 60
c 110, alternate d 120, alternate 6 a 1 b 2 c 2
e 130, vertically opposite f 67, vertically opposite 7 a 30 b 60 c 40 d 30
g 65, cointerior h 118, cointerior e 120 f 10
i 100, corresponding j 117, vertically opposite 8 a 60 b 45 c 12
k 116, cointerior l 116, alternate
9 a 110 b 250 c 40 d 110
8 a a = 70, b = 70, c = 110 e 40 f 300
b a = 120, b = 120, c = 60
c a = 98, b = 82, c = 82, d = 82
d a = 90, b = 90, c = 90 Exercise 2F
e a = 95, b = 85, c = 95
1 a–e
f a = 61, b = 119
9 a No, corresponding angles should be equal.
b Yes, alternate angles are equal. O B
c Yes, cointerior angles are supplementary.
A minor arc
d Yes, corresponding angles are equal.
2 Your two circles should just touch.
e No, alternate angles should be equal.
3 ∠BAC and ∠ABC should be equal.
f No, cointerior angles should be supplementary.
4 ∠AEC should be 90°.
10 a 35 b 41 c 110 d 30
5 ∠BAD should be 60°.
e 60 f 141
6 ∠AOE and ∠BOE should be equal.
11 a 65 b 100 c 62 d 67 7 a Construct the two circles so that they have the same
e 42 f 57 g 100 h 130 radius.
i 59 b Use two circles of the same size. Point E should be the
12 a 12 angles b two angles midpoint of AB.
13 120 8 a Construct a 60° angle (see Question 4) and then bisect this
14 a i The angle marked a is alternate to the 20° angle. angle by constructing the angle bisector to form two 30°
ii The angle marked b is alternate to the 45° angle. angles (see Question 5).
b i a = 25, b = 50 ii a = 35, b = 41 b Construct an angle bisector of one of the 30°angles from
iii a = 35, b = 25 part a.
15 a a = 120, b = 120 b 60 9 a First, construct a 90° angle by constructing a
c opposite angles are equal perpendicular line and then construct the angle bisector
16 a Both angles do not add to 180°. of the 90° angle.
b Construct the angle bisector of one of the 45° angles from
b The cointerior angles do not add to 180°.
part a
c Alternate angles are not equal.
10 No, the circles must overlap.
17 a i ∠BDE, alternate ii ∠BED, alternate
11 a Yes, follow the procedure as in Question 6.
b add to 180°
b Yes, construct as for an acute or obtuse angle and draw
c Three inside angles of a triangle add to 180°, which is
the angle bisector on the reverse side of the vertex.
always true.
12 a b
18 Each triangle adds to 180°, so the total is 360°.

Exercise 2E
1 a a = 65, b = 115 b a = 106, b = 106 B
C B
c a = 55, b = 55 A A
2 a ∠BED, a = 30 b ∠EBD, a = 70
c ∠ADC or ∠ABD, a = 50
3 a 60 b 120 c 115 d 123
e 50 f 80 g 60 h 65
i 45 j 60 k 55 l 335

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 c Extended-response questions

Answers
1 a i 32° ii 32° iii 148°
iv 58°
b i corresponding ii cointerior
iii supplementary
A B c i 21° ii 159° iii 69°
2 a 12 pieces
b 30
c i 15 ii 22.5 iii 20
Exercise 2G
iv 24
1–9 Answers may vary and can be checked by testing the
properties of the constructions.

Problems and challenges

Chapter 3
1 77.5°
2 720°
3
Exercise 3A
1 a M b N c F d N
e F f F g M h F
i N j M k N l F
2 a F b N c M d N
e N f N g N h M
i F j M k F l N
4 60°
5 6 3 a 1, 2, 5, 10
b 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
Multiple-choice questions c 1, 17
d 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
1 C 2 B 3 D 4 C 5 D e 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60
6 E 7 C 8 A 9 E 10 B f 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42
g 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 40, 80
Short-answer questions h 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
1 a segment CD b ∠AOB c point P i 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28
d plane e ray AC f line ST 4 a 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
2 a acute, 35° b obtuse, 115° c reflex, 305° b 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48
c 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72
3 a 180° b 90° c 90° d 150°
d 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42
4 a 20 b 230 c 35 d 41
e 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120
e 15° f 38 g 60 h 120
f 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450
i 30
g 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90
5 a a◦ and b◦ b a◦ and d◦ h 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600
c a◦ and c◦ d b◦ and c◦ i 37, 74, 111, 148, 185, 222
e c◦ and d◦ or b◦ and d◦
5 a 3, 18 b 5 c 1, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24
6 a Yes, corresponding angles are equal. d 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 15, 24, 40, 120
b No, alternate angles should be equal.
6 a 22 b 162 c 21 d 117
c No, cointerior angles should be supplementary.
7 a 24 b 1 c 1, 4, 9, 16, 25
7 a 100 b 95 c 51 d 30
8 a 12 × 16 b 21 × 15
e 130 f 78
c 12 × 15 d 11 × 11
8 a 145° b 140° c 100°
e 12 × 28 or 24 × 14 or 21 × 16
9 a The angle should be divided in half. f 19 × 26 or 38 × 13
b The angle should be 90°.
9 a 20 min b 5 laps c 4 laps

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 10 a 25 b 0 c 23 13 a 12 min
d 2, 7, 12, 17, 37, 47, 62, 87, 137, 287 b Andrew 9 laps, Bryan 12 laps, Chris 6 laps
Answers
e 2 c 3 times (including the finish)
11 a false b true c false d false 14 a 8, 16 b 24, 32
e true 15 1 and 20; 2 and 20; 4 and 20; 5 and 20; 10 and 20; 4 and 5;
12 a 840 b 2520 4 and 10.
16 no
13 a 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100
b 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100 17 a 2520
b 2520
14 Answers may vary, but they should be multiples of 9.
15 The larger number gives the reply. Any number is a multiple c Identical answers; 2520 is already divisible by 10, so
adding 10 to list does not alter LCM.
of its factors. So the answer is ‘yes’.
d 27 720 (23 × 5 × 7 × 9 × 11)
16 Check the output each time.

Exercise 3C
Exercise 3B
1 a not even
1 a 1, 2, 4 b 4
b digits do not sum to a multiple of 3
2 Factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18.
c 26 is not divisible by 4
Factors of 30 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30.
d last digit is not 0 or 5
Therefore, the HCF of 18 and 30 is 6.
e not divisible by 3 (sum of digits is not divisible by 3)
3 a 24, 48 b 24
f 125 is not divisible by 8 and it is not even
4 Multiples of 9 are 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81 and 90.
g sum of digits is not divisible by 9
Multiples of 15 are 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120.
h last digit is not 0
Therefore, the LCM of 9 and 15 is 45.
5 a 1 b 1 c 2 d 3 2 a 2 b 2 c 0 d 0
e 4 f 15 g 50 h 24 3 3, 6 and 9
i 40 j 25 k 21 l 14 4 2, 5 and 10
5 a i yes ii no iii yes
6 a 10 b 3 c 1 d 1
iv yes v no vi yes
e 8 f 12
vii no viii yes ix no
7 a 36 b 21 c 60 d 110
x yes xi no xii yes
e 12 f 10 g 36 h 18
xiii yes xiv no xv no
i 60 j 48 k 132 l 105
xvi yes xvii
 no xviii no
8 a 30 b 84 c 12 d 45 6 a 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 

e 40 f 36 

b 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 



9 a HCF = 5, LCM = 60 b HCF = 12, LCM = 24 c 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 


c HCF = 7, LCM = 42 d HCF = 9, LCM = 135 

d 12, 18, 24, 30, 36 (other answers possible)
10 312
e 16, 24, 32, 40, 48 

11 9 



12 LCM = 780, HCF = 130 f 18, 27, 36, 45, 54 


g 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 




h 12, 16, 20, 24, 28

7 Number Divisible Divisible Divisible Divisible Divisible Divisible Divisible Divisible

by 2 by 3 by 4 by 5 by 6 by 8 by 9 by 10
243 567 7 3 7 7 7 7 3 7
28 080 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
189 000 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 308 150 3 3 7 3 3 7 3 3
1 062 347 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

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 8 a no b $14.25 16 2 + 3 = 5 and 2 + 5 = 7. All primes other than 2 are
9 2, 4, 8, 11, 22, 44 odd and two odds sum to give an even number that is not a

Answers
10 200 prime. So any pair that sums to a prime must contain an even
11 15 prime, which is 2.
12 980 17 Check your spreadsheet using smaller primes.
13 966
14 a yes
Exercise 3E
b Multiples of 3; adding a multiple of 3 does not change the 1 E
result of the divisibility test for 3. 2 D
c 18 3 Base Index Basic
15 a 0, 4, 8 b 2, 6 Value number number numeral
16 36 23 2 3 8
17 a 11 b 9 c 7 d 5 e 3 52 5 2 25
18 a 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99 104 10 4 10000
b 0 27 2 7 128
c 110, 121, 132, 143, 154, ... 112 1 12 1
d equals the centre digit or 11 plus the centre digit 121 12 1 12
e difference is 0 or 11 05 0 5 0
f Sum the odd- and even-placed digits. If the difference 4 a 33 b 25 c 154 d 104
between these two sums is 0 or is divisible by 11, then the e 62 f 203 g 16 h 43
number is divisible by 11. i 1002
g i yes ii yes iii no 5 a 32 × 5 2 b 22 × 7 3 c 92 × 122
iv yes v yes vi yes d 53
× 82 e 33× 63 f 74 × 132
g 43 × 71 × 131 h 93 × 102 i 23 × 32 × 52
Exercise 3D 6 26 × 35 × 54
1 no 7 a 2×2×2×2
2 yes b 17 × 17
3 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29 c 9×9×9
4 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 d 3×3×3×3×3×3×3
5 101 e 14 × 14 × 14 × 14
6 211 f 8×8×8×8×8×8×8×8
7 a C b P c C d P g 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10
e C f C g P h P h 54 × 54 × 54
i C j C k C l P 8 a 3×3×3×3×3×2×2×2
m P n P o C p P b 4×4×4×3×3×3×3
8 a 2, 3, 7 b 3, 13 c 2, 3, 5 d 5 c 7×7×5×5×5
e 2, 7 f 2, 3 d 4×4×4×4×4×4×9×9×9
e 5×7×7×7×7
9 a 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49
f 2×2×3×3×3×4
b 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69
g 11 × 11 × 11 × 11 × 11 × 9 × 9
c 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,
h 20 × 20 × 20 × 30 × 30
98, 99
10 a 5, 11 b 7, 13 c 11, 13 d 11, 17 9 a 32 b 64 c 1000 d 72
e 5, 73 f 7, 19 e 10000 f 1000 g 64 h 121
11 14 10 a 25 b 1 c 10 d 64
12 5 and 7, 11 and 13, 17 and 19, as well as other pairs e 128 f 8 g 22 h 900
13 17 and 71, as well as other pairs i 8
14 (5, 7, 11), as well as other groups 11 a 4 b 2 c 3 d 6
15 32 = 29 + 3, 34 = 29 + 5, 36 = 29 + 7, 38 = 31 + 7, e 3 f 2 g 2 h 4
40 = 37 + 3, 42 = 31 + 11, 44 = 41 + 3, 46 = 41 + 5, 12 a < b > c = d <
48 = 41 + 7 e > f > g < h <
13 125

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 iii ∴ 424 = 23 × 53 424
14 a 126 b 55 min c 244, 140, 625
Answers
d 75 min e Approx. 75 000 000 000 000 000
4 106
15 a + b × c − d ÷
e × f − 2 2 2 53
16 xy 13 a i 5 × 10 ≠ 60 ii 6 is not a prime number.
17 a = 2, b = 4 iii A 2 has been left off.
18 a 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720 b 60 = 22 × 3 × 5
b i 24 × 32 × 5 × 7 ii 27 × 32 × 5 × 7 14 72 72
iii 27 × 34 ×5×7 iv 28 × 34 × 52 × 7
c 0
2 36 2 36
d0
e It is the index number on the base 5.
i 1 ii 1 iii 3 iv 6 2 18 2 18
f e.g. 23! × 4!
2 9 3 6

Exercise 3F 3 3 2 3
1 composite: 15, 8, 9, 27, 4, 12; prime: 13, 7, 5, 23, 11, 2 72 72
2 a 5, 4 b 6, 2 c 10, 2, 5
3 a 3, 3, 2, 5 b 2, 2, 2, 7 c 5, 11, 2, 2 2 36 2 36
4 a 23 × 32 b 34 × 52 c 22 × 3 × 72
d 2 × 3 × 112
2 2
3 12 3 12
5 a 23 × 3 2 b 23 × 3 c 2 × 19 d 22 × 11
e 22 × 31 f 24 × 5 g 25 × 3 h 24 2 6 3 4
i 3× 52 j 3 × 37 k 26 l 23 ×7
2 3 2 2
6 a 23 × 3 × 52 b 25 × 52 c 23 × 54
72 72
d 25 × 3 × 52 e 26 × 56 f 23 × 32 × 54
g 22 × 5 × 41
h 2 × 3 × 5 × 23 2 36 2 36

7 a D b A c C d B
8 2310 4 9 6 6
9 a 144 = × 96 = 24 32 , 25 ×3
2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3
b HCF = 24 × 3 = 48
72 72
10 a 25 200 = 24 × 32 × 52 × 7, 77 000 = 23 × 53 × 7 × 11
b HCF = 23 × 52 × 7 = 1400
3 24 3 24
11 24 24

3 8 6 4
4 6 2 12
4 2 2 3 2 2
2 2 2 3
2 6
2 2
2 3 72 72
24 24
3 24 3 24
2 12 3 8
2 12 2 12
3 4 4 2
6 2 4 3
2 2 2 2
2 3 2 2
12 i 424 cannot have a factor of 5.
ii 8 is not a prime number.
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 72 72 10 a 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81
b 1×1×1×1×3×3=9

Answers
c 5 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 50 000
4 18 4 18
d 4 × 4 = 16
2 2 9 2 2 2 6 3 e 9 × 9 − 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 = 81 − 54
= 27
3 3 2 3
11 a 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
72 72
= 23 × 3
b 180 = 22 × 32 × 5
6 12 6 12

2 3 6 2 2 3 4 3 Exercise 3G
1 36 cm2 , a square number
2 3 2 2
2 12 = 1, 22 = 4, 32 = 9, 42 = 16, 52 = 25, 62 = 36,
72
72 = 49, 82 = 64, 92 = 81, 102 = 100, 112 = 121, 122 =
144, 132 = 169, 142 = 196, 152 = 225
8 9 3 a A square is not possible.
b draw a 4 by 4 square
4 2 3 3
4 a 36 b 25 c 121 d 100
2 2 e 49 f 144
15 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 210 2 × 3 × 7 × 11 = 462 5 a 5 b 4 c 10 d 7 cm
2 × 3 × 5 × 11 = 330 2 × 3 × 7 × 13 = 546 6 a 64 b 49 c 1 d 144
2 × 3 × 5 × 13 = 390 2 × 3 × 7 × 17 = 714 e 9 f 225 g 25 h 0
2 × 3 × 5 × 17 = 510 2 × 3 × 7 × 19 = 798 i 121 j 10 000 k 289 l 1089
2 × 3 × 5 × 19 = 570 2 × 3 × 7 × 23 = 966
7 a 5 b 3 c 1 d 11
2 × 3 × 5 × 23 = 690 2 × 5 × 7 × 11 = 770
e 0 f 9 g 7 h 4
2 × 3 × 5 × 29 = 870 2 × 5 × 7 × 13 = 910
i 2 j 12 k 20 l 13
2 × 3 × 5 × 31 = 930 2 × 3 × 11 × 13 = 858
8 a 50 b 80 c 90 d 27
9 a 30 b 64 c 65 d 36
Progress quiz
e 4 f 0 g 81 h 4
1 a 16: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 i 13
b 70: 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, 35, 70 10 64, 81, 100
11 121, 144, 169, 196
2 a 7, 14, 21, 28 b 20, 40, 60, 80
12 a 4 and 81 b 36 and 121; other answers possible
3 a 5 b 18
13 1, 9 and 49
4 a 24 b 45 14 a 144 b 144 c a = 3, b = 4
5 a no, last 2 digits not ÷ 4 d Answers may vary; e.g. 42 × 52 and 202
b yes, sum of 21 ÷ 3 15 a 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 b 102
c yes, sum of 24 ÷ 3, and even ÷ 2 c 152 d 502
d yes, sum of 27 ÷ 9 16 a 121 and 12 321 b 1 234 321
c 1 234 321
6 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 20, 24, 30, 40, 60, 120
17 no, 92 = 81
7 a C: large number of factors 18 a false b false c true
b N: only one factor d true e true (if a ≥ 0) f false
c P: only two factors, 1 and itself g false h false
d N
Exercise 3H
8 a 5, 7
b 2, 3 1 a 8, 11, 14, 17, 20 b 32, 31, 30, 29, 28
9 a 54 c 52, 48, 44, 40, 36 d 123, 130, 137, 144, 151
b 32 × 75 2 a 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 b 5, 20, 80, 320, 1280
c 240, 120, 60, 30, 15 d 625, 125, 25, 5, 1

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 3 a ratio of 3 b difference subtracting 2 b
c difference adding 11 d neither
Answers
1
e ratio of f neither
2
g neither h difference subtracting 3
4 a 23, 28, 33 b 44, 54, 64
c 14, 11, 8 d 114, 116, 118 c
e 27, 18, 9 f 5, 4, 3
g 505, 606, 707 h 51, 45, 39
5 a 32, 64, 128 b 80, 160, 320
c 12, 6, 3 d 45, 15, 5
e 176, 352, 704 d
f 70 000, 700 000, 7 000 000
g 16, 8, 4 h 76, 38, 19
6 a 50, 32, 26 b 25, 45, 55
e
c 32, 64, 256 d 9, 15, 21
e 55, 44, 33 f 333, 111 2
g 70, 98, 154 h 126, 378, 3402
7 a 17, 23, 30 b 16, 22, 29
c 36, 49, 64 d 17, 12, 6
e 17, 19, 23 f 47, 95, 191
g 5, 7, 6 h 32, 40, 38
8 a 49, 64, 81; square numbers
b 21, 34, 55; Fibonacci
c 216, 343, 512; cubes (i.e. powers of 3)
d 19, 23, 29; primes
e 16, 18, 20; composite
f 161, 171, 181; palindromes
9 a 115, 121, 128 b 24, 48, 16
c 42, 41, 123 d 9, 6, 13
10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 (total = 55)
11 a 39 b 57
c 110 d 192
12 1, 0, 0, 1, 2
13 difference is 0, ratio is 1, Jemima
14 a 55 b 100 c 2485 d 258
15 a 3 b 10 c 45 d 276
e n × (n − 1) ÷ 2
16 a 135 b 624 c 945
3 a
and
Exercise 3I
1 a b
and
c
and
d
and

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 e 5 a
and

Answers
f
and
4 a i b No. of crosses 1 2 3 4 5
No. of sticks required 4 8 12 16 20
c Number of sticks = 4 × number of crosses
d 80 sticks
ii 4, 7, 10, 13, 16
6 a
iii 4 sticks are required to start, then 3 are added
b i

ii 3, 5, 7, 9, 11

b No. of fence sections 1 2 3 4 5

iii 3 sticks are required at the start, then 2 are added
c i No. of planks required 4 7 10 13 16
c Number of planks = 3 × number of fence sections + 1
d 61 planks
7 a No. of tables 1 2 3 4 5
No. of students 5 8 11 14 17
b Number of students = 3 × number of tables + 2
c 23 students
ii 6, 11, 16, 21, 26 d 21 tables
iii 6 sticks are required to start, then 5 are added 8 a Spa length 1 2 3 4 5 6
d i No. of tiles 8 10 12 14 16 18
b Number of tiles = 2 × spa length + 6
c 36 tiles
d 12 units
9 A
10 A
11 Answers may vary.
a
ii 7, 12, 17, 22, 27
iii 7 sticks are required to start, then 5 are added
b
e i

c
ii 6, 11, 16, 21, 26
iii 6 sticks are required to start, then 5 are added
d
f i

ii 4, 7, 10, 13, 16
iii 4 sticks are required to start, then 3 are added

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 f d input 3 10 11 7 50
Answers
output 2 16 18 10 96
7 a output = input + 1 b output = 4 × input
c output = input + 11 d output = input ÷ 6
8 output = 3 × input
9 output = input − 9
10 a input 3 6 8 12 2
output 7 34 62 142 2
b input 6 12 1 3 8
output 5 3 25 9 4
12 a 5 b 41 c 4g + 1 d 16
c input 5 12 2 9 0
13 a m + n
b number of pieces for each new panel output 30 156 6 90 0
c d input 3 10 11 7 50
output 15 190 231 91 4950
11 a input c d 2p b2 www
output c + 6 d + 6 2p + 6 b2 + 6 www + 6
b input t k p2 2f ab
output 3t – 2 3k – 2 3p2 – 2 6f – 2 3ab – 2

12 input b d e g2 mn x c 0 1
output bc cd ec g2 c cmn xc c2 0 c
14 b ouput = c × input
No. of straight cuts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No. of sections created 2 4 7 11 16 22 29 13 a output = 2 × input + 1; output = 3 × input – 2
c 56 b infinite
d 211 14 a i output = 2 × input – 3
ii output = 4 × input + 1
Exercise 3J iii output = 5 × input – 1
iv output = input ÷ 6 + 2
1 a true b false c true d true
v output = 10 × input + 3
2 C
vi output = 4 × input – 4
3 B
4 a A b D c B d C
Exercise 3K
5 a input 4 5 6 7 10
1 y
output 7 8 9 10 13
b input 5 1 3 21 0 6
output 10 2 6 42 0 5
4
c input 11 18 9 44 100 3
output 3 10 1 36 92 2
d 1
input 5 15 55 0 100
x
output 1 3 11 0 20 O 1 2 3 4 5 6
6 a 2 y
input 1 2 3 4 5
output 7 17 27 37 47 4
b 3
input 6 8 10 12 14
2
output 7 8 9 10 11
1
c input 5 12 2 9 0 x
O 1 2 3 4
output 16 37 7 28 1

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 3 C b y
4 C

Answers
6
5 a x-axis b y-axis
5
c origin d first

Output
4
e y-coordinate f x, y, x, y
3
6 y
2
5 1
4 F x
O 1 2 3 4 5
3 C Input
2 D A 11 y
1 B E
H G 5
x
1 2 3 4 5 4
7 a A(1, 4), B(2, 1), C(5, 3), D(2, 6), E(4, 0), F(6, 5), G(0, 3), 3
H(4, 4) 2
b M(1, 2), N(3, 2), P(5, 1), Q(2, 5), R(2, 0), S(6, 6), T(0, 6), 1
U(5, 4) x
O 1 2 3 4 5
8 a input (x ) output (y ) 12 y
0 2
1 3 8
2 4 7
3 5 6
5
b y
4
5 3
4 2
Output

3 1
2 x
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
x 13 a y
O 1 2 3 4 5
Input 10
9 a 9
input (x ) output (y )
8
1 0
7
2 1
6
3 2 5
4 3 4
b y 3
2
5
1
4
x
Output

3 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 b (4, 0), (4, 3), (6, 3), (6, 0), but answers may vary.
1
c Answers may vary.
x
O 1 2 3 4 5 d Answers may vary.
Input 14 a B(1, 4), C(4, 4), D(4, 1)
10 a input (x ) output (y ) b y
0 0 4
1 2 3
2 4 2
3 6 1
x
O 1 2 3 4

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 15 a HELP 5 a 2, 5, 7, 11 b 30, 42, 70
b (4, 4), (5, 1), (3, 1), (3, 4), (5, 1), (5, 4) 6 a 68 b 54 × 25
Answers
c key under pot plant
7 a 25 b 23 × 52 c 32 × 52
d 21510032513451001154004451255143
8 a 10 b 3 c 4
16 a D(4, 5) b D(4, 1) c D(0, 0) d D(1, 5)
9 a 16 b 7 c 397 d 131
17 a output = input + 2
10 a no b yes c no
b output = input × 3
11 a Divisible Divisible Divisible Divisible
c output = input ÷ 2
18 a (3, 6) or any with x = 3 Number by 2 by 3 by 4 by 5
b any point on a vertical line with x = 3 84 539 424    
c (3, 5) Divisible Divisible Divisible Divisible
19 a M(3, 2) Number by 6 by 8 by 9 by 10
b (1, 2) 84 539 424    
c Find the average of the x values, then the average of the y Explanation:
values. 84 539 424 is an even number, therefore is divisible by 2.
d (4, 2)
84 539 424 has a digit sum of 39, therefore is divisible
e (2.5, 3.5)
by 3, but not by 9.
f (−0.5, −0.5)
84 539 424 is divisible by 2 and 3, therefore is
g (5, 3)
divisible by 6.
The last two digits are 24, which is divisible by 4.
Problems and challenges The last three digits are 424, which is divisible by 8.
1 101 The last digit is a 4, therefore not divisible by 5 or 10.
2 a 28 (1, 2, 4, 7, 14) b many possible answers
b 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124, 248 c Any six-digit number ending in 0 with sum of digits = 243.
3 a 18 tulips per bunch 12 a 5 b 50 c 13 d 18
b 7 red, 6 pink and 8 yellow bunches e 14 f 20
4 14 + 18 = 32 13 a 36, 39, 42 b 43, 35, 27 c 112, 70, 28
5 52 = 42 + 9, 62 = 52 + 11
14 a 280, 560, 1120 b 900, 300, 100 c 100, 2500, 6250
6 Answers may vary. Check that the answer is the whole
15 a 168, 51, 336, 46, 672, 41
number that you are looking for.
b 212, 307, 421, 554, 706, 877
7 602
8 1, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 29, 31, 35 16 a

Multiple-choice questions
1 B 2 E 3 C 4 E 5 B
6 B 7 D 8 A 9 C 10 E
11 B 12 D
b No. of rhombuses 1 2 3 4 5
Short-answer questions
No. of sticks required 4 7 10 13 16
1 a 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 15 , 20 , 24 , c Four sticks are required to start the pattern, and an
30 , 40 , 60 , 120 additional three sticks are required to make each next term
b For example, 1200, 1440, 1800 in the pattern.

2 a 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96 7 , 14, 21 , 17 a 5 b 32 c 3g + 2
d 21 windows
28, 35 , 42, 49 , 56, 63 , 70, 77 , 84
b 7, 13 18 a input 3 5 7 12 20
3 a i 5 ii 2 iii 24 output 8 10 12 17 25
b i 65 ii 18 iii 88 b input 4 2 9 12 0
4 a composite 21, 30, 16; prime 11, 7, 3, 2
output 15 11 25 31 7
b only one, 13

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 19 a output = input + 9 c (4, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8); each y value is 2 more than the x value
b output = 12 × input + 8 d 31, 31, 30; days of the month in a leap year

Answers
√ √ √
c output = 2 × input + 1 e 5, 6, 7; square root of the counting numbers
d output = 10 − input f 7, 64, 8; two sequences: 1, 2, 3, 4, … and 1, 2, 4,
20 a A(1, 3), B(3, 4), D(2, 1) 8, 16, …
b C(4, 2)
c E(5, 0)
Chapter 4
Extended-response questions
Exercise 4A
1 a area = 33 × 53 cm2 , perimeter = 2 × 33 + 2 × 53 cm
1 a 9 b 7
b area = 163 or 46 or 212 , perimeter = 162 or 44 or 28
2 proper: b, e, f, g
c a4 × c 2
improper: a, c, h, i, k, l
d 162 or 44 or 28
whole numbers: d, j, k
e 3x 1
3 A a 4 b 1 c i 4 ii 1 iii
2 a i 1 ii 2 4
b 7
B a 8 b 7 c i 8 ii 7 iii
8
2
C a 3 b 2 c i 3 ii 2 iii
3
5
D a 12 b 5 c i 12 ii 5 iii
12
4 d, g, j, l, m
c Rows 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 a
Desks per row 4 4 4 4 4 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1
7 7 7 7 7 7
Total no. of desks 4 8 12 16 20 24 b
Total no. of rhombuses 0 3 6 9 12 15 0 1 2 1 4 5 2
3 3 3 3

d Number of rhombuses = 3 × (number of rows − 1) c

0 1 2 3 4 5 1
6 6 6 6 6
= 3(n − 1)
d
e Rows 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 1 5 6 7 2 9 10 11 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Desks per row 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 e
Total desks 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 1 2 3 4 1 6 7 8 9 2 11 12
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Rhombuses 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
f
0 1 2 3 1 5 6 7 2 9 10 11 3
Rows 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Desks per row 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Answers may vary.

Total desks 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 a
Rhombuses 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Rows 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Desks per row 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Total desks 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56
Rhombuses 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42

Rows 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Desks per row 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Total desks 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
Rhombuses 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49

f No. of rhombuses = (no. of desks − 1) × (no. of rows − 1)

= (d − 1)(n − 1)
g 10 201 desks
3 a 36, 49, 64; square the counting numbers
b 125, 216, 343; cube of the counting numbers

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 b it is impossible to break a whole into parts and end up
with more than a whole. An improper fraction is when the
Answers
numerator is greater than the denominator.
13 c
1
14 a i ii 50 mL
5
4
b i 40 mL ii
25
16
c i 32 mL ii
125
9
d i 90 mL ii
25
61
e i 122 mL ii
125
f Approximately, yes they will.
c
Exercise 4B
3 2 11 5
1 , , ,
6 4 22 10
4 16 2 80
2 , , ,
10 40 5 200
3 a 2, 12, 10, 20, 300 b 1, 3, 24, 20, 40
1 1 2 3
4 a b c d
5 6 3 4
5 a 10, 10, 10, 1 b 2, 2, 2, 2
c 4, 4, 4, 7 d 3, 3, 3, 3, 5
7 8 9 9 10 11 6 Answers may vary.
7 a , , b , , 2 3 4 10 2 3 4 10
5 5 5 8 8 8 a , , , b , , ,
4 6 8 20 8 12 16 40
5 6 7 7 6 5
c , , d , , 4 6 8 10 6 12 24 48
3 3 3 7 7 7 c , , , d , , ,
10 15 20 25 10 20 40 80
5 3 1 23 28 33
e, , f , , 4 6 8 20 6 9 12 30
2 2 2 4 4 4 e , , , f , , ,
1 3 1 7 10 18 27 36 90 14 21 28 70
8 a =1 , ; = 3 , ;  = 5, 10 50 500 5000 6 9 12 30
2 2 2 2 2 g , , , h , , ,
24 120 1200 12000 22 33 44 110
1 4 1 11
b = ; = ; = 2 ,
5 5 5 5 7 a 9 b 50 c 33 d 56
3 4 11 2 16 e 8 f 2 g 12 h 39
c = ; = 1 , ; = 2 ,
7 7 7 7 7 i 35 j 200 k 105 l 2
1 10 2 11 2 14 8 a ≠ b = c ≠ d ≠
d = 3 , ; = 3 , ; = 4 ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 e = f = g = h =
9 division i =
6 4 1 7 5
10 a b = c d 3 2 1 4
11 8 2 12 6 9 a b c d
4 3 3 11
3 1 5
e = f 2 1 1 1
12 4 9 e f g h
5 11 7 3
12 13 11 1 7 3 5 5
11 a b c d i j k l =5
43 15 12 12 9 8 6 1
2 144 7 1 7 1 12 3 4 2 7 1
e f g h 10 a = b = c = d =
11 475 20 4 14 2 16 4 42 21 63 9
2
3 11
i 9
7
12 a 35 b 45 c 30 d 24
12 Proper fraction: When you have part of a whole, and
13 Justin 4, Joanna 3, Jack 5
therefore you have a numerator that is smaller than the 1
denominator. Improper fraction: It is called improper because 14 a 75 b c 150
3

676
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 4 a 8 b 12 c 28 d 44
6
15 Answers may vary; e 17 f 7 g 10 h 24

Answers
10
16 Answers may vary. 1 1
5 a A 7 , B 10
a 2 2
2 1 2
b C1 ,D2 ,E4
3 3 3
1 2 4 1
b 12 quavers (eighth notes) to a bar c F 23 , G 24 , H 25 , I 26
5 5 5 5
c
11 8 10 17
6 a b c d
5 5 3 3
29 24 5 13
e f g h
7 7 2 2
14 34 42 103
d i j k l
3 3 5 10
55 25 42 21
m n o p
9 9 8 8
23 38 53 115
q r s t
12 11 12 12
115 803 643 104
u v w x
20 100 10 5
2 1 2 3
7 a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1
5 3 3 4
2 1 2 1
e 3 f 4 g 2 h 2
3 5 7 2
5 1 2 1
e Each dot increases the length of the note by another 50%. i 1 j 3 k 6 l 10
7 6 3 4
3
e.g. • = note (value = 3 beats) 3 1 6 2
4 m 4 n 5 o 6 p 13
8 5 7 3
= half note + 50%
1 4 3 1
= half note + quarter note q 3 r 7 s 9 t 11
12 11 10 7
Exercise 4C 31 3 3 5
u 2 v 33 w 12 x 12
100 10 11 12
1 a 2 and 3 b 11 and 12 c 36 and 37
1 4 1 1
2 a 24 b 360 c 60 d 24 8 a 2 b 2 c 1 d 1
2 5 3 3
3 a 1 1 2 2
e 1 f 3 g 2 h 2
8 3 3 5
b
9 a 2 5
33
1
3 3 2
c 0 1 2 3 4
b 3 1
24
12 1
32
4 4
d
0 1 2 3 4
c 4 10 14 1 19
5 5 5
35 5

0 1 2 3 4
1 2
10 a 2 , 3 , 4
3 3
4 1 4 6
b 1 , 2 , 3, 3 , 3
7 7 7 7
2 1 4 1
c 2 , 4 , 4 , 6, 7
5 5 5 5

677
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 7 1
11 a 15 b 1 c 9 d 1 12 a 7, 8 b 16
8 8
1
Answers
12 a 11 b 9 c 4x − 1 13 a Thomas b th of a donut
10
d 3y − 1 e mn 1 3 1
2 1 1 5 14 a i ii iii
13 a i 1 , 2 , 3 ii 1 4 8 2
3 3 2 6 1
iv
3 2 2 11 3
b i 2 ,3 ,4 ii 1
4 4 3 12 Exercise 4E
4 3 3 19
c i 3 ,4 ,5 ii 1 1 a denominator
5 5 4 20
29 b denominator, numerators
d 1 c denominators, lowest common denominator
30
e A mixed number with a whole number part equal to 1. d check, simplified
Denominator equal to product of two largest numbers, 2 a 5 b 5 c 4, 3, 7 d 8, 15, 23, 3
numerator is one less than denominator. 3 a 15 b 20 c 6 d 6
e 8 f 10 g 77 h 9
Exercise 4D
i 24 j 18 k 30 l 48
5 7 9 8
1 a b c d 4 a 3 b 7 c 7 d 3
7 3 11 5
2 a 10 b 21 c 20 d 30 e 3 f 7 g 3 h 7
e 6 f 10 g 12 h 24 i 3 j 7 k 3 l 7
i 30 j 12 k 24 l 30 5 5 4 9
5 a b c d
3 a 15 b 20 c 21 d 10 8 7 5 11
e 24 f 60 g 12 h 12 7 7 7 5
e f g h
4 a 6 b 8 c 4 d 6 8 12 15 9
e 15 f 15 2 3 4 4
i 1 j 1 k 1 l 1
5 a > b > c = d < 7 10 5 19
e < f > g < h = 3 14 2 7
6 a b c d
i > j > k < l = 4 15 3 12
m > n > o < p > 13 19 13 23
e f g h
3 2 8 2 1 5 20 20 21 40
6 a ,1 , b , ,
5 5 5 9 3 9 13 9 13 5
2 3 4 3 2 5 i 1 j 1 k 1 l 1
c , , d , , 30 28 33 12
5 4 5 5 3 6 4 3 3 5
1 5 11 1 5 7 11 15 7 a 3 b 7 c 12 d 5
e 2 , , ,3 f , , , 5 7 4 9
4 2 4 3 3 4 6 8
1 1 3 2
11 9 1 3 7 1 10 4 2 15 e 10 f 21 g 19 h 12
g , ,2 ,2 ,2 h 4 ,4 ,4 ,4 , 3 6 11 5
5 4 2 5 10 6 27 9 3 3
5 7 1 9
1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 8 a 4 b 7 c 12 d 13
7 a , , , b , , , 12 30 6 28
2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8
7 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 5
c , , , d , , , e 15 f 19 g 25 h 15
2 5 7 8 10 15 50 100 10 9 44 24
2 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 14 1
e 10 , 8 , 7 , 5 f 2 ,2 ,2 ,2 9 a b
3 5 11 9 3 5 6 9 15 15
1 1 1 3
8 , , 10 8 km
4 8 11 20
3
9 Andrea, Rob, Dean, David 11 a b 400
5 6 11 14 5 3 10 11 4
10 a , b , c , d ,
9 9 4 4 6 6 14 14 1
c , 250 pieces
11 Answers may vary. 4
13 1 5 3 47 13
a b c d 12 a b c 39
20 3 21 4 60 60
13 a 5, 2 b 2, 4, 8 c 5, 1
1 29
e 2 f 8 d 5, 1, 15; other answers possible.
4 40

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36 37 38 39 1
14 Jim , Vesna , Juliet , Mikhail 11
60 60 60 60 6
3

Answers
6 5 4 5 12 $7 , $7.75
15 a maximum: + + =9 4
1 2 3 6
3 3 7
1 2 3 3 13 a ice-cream , chocolate , sponge
minimum: + + = 1 4 4 8
4 5 6 20
1 1 1
b ice-cream , chocolate , sponge
8 7 6 5 3 4 4 8
b maximum: + + + = 14 3
1 2 3 4 4 c 2
1 2 3 4 97 8
minimum: + + + = 1 5
5 6 7 8 210 d
8
c Maximum: Largest numbers as numerators, smallest 14 a 3, 4 b 3, 1 c 1, 2 d 4, 3
numbers as denominators; combine largest numerator 1
15 a b 4 years c 10 years
available with smallest denominator available to produce 4
8
the fractions. 16 a : ‘Converting to an improper fraction’ is quick and
15
Minimum: Smallest numbers as numerators, largest efficient for this question.
numbers as denominators; combine smallest numerator 36
available with smallest denominator available to produce b 3 : ‘Borrowing a whole number’ keeps the numbers
55
the fractions. smaller and easier to deal with for this question.
Exercise 4F Exercise 4G
1 a denominator b multiply 1 a 0, 1 b 1
c simplify d multiply c whole number, proper fraction
2 a 12 b 10 c 15 d 18 2 You get a smaller answer because you are multiplying by a
e 24 f 60 g 56 h 63 number that is less than 1.
3 a 1 b 3 c 4, 3, 1 d 12, 10, 2 3 a
4 a  b  c  d 
e  f  g  h  b
i  j  k  l 
2 3 7 1
5 a b c d 1
7 11 18 3 c
12
4 3 8 4 a
e 0 f g h
9 19 23
31 12 16 2
i j k l
100 25 25 5 b
5 1 1 9
6 a b c d
12 10 10 28
1 23 13 2
e f g h
6 36 33 15 c
1 3 1 1
i j k l
8 20 36 9
3 3 1 2
7 a 1 b 8 c 1 d 3
5 7 7 9
5 5 7 1
e 2 f 3 g 4 h 7
12 28 18 20
d
2 3 2 8
8 a 2 b 4 c 4 d 4
3 5 3 9
2 37 37 29
e 4 f g 9 h 2
3 45 44 60
11
9 L
20
3
10
5
679
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Australian Curriculum Year 7 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 e 17 Answers may vary.
2 3 5 3 3 2
a × b × c ×
Answers
5 2 4 5 7 6
2 3
18 ,
7 8

Exercise 4H
f 1 A
5 5 1 5 7 5 8 1
2 a × b × c × d ×
11 3 3 1 10 12 3 3
5 4 5 3 16 24 5
3 a ÷ , × b 24 ÷ , ×
2 3 2 4 5 1 16
47 21 47 4 8 80 8 7
c ÷ , × d ÷ , ×
11 4 11 21 3 7 3 80
4 a less b more c more d more
e less f less
5 D 7 5 9 8
3 2 10 8 5 a b c d
6 a b c d 5 3 2 1
20 21 21 45
3 5 6 3
2 1 1 5 e f g h
e f g h 7 23 11 26
5 7 4 11
1 1
5 1 6 4 i j k 9 l 1
i j k l 12 101
22 3 11 11
3 5 2 5
6 3 2 1 6 a b c d
m n o p 8 33 5 7
35 10 7 6
3 1 3 3
7 a 6 b 9 c 16 d 15 e f 1 g 1 h
4 3 5 14
e 12 f 4 g 80 h 33
7 a 20 b 21 c 100 d 120
5 31 3 7
8 a 5 b 1 c 3 d 4
6 35 10 8 2
e 30 f 40 g 4 h 6
1 1 3
e 5 f 7 g 6 h 3 5 4 11 3
3 3 8 a b c d
7 5 14 4
11 25 4
9 a 3 b 1 c 7 d 24 11 3 1 3
15 63 5 e 1 f 1 g 3 h
16 11 3 4
1 3
10 a 3 b c 4 d 33 3 13 1
5 16 9 a b 30 c 1 d
40 35 3
2 3 4
e f 3 g h 6 4 4 1
7 8 15 e 28 f g 6 h 2
3 15 7 10
11 a b 48 boys, 72 girls 3
5 10
4
2 11 10
12 11 L
3 9
13 7 cups of self-raising flour, 3 cups of cream 12 m
10
14 7 games 13 8
7 7 1
15 a × b × c × d 3 14 22 km
12 12 12
1 1 1 1
15 of 8 and ÷ = 4, 12 ÷ 4 and 12 × = 3,
1 2 2 8 4
e 3 f × 1 1
12 10 × and 10 ÷ 2 = 5, 3 ÷ and 3 × 2 = 6
2 2
2 3 6 9 45 5 1
16 D; e.g. × = . The two numerators will always 16 a b c d
7 5 35 20 64 16 5
multiply to give a smaller number than the two larger 17 a 240 km b 160 km
denominators. Hence, the product of two proper fractions will
always be a proper fraction.

680
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 3 1 4 2
Progress quiz e 1 f 1 g 3 h 8
4 10 25 5

Answers
1 a a square with 4 equal parts, 3 of which are shaded; 6 a 8% b 15% c 97% d 50%
many other possible answers
e 35% f 32% g 86% h 90%

i 112% j 135% k 400% l 160%

1 1 2 1
b 4 7 a 12 % b 33 % c 26 % d 83 %
2 3 3 3
c 3
d 1
e 115% f 420% g 290% h 32 %
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 2
e proper fraction 3 1
8 a b 75% c d 25%
2 5 4 10 4 4
2 1 or or 1 or 1
3 3 6 6 9 12 %
2
2 4 6 20 10 8 10 70%
3 = , , , , …; many other possible answers
5 10 15 50 25 20 11 70%, 80%
2 1 7 1 18
4 a b c =2 d 3 12 a b 72%
5 2 3 3 25
8
5 55 11
5 13 =
1000 200
1
6 3 25 1 825 33
4 14 a = b =
7 a > b = c = d < 1000 40 1000 40
4 1 2 9 125 1 1
8 , , , c = d
9 2 3 4 1000 8 3
6 7 3 1
9 a b c 1 d 5 Exercise 4J
7 10 20 4
1 7 3 1 a 10 b 100 c 2 d 1
10 a b c 2
12 12 10 e 5 f 4
14 3 3 2 a ii b ii c i d i
11 a $336 b c d
33 5 4 3 a 70 b 36 c 10 d 27
5 1 2 e 10 f 7 g 150 h 200
12 a b c d 12
4 6 5 i 4 j 48 k 44 l 190
7 2 2 m 22 n 84 o 36 p 63
13 a b 10 c 1
32 3 7 4 a 96 b 600 c 66 d 100
Exercise 4I e 15 f 72 g 73 h 600

1 a 70, 70 b 48, 48 c 60, 60 5 10% of $200 = $20

d 20, 20 e 40, 40 f 63, 63 20% of $120 = $24
1 2 3 4 10% of $80 = $8
2 a = 25%, = 50%, = 75%, = 100% 50% of $60 = $30
4 4 4 4
20% of $200 = $40
1 2 3 4
b = 20%, = 40%, = 60%, = 80%, 5% of $500 = $25
5 5 5 5
30% of $310 = $93
5
= 100% 10% of $160 = $16
5
1% of $6000 = $60
1 1 2 2 3 50% of $88 = $44
c = 33 %, = 66 %, = 100%
3 3 3 3 3
6 a $42 b 24 mm c 9 kg
3 a 86% b 20%
d 90 tonnes e 8 min f 400 cm
11 71 43 49
4 a b c d g 1.5 g h 3 hectares i 144 seconds
100 100 100 100
7 35
1 3 3 22
e f g h 8 no (red $45, striped $44)
4 10 20 25
1 4 37 1 9 240
5 a 1 b 1 c 2 d 4
5 5 100 100

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 1 1
10 12 e , 2% f , 2.5%
50 40
11 a 120 b 420 c 660
Answers
1
11 a b 40%
12 a $80/week b $2080 c $4160 5
1
13 a computer games 30 min, drums 24 min, outside 48 min, 12 a 5% b
5
reading 12 min 13 Ross 75%, Maleisha 72%
b 5% time remaining 14 hatch 15%, 4WD 16%; hence, 4WD has larger price reduction.
c yes, with 1 min to spare 15 yellow 20%, blue 19%; hence, blue has least percentage of
14 80 min sugar.
15 a 20 b 90 c 20 d 64 b a
16 a i ii
16 they are the same a+b a+b
1 100b 100a
17 37 % b i ii
2 a+b a+b
18 a $140 b $1.50 a 100b
17 a b
19 a i 1200 ii 24%, 22%, 20%, 18%, 16% a+b a+b
iii 2% 1 1 17
18 a 3 b c d
b i 30% 30 6 30
e 20% f 96.67%
ii week 1: 30%, 2400 pieces; week 2: 25%,
2000 pieces; week 3: 20%, 1600 pieces; week 4: 15%,
Problems and challenges
1200 pieces; week 5: 10%, 800 pieces
iii Week Cumulative % Pieces completed 1 22.5
Week 1 30% 2400 2 Answers will vary, but a possible answer is:
Week 2 55% 4400 a 6, 7, 8, 9
Week 3 75% 6000 b 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Week 4 90% 7200 c 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8
Week 5 100% 8000 d 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9
3
2 9 4
Exercise 4K A=
5 10 5
1
1 a 4 b 4 c d 50%
2 11 7 3
1 B= C= D=
e f 50% 10 10 10
2
1 4 3 1
2 a 10 b c d 20% E= 1
5 5 5 2
e 80%
3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 a , 30% b , 60% c , 20% d , 75% 4 a + × b ÷ − c + −
10 5 5 4 6 5 3 3 4 6 6 4 5
1 1 1 3 5 Because the final 20% reduction is off the original
e , 5% f , 50% g , 25% h , 15% $50 plus also off the $10 increase, the 20% reduction
20 2 4 20
3 1 1 2 will be $12 overall.
4 a , 60% b , 50% c , 25% d , 40%
5 2 4 5
3 4
Multiple-choice questions
e , 75% f , 80%
4 5 1 B 2 C 3 A 4 C 5 D
1 6 B 7 D 8 D 9 A 10 C
5 a b 10%
10
1 4 Short-answer questions
6 a b 20% c d 80%
5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 , , , , , , ,
3 1 14 10 8 6 5 4 3 2
7 a b 75% c d 25%
4 4 3 6 9 12 15
2 = = = = etc
8 95% 5 10 15 20 25
9 80% Multiplying by the same number in the numerator and
1 2 1 1 denominator is equivalent to multiplying by 1, and so does
10 a , 4% b , 40% c , 5% d , 1%
25 5 20 100 not change the value of the fraction.

682
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 3 2 5
3 a b c Extended-response questions
5 7 7
5 11 17 2

Answers
1 3 2 1 1 a 7 b 5 c 10 d 6
4 a 1 b 1 c 1 d 3 8 24 80 21
2 4 3 2 9
2 129
2 4 3 1 25
5 a < b >
7 7 8 8 3 a $176 b $24

2 3 1 29 4 a $550 b 264 L c $99 d $200

c 1 > 1 d 3 <
3 5 9 9 1
5 a 12 b $208
5 5 2
6 a b 2
7 8 6 55 %
3
7 a 10 b 21 c 24
8 a 10 b 21 c 24
1 9 3 9 11 14 5 Chapter 5
9 a 2 , ,1 b , ,
5 5 5 4 6 8 3
2 7 1 47 1 Exercise 5A
c 5 ,5 ,5 , ,5
3 18 3 9 9 1 a 4x, 3y, 24z, 7 b 7
1 5 5 23 c 4 d z
10 a b c 1 d 5
2 6 24 30 2 a F b A c D
1 1 9 5 d B e C f E
e f 2 g 1 h 6
2 2 40 36
3 a i 2 ii 17
3 b i 3 ii 15
i 12
5 c i 3 ii 21
11 a 7 b 80 c 12 d 5 d i 4 ii 2
1 1
e f 7 e i 2 ii 1
6 2
f i 4 ii 12
4 12 4 3 4 a x+1 b 5+k c 2u d 4y
12 a b c d
3 7 11 16
p q
1 1 e f g r − 12 h 9n
13 a b 20 c 4 d 2 3
5 5
14 y
i 10 − t j
8
Percentage form Fraction
5 a 2(x + 5) b 3a + 4 c 8k − 3 d 8(k − 3)

9 7x p
36% e 6(x + y) f g +2 h 12 − xy
25 2 2
6 a The product of 7 and x.
1
220% 2 b The sum of a and b.
5
c The sum of x and 4 is doubled.
5 d a is tripled and subtracted from 5.
5%
100
7 a 70 b 10n
2 8 a 8x b x+3 c 8(x + 3)
140% 1
5
9 a 1000x b 100x c 100 000x
11 $A $A
44% 10 a b
25 4 n
$A − 20
c
9 n
18% 11 ‘One-quarter of the sum of a and b.’ Other answers possible.
50
12 a true b true c false d true
15 a ii b i
e false
3 1
16 a , 60% b , 20% 13 a false b false c true d true
5 5
1 3
c , 6.25% d , 30%
16 10

683
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Australian Curriculum Year 7 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 14 c ÷ 2, c − 4, c + 1, 2c, 3c, 3c + 5, 4c − 2, c × c 16 a
15 ‘The sum of twice the value of x is taken from 3’ becomes x 5 10 7 9 5 8
Answers
3 − 2x. Other answers possible.
y 3 4 2 5 2 0

Exercise 5B x+y 8 14 9 14 7 8
1 a 14 b 1 c 10 d 8
x–y 2 6 5 4 3 8
2 13
3 15 xy 15 40 14 45 10 0
4 3 1 1
b 2 and 2, 3 and 1 , 6 and 1 ; other answers possible.
5 a 17 b 20 c 72 d 12 2 5

6 a 8 b 10 c 9 d 14 Exercise 5C
e 12 f 3 g 19 h 9
1 a
i 7 j 20 k 3 l 1 x=0 x=1 x=2 x=3
m 47 n 20 o 35 p 86
q 8 r 6 2x + 2 2 4 6 8
7 a 8 b 4 c 5 d 9
(x + 1) × 2 2 4 6 8
e 4 f 45 g 5 h 24
i 50 j 8 k 5 l 20 b equivalent
8 a 27 b 22 c 41 d 8 2 a
e 10 f 70 x=0 x=1 x=2 x=3
9 a
5x + 3 3 8 13 18
n 1 2 3 4 5 6
6x + 3 3 9 15 21
n+4 5 6 7 8 9 10
b no
b
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 3
6x + 5 4x + 5 + 2x
12 – x 11 10 9 8 7 6
x=1 11 11
c
b 1 2 3 4 5 6 x=2 17 17

2(b – 1) 0 2 4 6 8 10 x=3 23 23
d
q 1 2 3 4 5 6 x=4 29 29

They are equivalent because they are always equal.

10q – q 9 18 27 36 45 54
4 a 2x + 4 and x + 4 + x b 5a and 4a + a
10 a 75 b 45 c 54 d 11 c 2k + 2 and 2(k + 1) d b + b and 4b − 2b
e 12 f 5 g 33 h 19 5 a C b A c E d F
11 5 e B f D
12 x is between 4 and 33 inclusive. 6 2x + 2 + 2x, 2(2x + 1); other answers possible.
13 7 2(w + l); other answers possible.
x 5 9 12 1 6 7
8 9a + 4b; other answers possible (must have 2 terms).
x+6 11 15 18 7 12 13 9 6
10 If x = 8, all four expressions have different values.
4x 20 36 48 4 24 28 11 b x × y and y × x
c a × (b + c) and a × b + a × c
14 a 1 and 24, 2 and 12, 3 and 8, 4 and 6
1 d a − (b + c) and a − b − c
b Infinitely many answers; e.g. x = , y = 120. e a − (b − c) and a − b + c
5
15 Because 5 × (a + a) is 5 × 2 × a, which is 10a. Every f a ÷ b ÷ c and a ÷ (b × c)
multiple of 10 ends with 0.

684
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 12 a b For example, if x = 5 and y = 10, then 3x+ 2y = 35 but
4 × (a + 2) 8 + 4a 5xy = 250.

Answers
11 a
x=1 12 12
5x + 4 – 2x 3x + 4
x=2 16 16
x=1 7 7
x=3 20 20
x=2 10 10
x=4 24 24
x=3 13 13
b 5(2 +a)
c 24 + 6a b For example, if x = 10, 5x + 4− 2x = 34 but
13 2a + a + 5b, 3a + 12b − 7b; others answers possible. 7x + 4 = 74.
c For example, if x = 1, 5x + 4 – 2x = 7 but
14 a Yes; for any value of x expressions A and B are equal, and
7x – 4 = 3.
expression B and C are equal, so expressions A and C are
12 a 2a + a + 3b, b + 3a + 2b; others answers possible.
equal.
b 12
b No; e.g. if expression A is 7x, expression B is 3x and
expression C is 5x + 2x.
Progress quiz
Exercise 5D 1 a 4 b 7a, 4b, c, 9
1 a x and y b a, b and c c 4 d 9
c k d p and q 2 a m × p or mp b a+k
2 a like b like terms c terms c t+8 d w−4
d 15a; others answers possible. m m+7 a+k
3 a +7 b c
e equivalent f 5x + 4; others answers possible. 2 2 3
k
3 a N b L c L d N d a+ e 3(d − 12) f 3d − 12
3
e N f L g N h L
4 a 19 b 3 c 9
i L j L k L l N
5 a 24 b 11 c 5
4 a 2a b 5x c 7b d 8d
d 22 e 3
e 12u f 12ab g 11ab h xy
6 3a + 4 and 4 + 3a
5 a 3a + 5b b 7a + 9b c x + 6y 7 a L b N c N d L
d 7a + 2 e 7 + 7b f 6k − 2
8 a 8a + 5b + 5 b 7cd + 3c + 8d + 4
g 5f + 12 h 4a + 6b − 4 i 6x + 4y
j 8a + 4b + 3 k 7h + 4 l 14x + 30y 9 8x + 8y, 8(x + y) (other variations possible)
m 2x + 9y + 10 n 8a + 13 o 12b
p 9ab + 4 q 6xy + 5x r 7cd − 3d + 2c Exercise 5E
s 9uv + 7v t 11pq + 2p − q u 6ab + 36 1 a both are 21 b both are 35
6 a 27n b 31n c 58n c both are 56 d yes
7 a 3a + 4 b 19 2 a true b true c false d true
8 a 4x b 7x c 11x d 3x e false f false
9 a 12xy b 6ab + 5 c 10ab 2 2 2
3 a b c
d 6xy + 3 e 5xy + 14 f 10cde 3 3 3
4 a C b E c B d A
g 6xy + 6x + 4
e D
h 9ab + 9 i 7xy − 2y
5 a 2x b 5p c 8ab d 6a
10 a
3x + 2x 5x e 28f f 10ab g 16xy h 10b
i 28xz
x=1 5 5 6 a 36a b 63d c 8e d 15a
e 12ab f 63eg g 8abc h 28adf
x=2 10 10
i 12abc j 8abc k 60defg l 24abcd
x=3 15 15 m w2 n a2 o 3d2 p 2k2

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 q 7p2 r 3q2 s 12x2 t 15z2 4 a
u 36r2 4(x + 3) 4x + 12
Answers
x z a b
7 a b c d x=1 16 16
5 2 12 5
2 5 x a x=2 20 20
e f g h
x d y b
x=3 24 24
4x + 1 2x + y 2+x x−5
i j k l
5 5 1+y 3+b x=4 28 28
2 5 9a 2b
8 a b c d b equivalent expressions
5 9 4 5
5 a 12(x + 4) and 12x + 48
x 3x 2 3
e f g h b 8(z + 9) and 8z + 72
2 4 3 4
c (3 + a)(3 + b) and 9 + 3a + 3b + ab
3
i 2a j 3 k 2y l 6 a 6y + 48 b 7l + 28
y
c 8s + 56 d 8 + 4a
9 a 3k b 6x c 12xy
e 7x + 35 f 18 + 3a
10 a 4x g b nx g c 2nx g g 81 − 9x h 5j − 20
$C i 8y − 64 j 8e − 56
11 a $20 b
5 k 6e − 18 l 80 − 10y
12 a 3a b 7c c 7b d 12y
7 a 60g − 70 b 15e + 40
e 10x
c 35w + 50 d 10u + 25
13 a 6p
e 56x − 14 f 27v − 12
b 3 × 2p also simplifies to 6p, so they are equivalent.
g 7q − 49 h 20c − 4v
14 a 2a i 4u + 12 j 48l + 48
k 5k − 50 l 9o + 63
6 8 a 6it − 6iv b 2dv + 2dm
c 10cw − 5ct d 6es + 6ep
b 12a e dx + 9ds f 10ax + 15av
12a g 5jr + 35jp h in + 4iw
c simplifies to 4. It has four times the area.
3a i 8ds − 24dt j 2fu + fv
d Area is multiplied by 9. k 14kv + 35ky l 4em + 40ey
15 a 3 × a × a × b × b 9 a 5(x + 3) = 5x + 15 b 2(b + 6) = 2b + 12
b 7x 2 y 3 c 3(z − 4) = 3z − 12 d 7(10 − y) = 70 − 7y
c 1200a 3 b 2 c 2
10 a b + g + 1
d 24a 3 b 2 c 2
b 2(b + g + 1) = 2b + 2g + 2
11 3(4x + 8y) and 2(6x + 12y); others answers possible.
Exercise 5F 12 2l + 2w
1 a 3a + 6 13 x 3
b x + y + x + y = 2x + 2y
c p + 1 + p + 1 + p + 1 + p + 1 = 4p + 4 5 5x 15
d 4a + 2b + 4a + 2b + 4a + 2b = 12a + 6b
2 a 4x b 12 c 4x + 12 14 a 2
3 a 60, 3, 63 b ab 2b
b 30, 4, 210, 28, 238
c 20, 1, 100, 5, 95 3 3a 6

15 a 4 ways, including 1(10x + 20y)

b infinitely many ways
16 a Rosemary likes Maths and Rosemary likes English.
b Priscilla eats fruit and Priscilla eats vegetables.

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 c Bailey likes the opera and Lucia likes the opera. Multiple-choice questions
d Frank plays video games and Igor plays video games.

Answers
1 B 2 A 3 C 4 D 5 D
e Pyodir likes fruit and Pyodir likes vegetables and Astrid
6 C 7 A 8 E 9 A 10 A
likes fruit and Astrid likes vegetables.
Short-answer questions
Exercise 5G
1 a 5a, 3b, 7c, 12 b 12
1 a 35 b 20 r
2 a u+7 b 3k c 7+
2 a 24 cm b 40 cm 2
d h − 10 e xy f 12 − x
3 a 3x b 36
4 2n 3 a 15 b 24 c 2 d 32
5 a 10x b 15x c kx 4 a 15 b 8 c 4 d 27
6 a 180 km b 30 km c 70n 5 a 16 b 200 c 5 d 20
7 a $200 b $680 c 50 + 80x 6 a E b N c E d N
8 a B b A c D 7 a L b N c L d L
d E e C e N f L g N h L
9 a 8 a 7x + 3 b 11p
Hours 1 2 3 4 5 c 7a + 14b + 4 d 3m + 17 mn + 2n
e 1 + 7c + 4h − 3o f 4u + 3v + 2uv
Total cost ($) 150 250 350 450 550
9 a 12ab b 6xyz c 36fgh d 64klm
b 100t + 50 3 3 a 4x
c $3050 10 a b c d
2 5 3 3z
10 a $25 b $(10x + 5) c $75 11 a 3x + 6 b 4p − 12 c 14a + 21 d 24k + 36l
11 a 90c b $6.30 c 0.3 + 0.6t 12 2(6b + 9c), 6(2b + 3c); other answers possible
12 a 33 13 9t
b g = 8, b = 5 14 g + b
c g = 3 and b = 2, g = 1 and b = 14, g = 0 and b = 20 15 3x

13 a $(5b + 2c + 6d) b $(5b + 4c + 3d)

Extended-response questions
c $8
1 a i $24.50 ii $45.50 iii $213.50
14 a cn b 3cn c 6cn
b 3.5 + 2.1d
15 a 10 + 30x
c $87.50
b 2 h 20 min
d If d = 40, 2.1 + 3.5d = 142.10, not 87.50.
c Because you don’t pay the booking fee twice.
e 6 + 1.2d
d $32
2 a 26 b $78
e It will get closer to $30.
c 4x + 2y + 10 d 12x + 6y + 30
16 a $(0.2 + 0.6t) b $(0.8 + 0.4t) e x(x + 5) + 3y; other answers possible.
c Emma’s d 3 min
e Answers will vary.
Chapter 6
Problems and challenges
Exercise 6A
1 25
2 3 7
2 a P = 10m b P = 20(x + 3) c P = 5(w + y) 1 a b c
10 100 1000
3 Largest 18x + 70, smallest 12x + 44, 2 a 5 b 6 c 7 d 37
difference 6x + 26 = 86 cm 6 6 6 6
4 15a + 10, 5(3a + 2) 3 a b c d
10 100 1000 10
5 a a = 4, b = 12, c = 16, d = 8, e = 36 6 6 6
e 6 f g h
b a = 6, b = 3, c = 5, d = 10, e = 15 100 100 1000
6 5050 4 a false b false c true d false
7 Because 2(x + 3) − 12 − x + 2 simplifies to x. e true f true g false h true
i true j true k true l false

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 5 a 0.3 b 0.8 c 0.15 d 0.23 9 a $13 b $31 c $7 d $1567
e 0.9 f 0.02 g 0.121 h 0.074 e $120 f $10 g $1 h $36
Answers
6 a 6.4 b 5.7 c 212.3 d 1.16 10 a $51 b $44 c very accurate
e 14.83 f 7.51 g 5.07 h 18.612 11 a 0 s b 0.4 s c 0.34 s d 52.825 s
7 a 7.6 b 12.9 c 33.04 12 2.25, 3 decimal places
d 26.15 e 8.42 f 99.012 13 Samara: Round to 2 decimal places = 0.45, then round this
8 a 0.1 b 0.03 c 0.02 d 0.5 to 1 decimal = 0.5. Cassandra: Rounding to 1 decimal place,
e 0.001 f 0.01 g 0.15 h 0.11 critical digit is the second 4, which is less than 5, therefore
9 a 3.05, 3.25, 3.52, 3.55 b 3.06, 3.6, 30.3, 30.6 rounded to 1 decimal place = 0.4.
Samara has a flaw of rounding an already rounded number.
c 1.718, 1.871, 11.87, 17.81
d 22.69, 22.96, 26.92, 29.26, 29.62 Cassandra is correct.
14 depends on your calculator
10 a Waugh, Border, Gilchrist, Taylor, Hughes
15 depends on your software package
b first
11 a day 6 b day 4 c days 2, 5 and 6
Exercise 6C
12 a c.c, c.a, b.c, b.a, a.c, a.b
1 C
b c.bc, c.ab, b.ca, b.bb, a.ca, a.bc, a.aa, ba.ca, ab.ab
2 B
13 a 0.a b 0.0a c 0.aa d a.a0a
3 a 27.97 b 25.94 c 247.4 d 58.31
14 a i 0.1, 1.0 (2 ways)
4 a 16.06 b 21.33 c 343.75 d 37.567
ii 0.12, 0.21, 1.02, 1.20, 2.01, 2.10, 10.2, 12.0, 20.1,
e 21.592 f 340.0606
21.0 (10 ways)
5 a 12.1 b 114.13 c 6.33 d 70.79
iii 0.123, 0.132, 0.213, 0.231, 0.312, 0.321, 1.023,
1.032, 1.203, 1.230, 1.302, 1.320, 2.013, 2.031, 6 a 12.3 b 131.4 c 22.23 d 13.457
2.103, 2.130, 2.301, 2.310, 3.012, 3.021, 3.102, e 43.27 f 4947.341
3.120, 3.201, 3.210, 10.23, 10.32, 12.03, 12.30, 7 a 7, 8 b 6, 5, 1, 4 c 0, 1, 0, 2 d 7, 5, 1, 6, 1
13.02, 13.20, 20.13, 20.31, 21.03, 21.30, 23.01, 8 186.19
23.10, 30.12, 30.21, 31.02, 31.20, 32.01, 32.10, 9 $54.30
102.3, 103.2, 120.3, 123.0, 130.2, 132.0, 201.3, 10 49.11 mm
203.1, 210.3, 213.0, 230.1, 231.0, 301.2, 302.1, 11
310.2, 312.0, 320.1, 321.0 (60 ways) + 0.01 0.05 0.38 1.42
b 408 ways
0.3 0.31 0.35 0.68 1.72

Exercise 6B 0.75 0.76 0.80 1.13 2.17

1 a 5.8 b 2 c 80 d 6.78 1.20 1.21 1.25 1.58 2.62

2 a 5 b 9 c 1 d 4
e 0 f 9 g 6 h 5 1.61 1.62 1.66 1.99 3.03
3 a i 1 ii 7 iii 4 iv 8 12 $2036.10
b i 25.8 ii 25.82 iii 25.817 iv 26 13 a 8.038 b 0.182 c 2.438 d 1.308
4 a 14.8 b 7.4 c 15.6 d 0.9 14 a Answers will vary; e.g. 3.57 + 4.15 + 3.44
e 6.9 f 9.9 g 55.6 h 8.0 b Answers may vary; e.g. 1.35 + 2.87 + 6.94 = 11.16
5 a 3.78 b 11.86 c 5.92 d 0.93 15 Always end up with $10.89 unless the starting value has the
e 123.46 f 300.05 g 3.13 h 9.85 same first digit, in which case we end up with zero. The 8
i 56.29 j 7.12 k 29.99 l 0.90 forms as it comes from adding two 9s. This produces a 1
6 a 15.9 b 7.89 c 236 d 1 to be carried over, which results in the answer being a $10
e 231.9 f 9.4 g 9.40 h 34.713 answer, rather than a $9 answer.
7 a 24.0 b 14.90 c 7 d 30.000
8 a 28 b 9 c 12 d 124 Exercise 6D
e 22 f 118 g 3 h 11 1 a 00 b 000 c 00 d 00000
2 a 000 b 00 c 0 d 00000

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 3 a i right 2 places ii left 1 place 4 a The decimal point is the actual ‘dot’; decimal places
iii right 6 places iv no change are the numbers after the decimal point.

Answers
v left 3 places vi right 3 places b 1 decimal point, 4 decimal places
vii right 1 place viii left 7 places 5 in the question; decimal places
b right 1 place 6 a 20.84 b 26.6 c 183.44 d 100.8
4 a 48.7 b 352.83 c 4222.7 d 1430.4 e 218.46 f 15.516 g 23.12 h 12.42
e 5699.23 f 125.963 g 12 700 h 154 230 i 5.44 j 311.112 k 0.000 966 l 1.321 31
i 3400 j 2132 k 86 710 000 l 516 000 7 a 100.8 b 483 c 25 400 d 9800
5 a 4.27 b 35.31 c 2.4422 d 56.893 e 14 400 f 364 550 g 0.68 h 371
e 12.135 18 f 9.326 11 g 0.029 h 0.001 362 i 90.12
i 0.000 54 j 0.367 k 0.000 002 l 0.010 000 4 8 a $31.50, $32 b $22.65, $23
6 a 2291.3 b 31.67 c 0.49 d 0.222 c $74.80, $75 d $17.40, $17
e 63 489 000 f 0.001 003 2 e $145.20, $145 f $37 440, $37 440
g $88.92, $89 h $4.41, $4
7 a 15 600 b 43 000 c 225.1 d 0.016
i $18.0625, $18
e 213 400 f 21.34 g 0.007 h 9 900 000
9 29.47 m
i 0.0034
10 3.56 kg
8 a 158.4 b 3.36 c 85.4 d 7054
11 165.85 km
e 71.06 f 7.5 g 2.037 h 21.7
12 a 67.2 m b $198.24
9 $137
13 $1531.25
10 a 1 200 000 mL
14 a 738.4 km b yes
b 12 000
c 1.57 L left in the tank
11 3000c, $30
15 Answers may vary; 0.25, 0.26
12 $21 400
16 Answers may vary; 0.0043
13 225 kg
17 a 38.76 b 73.6 c 0.75 d 42, 0.42
14 Answers may vary.

Starting Possible two-step Exercise 6F

number Answer operations
1 B
12.357 1235.7 × 1000, ÷ 10 2 directly above the decimal point in the dividend
3 a 60 b 60 c 60 d 60
34.004 5 0.034 004 5 ÷ 100, ÷ 10 b An identical change has occurred in both the dividend and
the divisor.
0.003 601 360.1 × 100, × 1000 4 a 32.456, 3 b 12 043.2, 12
c 34.5, 1 d 1 234 120, 4
bac.dfg ba.cdfg ÷ 100, × 10
5 a 4.2 b 6.1 c 21.34 d 0.7055
d.swkk dswkk × 100 000, ÷ 10 e 1.571 f 0.308 g 3.526 h 124.3
i 0.0024 j 117.105 k 0.6834 l 0.002 562 5
fwy f.wy ÷ 1000, × 10
6 a 30.7 b 77.5 c 26.8 d 8.5
15 ÷ 1 000 000 e 44.4 f 645.3 g 0.08 h 0.050 425
16 a i 5 × 1013 ii 4.2 × 107 iii 1.23 × 1016 i 980 j 800.6 k 0.79 l 2 161 000
b i 2× 1019 ii 1.08 × 1021 8 a 1.1807 b 8.267 c 0.012 374 8
e 3.5 × 10−11 d 0.004 23 e 0.096 487 f 0.000 782 5
f i 1 × 10−6 ii 9 × 10−10 iii 7.653 × 10−12 9 a 11.83 kg b $30.46 c 304.33
d 239.17 g e 965.05 L f $581.72
Exercise 6E
10 a 20.84 b 93.36 c 10.93
1 a 1 b 2 c 3 d 3 e 5 d 18.49 e 67.875 f 158.35
f 2 g 4 h 3 i 9
11 a 8, 9 b 9 c 1, 5, 5 d 7, 7, 0
2 a 19.2 b 1.92 c 0.192 12 $1.59/L
3 It helps you check the position of the decimal point in the
answer.

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 11 6
13 238 frames 10 a Tan: = = 0.297; Lillian: = = 0.285714;
37 21
14 26.67, 26 can be filled
Answers
hence, Tan is the better chess player.
15 a $66.35 b $21.90 b two or more
16 apples $3.25/kg; bananas $3.10/kg; hence, bananas are 11
11 0.11 mm, mm
better value. 100
17 a 24.5 m/s b 88.2 km/h c yes 12 0.5, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2, 0.16̇, 0.142857, 0.125, 0.1̇, 0.1
18 a 24.53 b 19.7 c 2453 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 4 9
13 , , , , , , , ,
d 1.97 e 2.453 f 197 10 5 4 5 2 5 4 5 10
19 a 0.5 b 0.3 c 0.01 d 1.1 e 4.8 4 45 3
14 Answers may vary; 2 , 2 ,2
f Answers may vary 9 100 7
4
15 2, , = 0.571428, repeating pattern
Progress quiz 7

1 a 6 hundredths b 6 units Exercise 6H

2 a 0.9 b 0.019 c 3.25
1 a 95% b 60% c 75% d 26%
3 0.043, 0.34, 0.43, 3.4, 4.3
2 C 3 B 4 A
4 a 16.88 b 2.350 c 0.7
5 a 50 b 50%
5 a 5.4 b 17.031 c 3.52 d 5.78 c i 5 ii 100 iii 20 iv 1
6 a 3450 b 0.653 45 d i 50% ii 50% iii 50% iv 50%
7 a 90 000 b 119 c 1.912 d 136 800 6 a 100, ÷, 100, . b 35, 100, 35, 0
e 14.1 f 0.013 g 193.2 h 0.221 c out of, 126, 100, 26
i 9000 j 2.52 7 a 0.32 b 0.27 c 0.68 d 0.54
8 a 8.011 b 197.44 e 0.06 f 0.09 g 1 h 0.01
9 a $10.15 b $3.99 per kg c 25 kg i 2.18 j 1.42 k 0.75 l 1.99
8 a 0.225 b 0.175 c 0.3333 d 0.0825
Exercise 6G e 1.1235 f 1.888 g 1.50 h 5.20
1 a 5 b 100 c 75, 7 d 5, 4 i 0.0079 j 0.000 25 k 0.0104 l 0.0095

2 a 2 b 15, 20 c 10, 4 d 16 9 a 80% b 30% c 45% d 71%

e 41.6% f 37.5% g 250% h 231.4%
3 a false b true c true d false
i 2.5% j 0.14% k 1270% l 100.4%
e true f true
1 2 3 3 10 a 86%, 0.78, 75%, 0.6, 22%, 0.125, 2%, 0.5%
4 a b 6 c 10 d 18 b 50, 7.2, 2.45, 1.8, 124%, 55%, 1.99%, 0.02%
2 5 20 25
1 1 3 24 11 35%
e 3 f g 9 h 5
4 20 40 125 12 a 25% b 78%
5 a 0.7 b 0.9 c 0.31 d 0.79 13 24 gigalitres
e 1.21 f 3.29 g 0.123 h 0.03 14 a ab.cd% b aac% c abdc%
8 5 35 d d.d% e cdb.a% f cc.cddd%
6 a = 0.8 b = 0.5 c = 0.35
10 10 100 15 a 0.0ab b b.cd c 0.ac
46 95 25 d 0.00da e ab.bb f 0.ddd
d = 0.46 e 5 = 5.95 f 3 = 3.25
100 100 100
16 a no
25 375
g = 2.5 h = 0.375 b Answers may vary. Examples include: percentage score
10 1000
on a Maths test, percentage of damaged fruit in a crate,
7 a 0.5 b 0.5 c 0.75 d 0.4
percentage of spectators wearing a hat, percentage of the
e 0.3̇ f 0.375 g 0.416̇ h 0.428571
day spent sleeping.
8 a 0, 0.5, 1 c Answers may vary. Examples include: percentage profit,
b 0, 0.3̇, 0.6̇, 0.9̇ (0.9999999... = 1) percentage increase in prices, percentage increase in the
c 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 price of a house, percentage score on a Maths test with a
d 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 bonus question.
1 1 5
9 a , 0.4, , , 0.75, 0.99
4 2 8
1 3 4
b , 0.13, , 0.58, , 0.84
9 7 5
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 17 a F ÷ A × 100 12
b F: points scored for the team; A: points scored against the Decimal Fraction Percentage

Answers
team
c 100% 45 9
0.45 = 45%
d 158 points 100 20
e yes; Hawthorn 90.60%, Port Adelaide 91.32%
70 7
0.7 = 70%
100 10
Problems and challenges
32 8
1 a 2 b 100A c 0.2 0.32 = 32%
479 1437 100 25
d or
330 990 6 3
e 2 × $1 coins, 3 × 50-cent pieces and 3 × 20-cent pieces 0.06 = 6%
100 50
2 Height of rungs: 0.18 m, 0.36 m, 0.54 m, 0.72 m, 0.9 m, 79
0.79 79%
1.08 m, 1.26 m, 1.44 m, 1.62 m, 1.8 m 100
3 a A = 1, B = 7, C = 8
105 21
b A = 7, B = 5, C = 1, D = 9 1.05 = 105%
100 20
c A = 4, B = 2
d A = 3, B = 7 35 7
0.35 = 35%
100 20
4 a i 1.96 ii 2.25 iii 2.1025
b i 1.41 ii 1.414 60 13
0.65 = 65%
100 20
Multiple-choice questions
125 1
0.125 = 12.5%
1 D 2 B 3 C 4 E 5 A 1000 8
6 D 7 D 8 B 9 A 10 C
Extended-response questions
Short-answer questions
1 a Jessica $12.57; Jaczinda $13.31; hence, Jaczinda earns
1 a 0.44, 0.4, 0.04 b 2.16, 2.026, 2.016 higher pay rate by 74c per hour.
c 0.98, 0.932, 0.895 b $37.47, $37.45 to the nearest 5 cents
2 a 8.1 b 0.81 c 8.01 d 0.801 c $40.56
3 3 d $48.34
3 a 3 hundredths = b 3 thousandths = 2 a $30.40 b $18 240.30
100 1000
c 3 ones = 3 3 32 min and 43 seconds, on average
4 a false b false c true
d true e false f true Semester review 1
5 45.270, 45.271, 45.272, 45.273, 45.274, 45.265, 45.266,
Whole numbers
45.267, 45.268, 45.269
Multiple-choice questions
6 a 423.5 b 15.89 c 7.3 d 70.000
e 2.8 f 0.67 g 0.455 1 E 2 B 3 D 4 C 5 A
h 0.012 345 679 012 345 679 012 345 679 012 345
679 012 345 68 Short-answer questions
7 a 9.53 b 4.137 c 43.35 1 a b LXXIV c
d 240.49857 e 83.497 f 205.22
2 a 67 849 b 700 850
8 a true b false c false d false
e true 3 a 99 323 b 6867 c 441
3
9 a 5 b 5 c 4 d 2 d 196 000 e 1644 f 764
4
10 a 137 b 790 c 22.51 d 0.096 208 4 a false b true c true
e 696.956 f 360.5 g 563 489.3 5 36
11 a 19.2 b 63.99 c 19.32 d 0.95
6 a 30 b 56 c 48 d 160
e 1.52 f 6 g 16 h 3
e 16 f 42
i 3.10̇9̇

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 7 a false b true c false d true
6 120
e true f true
Answers
7 false
8 18 × (7 + 3)
8 a 1 b 1 c 1
9 9 times
10 a 3 859 640 b 3 860 000 c 4 000 000 9 a 61 b 17
10
input 4 5 6 9 11 100
Extended-response questions
output 19 23 27 39 47 403
1 a 28 b $700 c $1000 d 12 h 11 A (1, 0), B (4, 1), C (3, 2), D (1, 3), E (3, 4)

Geometry Extended-response questions

Multiple-choice questions 1a

1 A 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 D

Short-answer questions b 18 c 9th d $61

1 a AC || FD or EB || DC
Fractions
b BF and BD
Multiple-choice questions
c CD, ED, BD at D or any three of AC, BD, BE or
BF at B 1 B 2 C 3 E 4 D 5 A
d A and B
e E Short-answer questions
2 a 30° b 80° c 150°
3 1 2 1
3 25° 1 , , ,
10 3 5 2
4 78° 17
2
5 a a = 140 b a = 50 c a =140 d a = 65 3
e a = 62 f a = 56 11 2 1 1
6 a = 100, b = 80, c = 100, d = 80, e = 100, 3 a b 2 c 6 d
12 3 4 5
f = 80, g = 100 1
e 4 f
7 Because the cointerior angles add to more than 180°. 2
3
8 Check with your teacher. 4
20
5 $120
Extended-response questions 6 $60
7 a true b true c true d false
1 a i x = 56 ii y = 95 iii z = 29
8 67%
b x + y + z = 180

Extended-response questions
Number properties and patterns
8
Multiple-choice questions 1 a 6 b c 9
9
d second dose on Sunday week
1 C 2 A 3 B 4 E 5 D
Algebra
Short-answer questions Multiple-choice questions
1 a 1, 3, 5, 15
b 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30 1 B 2 A 3 C 4 E 5 D
c 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100
2 a 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 b 7, 14, 21, 28, 35
Short-answer questions
c 11, 22, 33, 44, 55 1 a 4 b yes c 9 d 7
3 2, 3 and 6 2 a x+3 b 12a c 2x + 3y
4 4 w
d e y − 2x
5 a 121 b 144 c 25 6
3 a 100m b 24x c 1 000 000p
y
d
24
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 4 a 13 b 11 c 39 d 6 c
−10 −9 −8 −7 −6
e 6 f 24

Answers
d
5 36 −32 −31 −30 −29 −28 −27 −26 −25
6 a 10a b 4x c 12a 5 a −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
d m e 6 + 5a f 4x + 2y b −7, −6, −5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0
7 a 2x + 14 b 3(x + 4) = 3x + 12 c −2, −1, 0, 1 d −4, −3, −2, −1, 0
8 a 6bc b 5b c p e −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 f −9, −8, −7, −6, −5, −4
9 a 2a + 6 b 12a − 12b c 24m + 32 6 a < b > c > d <
10 12xy e > f < g < h >
i < j > k < l >
Extended-response questions 7 a 4°C b −1°C c −7°C d −25°C

1 a i $12 ii $(3x + 6) iii $(3x + 2y) 8 a −10, −6, −3, −1, 0, 2, 4

b $(50 − 3x − 2y) b −304, −142, −2, 0, 1, 71, 126
9 a 0, −1, −2 b −2, 0, 2
c −5, −10, −15 d −44, −46, −48
Decimals
e −79, −75, −71 f −101, −201, −301
Multiple-choice questions
10 a $5 b −$10
1 E 2 C 3 D 4 A 5 B 11 a −50 m b −212.5 m c 0m
12 a 2 b 4 c 4 d 7
Short-answer questions e 3 f 3 g 6 h 44
1 a 0.2 b 0.13 c 1.7 13 a −2 b 1 c −1
4 d −7 e −51 f 357
2 a 6 units b c 136.1
1000
3 a 18 b 18.4 c 18.40 Exercise 7B
4 a 4.07 b 269.33 c 19.01 1 a right b right c left d left
d 0.24 e 0.09 f 60 2 a D b A c B d C
5 a 0.833 b 3 c 36 3 a 1 b 3 c 2 d 1
6 a 4.5387 b 0.045 387 c 1.23 e −1 f −3 g −2 h −2
7 a 36 490 b 0.018 c 3886 i −4 j −8 k −1 l 2
4 2 m 2 n −9 o 6 p −31
8 a b 1.1 c
5 3 4 a −2 b −1 c −8 d −19
9 a true b false c false e −4 f −10 g −15 h −7
d true e false f true i −41 j −12 k −22 l −47
m −300 n −100 o −93 p −634
Extended-response questions 5 a 5 b 9 c 5 d 2
1 a $64.08 b $64.10 c $64.35 d 25c e 5 f 7 g 3 h 10
e It becomes $63.90 rather than $63.80. i 5 j 16 k −4 l −5
m −6 n −13 o −30 p −113
6 a 5 b −9 c 1 d −13
Chapter 7
e 1 f −22 g −32 h −4
Exercise 7A 7 a $145 b $55 c $5250
1 a −2, 2 b 0, 2 c −7, −5 d −5, −3, 0 8 a 3°C b −3°C c −46°C
2 a −2 b −6 c 3 d 7 9 69°C
e 15 f −21 g −132 h 1071 10 a 59 m b 56 m
11 Answers may vary.
3 a greater b less c greater d less
12 a i positive ii positive iii negative iv zero
4 a
−2 −1 0 1 2 b i no ii yes
b 13 Other combinations may be possible.
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 a −, + b +, −,−, c +, +, −, +
d −, +, +, +, − e +, +, − f −, +, −, −

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 Exercise 7C Exercise 7D
Answers
1 b 6, −3 c −3, 1 d −11, −7 e 3, 5 1 a
f 6, −2 g −3, 7 h −11, −7 × −2 −1 0 1 2
2 a 4 b subtracting c −5 −2 4 2 0 −2 −4
d subtracting e 2 f adding
−1 2 1 0 −1 −2
3 a false b true c true d false
0 0 0 0 0 0
e false f true g false h false
1 −2 −1 0 1 2
4 a 1 b 5 c 6 d 2
2 −4 −2 0 2 4
e −3 f −5 g −2 h −4
i −3 j −22 k −35 l −80 b
m −10 n −29 o −50 p −112 × −4 −2 0 2 4
5 a 5 b 11 c 50 d 90 −4 16 8 0 −8 −16
e −4 f −3 g −5 h −34 −2 8 4 0 −4 −8
i 2 j 1 k 0 l 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
m 28 n 34 o −12 p −76
2 −8 −4 0 4 8
6 a −3 b −10 c −4 d 4
4 −16 −8 0 8 16
e −1 f 4 g −1 h −5
i −4 j 4 k 2 l −24 2 a 2 b −3 c −4 d −4
m −6 n −5 o 2 p 4 3 a positive b positive c negative
7 a 0 b −5 c 8 d 12 d positive e positive f negative
e −9 f 5 g −6 h −91 4 a −15 b −10 c −6 d −54
i −15 j 6 k 17 l 11 e 32 f 28 g 144 h −99
8 −143 m i −39 j −84 k 38 l −108
9 −$35 000 m 66 n −45 o 63 p 72
10 −$30 5 a −2 b −12 c −2 d −4
11 a i $8000 ii −$6000 e 3 f 1 g −5 h −19
b $2000 i −7 j −12 k −68 l 8
12 a b m 12 n 13 o −13 p 13
−2 0 5 −13 −11 −6
6 a 24 b 15 c −4 d 5
8 1 −6 −3 −10 −17
e 1 f −10 g 72 h 18
−3 2 4 −14 −9 −7 i 1 j −1 k −69 l −3
13 a 3 + 4 b −2 + (−9) c 5 − (−2) 7 a −7 b 4 c −4 d 8
d 1 − (−2) e a + (−b) f a − (−b) e 27 f −140 g 2 h −3
14 a 4 b −1 c −3 i −3 j −1 k −2 l 40
15 a i no ii yes 8 a −3 b −3 c 8 d 31
b i yes ii no e 3 f 5 g −30 h −100
c Yes, if b < a then subtracting b takes the result to a number
9 a 4 b 1 c 81 d 100
bigger than zero.
3 11 e 36 f 64 g 9 h 2.25
16 a b c −2 d −4
2 3 10 a (1, 6), (2, 3), (−1,−6), (−2,−3)
16 23 1 1 b (1, 16), (2, 8), (4, 4), (−1,−16), (−2,−8), (−4, −4)
e f g − h −
3 2 2 14 c (−1, 5), (−5, 1)
3 15 37 32 d (−1, 24), (−24, 1), (−2, 12), (−12, 2), (−3, 8), (−8, 3),
i j k l
2 2 6 35 (−4, 6), (−6, 4)
11 27 67 53
m − n − o p − 11 a × , ÷ b ÷, × c ×,× d ÷, ×
6 20 14 30
12 a (4,−2), (−4, 2) b (33,−3), (−33, 3)
13 a i −8 ii 64 iii −27
iv 81
b parts ii and iv, even number of negative factors
c parts i and iii, odd number of negative factors
14 a −ab b −ab c ab

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 1 1 3
15 a − b − c − d 1 b If there is an even number of negative factors the result will
4 2 7
5 1 be positive, if odd then negative

Answers
e −1 f − g h 6
4 2 12 a 4 b 4 c −4 d −32
i −1 j 1 k −1 l 1 e −32 f 32 g 2 h −2
i −1
Progress quiz 13 Kevin should have typed (−3)4 to raise −3 to the power of 4.
1 −34 is −1 × 34 .
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
2 a −2 < 1 b −9 > c 4 > −5 Exercise 7F
−12
3 −6, −4, 0, 7, 8 1 C 2 B 3 no, 20
4 a 2 b −9 c −8 d −26 4 a 17 b 23 c −8 d 8
5 a 5 b −15 c −3 d 20 e 6 f 11 g −7 h 6
6 a 5 b 12 i 3 j −9 k −9 l 6
7 a −12 b 60 c −7 d 4 5 a −8 b −2 c 2 d −13
8 a 40 b −30 c 16 d −2 e −25 f 17 g 36 h 18

9 a 25 b −8 c 12 d −315 6 a 38 b 5 c 4 d −13
10 Debt of $70 or −$70 e −4 f −16
7 a 10 b −1 c −24 d −6
Exercise 7E 8 a 6 m2 b 16 m2
1 a division b multiplication c multiplication 9 a 32 metres per second
d division e addition f subtraction b 14 metres per second
g multiplication h multiplication i multiplication c 2 metres per second
2 a true b false c true 10 a i 16 ii −2
d false e false f true b A negative width is not possible.
3 a −7 b 7 c 19 d 9 11 Answer may vary.
e 16 f 14 g 6 h −32 12 Answers may vary.
i −5 j −4 k −18 l −4 13 a a − a = 0 and −b + b = 0
m −10 n 4 o 0 a
b =1
a
4 a −10 b −2 c −6 d 1 c a−a=0
e 2 f 9 g 1 h 4 ab
d cancels to simply give a.
i −14 j −20 k 2 l −5 b
m 8 n −6 o −12 14 a i 5◦ C ii −15◦ C iii −25◦ C
9C
5 $528 b F= + 32
5
6 −$50
7 a (−2 + 3) × 8 = 8 b −10 ÷ (4 + 1) = −2 Exercise 7G
c (−1 + 7) × 2 − 15 = −3
1 a D b B c A d C
d (−5 − 1) ÷ (−6) = 1
e E f H g F h G
e (3 − 8) ÷ 5 + 1 = 0
f 50 × (7 − 8) × (−1) = 50 2 a 9 b 18 c 15 d 6
g −2 × (3 − (−7)) − 1 = −21 e 10 f 2 g 1
h (−3 + 9) ÷ (−7 + 5) = −3 3 A(2, 1), B(3, −2), C(−1, −4), D(−2, 2), E(4, 3), F(2, −3),
i (32 − (−8)) ÷ (−3 + 7) = 10 G(−3, −1), H(−4, 4)

8 three answers (−10, −21, −31)

9 a no b no c yes
d yes e no f yes
10 a true b true c true
d true e false f false
11 a i negative ii negative iii negative
iv positive v negative vi negative

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 4 a, b y b y
Answers
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4

−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4

5 a A(3, 0), B(0, −2), C(−1, 0), D(0, 4), E(0, 2), F(1, 0), 15 a y = {−7,−5,−3,−1, 1, 3, 5}
G(0, −4), H(−3, 0) b, c y
6 a y
5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4
−5
b They lie in a straight line. −6
7 a y −7

5 d They are in a straight line.

4
3
2
Problems and challenges
1 1 a −81, 243, −729 b 4, −2, 1
x c −10, −15, −21 d −8, −13, −21
−4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
2 a 0 b −153
−2
c 101
−3
−4 3 a −3 × (4 + (−2)) = −6 or −3 × 4 ÷ (−2) = −6
−5 b −2 × 5 × (−1) + 11 = 21 or
−6 − 2 × 5 ÷ (−1) + 11 = 21
−7 c 1 × 30 ÷ (−6) − (−2) = −3
4 a 11 and −3 b 21 and −10
b They lie in a straight line. 5 9 pairs
8 a triangle b rectangle c trapezium d kite 6 a = 1, b = −1, c = −2, d = −3, e = 5
9 a 4 square units b 6 square units 1
7 −
c 4 square units d 15 square units 25
8 a p + t > q + t b t − p < t − q c pt < qt
10 28 km
9 all numbers less than 1 except 0
11 y = 2
12 y = 3
13 a B b C c B, A, C
Multiple-choice questions
14 a i 1 and 4 ii 4 iii 3 and 4 iv 3
1 C 2 E 3 B 4 D 5 C
6 A 7 E 8 C 9 B 10 C

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Australian Curriculum Year 7 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Short-answer questions e sample
f sample using secondary source data

Answers
1 a < b < c > d <
g census (this question appears on the population census)
2 a −5 b −2 c −15 d 1
h census of the class
e −2 f −5 g 12 h −18
i sample
i −6 j 5 k −11 l 5
j results from the population census
3 a −1 b −9 c −1 d 2 k observation
e −21 f −2 g −87 h 30 l observation
4 a −10 b −21 c 30 d −5 m sample
e −3 f 4 g 1 h −8 n sample
5 a −2 b −50 c −36 d −1 6 a secondary – a market research company
6 a −37 b 8 c −3 d 1 b secondary – department of education data
e 56 f 80 c primary data collection via a sample
d secondary source using results from the census
7 a 10 b −41 c −22 d −11
e secondary source using NAPLAN results or similar
8 A(3, 0), B(2, 3), C(−1, 2), D(−4, −2), E(0, −3), F(4, −4)
7 a Proximity to the Indian Ocean makes first hand collection
of the data difficult.
Extended-response questions
b Too many people to ask and a sensitive topic means that
1 a 16◦ C b −31◦ C c 8◦ C d 19◦ C e 27◦ C using the census results as your source would be better.
2 rocket c Extremely large population makes primary data difficult
to collect.
Chapter 8 d Sensitive topic might make student less keen to give
honest and reliable answers.
e Cultural issues and the different cultural groups that exist
Exercise 8A
in the community makes collection difficult.
1 a iii b iv c i 8 The data is often collected by a market research company.
d v e vi f ii It is not always possible to know how the data is collected,
2 a categorical b numerical c numerical the areas it is collected from and whether there was a bias
d categorical e numerical f numerical introduced in the surveys.
3 Answers will vary. 9 a Population is the entire group of people but a sample is a
4 a discrete numerical selection from within it.
b continuous numerical b If the population is small enough (e.g. a class) or there is
c continuous numerical enough time/money to survey the entire population
d categorical (e.g. national census).
e categorical c When it is too expensive or difficult to survey the whole
f categorical population, e.g. television viewing habits of all of NSW.
g discrete numerical 10 a The answers stand for different categories and are not
h discrete numerical treated as numbers. They could have been A–E rather than
i continuous numerical 1–5.
j continuous numerical b i 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = somewhat disagree,
k continuous numerical 3 = somewhat agree, 4 = strongly agree.
l discrete numerical ii 1 = poor, 2 = satisfactory, 3 = strong, 4 =
m continuous numerical excellent.
n discrete numerical iii 1 = never, 2 = rarely, 3 = sometimes, 4 = usually,
o categorical 5 = always.
p discrete numerical iv 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral,
q discrete numerical 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree.
r categorical
11 a Excludes people who have only mobile numbers or who
5 a observation
are out when phone is rung; could bias towards people
b sample of days using observation or secondary source
who have more free time.
records within each day
b Excludes people who do not respond to these types of
c census of the class
mail outs; bias towards people who have more free time.
d sample
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Australian Curriculum Year 7 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 c Excludes working parents; bias towards shift workers or e i 32 ii 16 iii 15 iv 10
unemployed. f i 40 ii 34 iii 30 iv 55
Answers
d Excludes anyone who does not read this magazine; bias
g i 102 ii 71 iii 83 iv 84
towards girls.
h i 91 ii 41 iii 31 iv 18
e Excludes people who do not use Facebook; bias towards
younger people or people with access to technology. 5 a 16.6 b 17.5 c 12
12 a For example, number of babies at a local playground. 6 a Brent b Brent c Ali d Brent
Other answers possible. 7 43.5
b Count a sample, e.g. just one floor of one car park. 8 a 2 b 4 c 12
13 It gives ownership and establishes trust where there may not d 25 e 2.1 f 4
have been any. It also ensures a deeper understanding of the 9 a 12 b 2 c 0 saves
process and need for honesty in the collection and use of any 10 a {9, 11}; other solutions possible.
data. b {8, 10, 13}; other solutions possible.
14 a Too expensive and difficult to measure television viewing c {0, 100}; other solutions possible.
in millions of households. d {0, 5, 5, 7, 8, 8.1, 8.9}; other solutions possible.
b Not enough people – results can be misleading. 11 a 3 values; e.g. {5, 5, 8}
c Programs targeted at youth are more likely to be watched b yes, e.g. {0, 0, 5, 5, 5, 7, 20}
by the students. 12 the mean distance (the median is basically unaffected)
d Research required. 13 a mean: 7, median: 7.5, mode: 10, range: 12
15 a Too expensive and people might refuse to respond if it b i increases by 5 ii increases by 5
came too often. iii increases by 5 iv no effect
b English as a second language can impact the collection c i doubles ii doubles iii doubles
of data (simple, unambiguous English is required). Some iv doubles
people from particular cultures may not be keen to share d Yes; e.g. if the set were duplicated: 1, 1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 10, 10,
information about themselves. 10, 10, 13, 13.
c Some people cannot access digital technologies and they 14 a 7 and 13 b 9, 10, 11
would be excluded from the results. c They must be 8, 10 and 12.
d Larger populations and a greater proportion of people in (3x + 3)
poverty can make census data harder to obtain. 15 Numbers are: x, x + 1, x + 2; mean = =x+
3
16 Different people are chosen in the samples. Larger, randomly 1 = median
selected samples give more accurate guides. 16 a range = 6, mean = 7.18 b range = 4, mean = 7.21
17 a i and 17 50.5
ii Answers will vary. 18 a i 4, 4, 4; other solutions possible.
iii Random processes give different results. ii 1, 4, 3, 9, 1; other solutions possible.
b i Different vowels have different frequencies of iii 2, 3, 8, 10, 10; other solutions possible.
occurring. iv 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 16; other solutions possible.
ii If a high frequency word has an unusual range of b It is possible. (Hint: Divide every number by the current
vowels, e.g. a webpage on Mississippi. range.)

Exercise 8B Exercise 8C

1 a 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 b 10 1 a true b false c true d true e false

c 1 d 9 2 a 5 b 3 c sport d 20
2 a 9 b 12 c 9 d 7 3 a 2 b 7 c red d 27
3 a 30 b 6 c 7 d 7
4 a i 6 ii 3 iii 2 iv 1
b i 11 ii 7 iii 8 iv 2
c i 18 ii 12 iii 11 iv 11
d i 17 ii 26 iii 25 iv 25

698
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Australian Curriculum Year 7 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 e Favourite colour in 7B 8 a
60

Answers
Number of births
50
40
Number of students

30
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
boys girls
b 2000 c 2004 d 2002 e boys
blue
yellow
green
pink

red

9 a It has increased steadily. b approx. $38 000

c approx. $110 000-$130 000
Colour
10 a It is unequal.
4 a 8 b 24 c 8 d 7 e 2 b The axes have no labels and it does not have a title.
5 a 120 cm b 20 cm c 60 cm c Favourite subjects
d 11 years old 35
30
6 a Mitchell’s height

Number of votes
160 25
140 20
120 15
Height (cm)

100 10
80 5
60 0

y
ish
rt

hs

e
or

nc
40
A

at

gl

ist

ie
M

En

Sc
20
0 Subject
8 9 10 11 12 d four times as popular
Age (years) e one and a half times as popular
b Fatu’s height f Music
160
140 11 a 7 b 7 c 3M: 8, 3S: 4
120 d 3M e 3M because best student got 10.
Height (cm)

100 12 a 1500 b 104 000 c increased

80 d approx. 590 000 passengers
60 13 Helps to compare different categories quickly by comparing
40 heights.
20 14 240
0
8 9 10 11 12
Age (years) Exercise 8D
7 a 1 a 3 kg b 4 kg c 5 kg d 4.5 kg
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
2 Dog’s weight
Using public transport 30 25 40 50 60 55 over time
Driving a car 60 65 50 40 20 20
Walking or cycling 10 20 15 15 25 60
Weight (kg)

10

b 2005 and 2010

5
c 2010 and 2015
d Environmental concerns; others answers possible. 0
e Public transport usage is increasing; other answers
n
b

Ar
pr
ay
a
Ja
Fe
M

possible.
Month

699
Essential Mathematics for the ISBN 978-1-107-56882-2 © Greenwood et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Australian Curriculum Year 7 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 3 a 45 cm b 110 cm c 8 years 11 a City is in Southern Hemisphere because hot in January/
d 15 cm e 140 cm December.
Answers
4 a 23°C b City is quite close to equator because winter temperatures
b 2:00 pm reasonably high.
c 12:00 am c Temperature in a year
d i 10°C ii 18°C iii 24°C 40

Average temperature (°C)

iv 24.5°C 35
5 a 30
10 25
Weight (kg)

8 20
6 15
4 10
2 5
0 0
ay

ug

ov
ar

ec

ov
ug

M r
Mr

ay
b

ar
ct

ec
ct

b
n

p
l
n

n
n

p
p

Ju
Fe

Se

Fe
M

Ju
Ju

Se
Ja

Ju
Ja
O

A
A

O
N
D

M
N
A

D
Month Month
b Weight increases from January until July, then goes d Maximum occurs in the middle.

down suddenly. e It depends on what Month 1 means. If it means January,

c July then this is the Northern Hemisphere. If it means June,

6 a 200 km b 80 km c At rest then this is the Southern Hemisphere.

d In the first hour e 40 km
7 a 2 hours b 5 km c Fifth hour
Exercise 8E
8 a July 1 a 5 b 2
b Year starts July and ends October. 2 a 39 b 27 c 134
c 20 megalitres because the level stayed the same 3 57
d Southern Hemisphere because winter occurs in middle of 4 a 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 24
year. b 10
9 a at 7:00 am and 8:00 pm c i false ii true iii true
b at 8:00 am and 11:00 pm iv false
c i around 7:00 am (heater goes on) 5 a range = 20, median =17 b range = 31, median = 26
ii around 8:00 am (turns heater off) c range = 19, median = 40.5
iii around 8:00 pm (heater put back on) 6 a
Stem Leaf
iv around 11:00 pm (heater turned off)
d Answers will vary. 1 1234457
10 a 2 0489
300
3 1235
Distance (km)

240
b
180 Stem Leaf
120 2 02
60 3 9
O 1 2 3 4 5 4 5799
Time (hours) 5 12235688
b c
30 Stem Leaf
Distance (km)

24 1 668
18 2 1489
12
3 1235
6
4 189
O 1 2 3 4 5 5 0
Time (hours)

700
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Australian Curriculum Year 7 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 d
Stem Leaf 13 a Easier to compare sizes of different stems visually.

Answers
1 124 b Helps in noticing trends and calculating the median.
2 79 14 a i 30 ii 10
3 2788 iii between 10 and 19 years old
iv between 31 and 49 years v 18
4
vi between 18 and 28
5
b i true ii false iii true
6 00 iv true v false vi false
7 38 c Cannot determine how many people are exactly aged
8 17 40 years.
7 a d close to 30 years
Stem Leaf
15 a minimum: −29°C, maximum: 23°C
8 0456 bi 5 ii 10 iii 11
9 06 c Because −05 and 05 are different numbers
10 145 d −5.2◦ C
11 034459 e −8◦ C; it is 2.8◦ C higher than the mean.
b
Stem Leaf Exercise 8F
8 16
1 a playing sport b watching television
9 14568
c more
10 268 1 2
2 a rugby b basketball c d
11 3557 5 3
3 a 20
12 0 3 1 7
b i ii iii
c 10 4 20
Stem Leaf 1
iv
15 578 10
c i 108° ii 90° iii 126°
16 257
iv 36°
17 348 d France
18 14457
19 223369
d China
Stem Leaf
39 156
USA
40 12456689
United
41 12335678 Kingdom
42 0
8 a 2 b B c 1 d B 4 a pink
e 1 f N g 2 h 1
i N red

9 a 10 b 1 c 8
d 58 e 10 seconds
10 a i 49 years ii 36 years blue
b radio station 1 green
c i 33 to 53 years ii 12 to 32 years yellow
b
11 a i 30 ii 52 pink red
b girls
c i 151.5 cm ii 144.5 cm
d boys
blue
e perhaps Year 6 or 7 green
f Both would have a smaller range and a higher median.
12 a 15 b 13
c a is 5 or 6, b is 0, c is 8 or 9, d is 0. yellow
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 c Higher proportion of Year 7s like red; higher proportion of Progress quiz
Year 8s likes yellow.
Answers
1 a categorical b continuous numerical
d c discrete numerical d continuous numerical
2 a i 10 ii 6 iii 5 iv 3
b i 13 ii 20 iii 19 iv 15
red green yellow blue pink 3 a 2 children b 17 children c 7
5 a
d 3 children e 8 children
4 a Outside temperature
30
food drinks household items other
25
b other

Temperature (°C)
20
household
items 15

10
food 5

0
9 am 11 am 1 pm 3 pm
Time
drinks b around 24◦ C
6 a i 20 ii 10 iii 6 iv 4
5 a 20 km b 10 km c at rest
b
d 10 km e 5th hour
fruit
6 a 14 towns
b maximum 37◦ C, minimum 14◦ C
chips c 23◦ C
choc
olate d 26◦ C
pies 7
Stem Leaf 1/6 means 16
0 79
c i chips ii fruits and pies 1 026889
iii chocolate
2 01
7 a i 9 ii 6 iii 15 8 a
History

English Car

Public
Cycle transport

Maths
Science
8 a Krishna b Nikolas
c It means Nikolas also spends more time playing sport.
b Methods of transport
9 a 6 b 10
1
c Bird was chosen by , which would be 2.5 people. Public transport Cycle Car
8
1 1
d Each portion is , but of 40 is not a whole number.
3 3
e 24, 48, 72 or 96 people participated in survey. Exercise 8G
10 a
1 a D b A c B d C
C D A B 2 a certain b even chance
c unlikely d impossible
b 24 c 6
3 a true b false c true d false
e true f false

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 4 a D b C c A d B ii
5 a i true ii false iii false

Answers
iv true v true blue
b i spinner landing on yellow (other answers possible) Other answers possible
ii spinner not landing on red
iii spinner landing on green, blue or red green
iv spinner landing on blue or on red
6 a spinner 3 b spinner 2 c spinner 1
d i 50% ii 0% iii 0%, 50%
7 Answers will vary.
iv 50%
8 a Blue, red and green equally likely.
e If the two fractions are equal, the two events are
b Red and green both have an even chance.
equally likely.
c Green and blue equally likely, red and blue are not equally
f The proportion of the spinner’s area cannot exceed 100%
likely.
(or 1) and must be greater than or equal to 0%.
d Blue is certain.
e Blue, red and green all possible, but no two colours are
Exercise 8H
equally likely.
f Red and blue both have an even chance. 1 a C b A c D d B
9 a 2 a sample space b 0 c certain
2 d more e even chance
3 1
1 3 a {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} b {1, 3, 5} c
2
4 a 3: red, green, blue
4 6
1 2 2
5 b c d e 0
3 3 3
5 a {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
b All sectors have the same size; i.e. 60°. 1 2 3 4
c b c 0 d e f
7 7 7 7
g Number chosen is less than 10; other solutions possible.
6
6 a {M, A, T, H, S} b 0.2 c 0.8
d 60%
1 5
1 2 5
7 a b c
2 4 11 11 11
3
9 4
d e
d by replacing the 5 with a 6 (so that there are two faces 11 11
f Choosing a letter in the word ROPE; other solutions
with 6).
possible.
e with 52 equal segments
1 1 1 8 a 30% b 50% c 80%
10 a spinner 1: , spinner 2: , spinner 3:
4 3 9 9 a {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
1
b b 0.5
2
c i c i 0.375 ii 0.375 iii 0
d Possible spinner shown:

red 2
5

31

10 a i 12 red, 6 blue, 4 yellow, 2 green

1
ii
12
b i 18 red, 9 blue, 6 yellow, 3 green
1
ii
12

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 c 12 c No technique for finding theoretical probability has been
1 1 1
d No, because it is always 1 − − − . taught yet.
Answers
2 4 6
d less accurate
1 1 2
11 a a = 1, b = , c = 1, d = , e = 1, f = , e more accurate
2 3 5
3 12 a False; there is no guarantee it will occur exactly half of the
g= ,h=1
5 time.
10
b b False; e.g. in two rolls, a die might land 3 one time. The
13 1
3 theoretical probability is not , though.
c 2
7 c False; perhaps the event did not happen yet but it could.
19 d True; if it is theoretically impossible it cannot happen in an
12 a yes, b 210 c 840
210
13 a i experiment.
e False; experiment might have been lucky.
red f True; if it is certain, then it must happen in an experiment.
13 a red: 25%, green: 42.2%, blue: 32.8%
b Fifth set is furthest from the final estimate.
green blue c have 4 green sectors, 3 blue and 3 red sectors
d red: 90°, green: 150°, blue: 120°
ii Cannot be done because adds to more than 1. Problems and challenges
iii Cannot be done because adds to less than 1.
iv 1 2, 2, 5, 7, 8, 12
2 a 4 b 10 c 90 d 72
3
red No. of cars 0 1 2 3
green No. of students 4 6 8 2

blue 4 PROBABLE (or PEBBLIER)

5 a 60◦
b 192 − 3.6 = 188.4◦
b 1 − x − y. Also x, y and 1 − x − y must all be between
1
0 and 1. c or 25%
4
99
d or 99%
Exercise 8I 100
1 2 3 1
1 a b c e or 5%
10 5 10 20
6 A spinner with these sector angles has actual
53 47 1
2 a b c probabilities close to the experimental probabilities.
100 100 2
2 1 1
3 a 50 b c d Sector colour Red Green Purple Yellow
5 10 2
e No, just that nobody did it within the group surveyed. Sector angle 120◦ 90◦ 60◦ 90◦
4 a 500 40 30 20 30
Actual probability
b 1750 120 120 120 120
c i 7 tails ii more Experimental 40 30 19 19
5 a 100 b 300 120 120 120 120
probability
c yes (but this is very unlikely)
d from 2 rolls
6 Answers will vary.
1 3 31
7 a b c d 60
4 100 100 yellow
8 a 5 b 40 c 70 red
26 4
d e f 126 90º 120º
35 7
60º 90º
9 a 2 red, 3 green and 5 blue purple
b i yes ii yes iii yes
iv yes v no green
10 a C b D c B d A
11 a Answers will vary.
704 b Answers will vary.
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Australian Curriculum Year 7 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Multiple-choice questions Extended-response questions

Answers
1 B 2 D 3 E 4 D 5 C 1 a 12

No. of rainy days

6 C 7 A 8 C 9 C 10 B 10
8
Short-answer questions 6
4
1 30 2
25 0
Age (years)

20

n
b

ay
n
l
ug
p
ct
ov
ar
pr

ec
Ju
Ja
Fe

Ju

Se
O
M
A
M

N
D
15 Month
10
6 3
5 b 66 c =
92 46
0 d discrete numerical e categorical
Sven Dane Kelly Hugo Frankie
2 a 40
Name
2 a 40 b 400 c 10 hours b cheesecake
7
d 18 c
40
15 d i yes ii no iii yes
No. of students

12 iv yes
9 e 80
6
3
0
Chapter 9
8 9 10 11 12
TV watched (hours) Exercise 9A
3 a 4 students b 2 students 1 a pentagon
c 1:00 pm d 6 students b i and iii, all interior angles are less than 180◦
4 a 105° b 25% c ii, there is one interior angle greater than 180◦
c d regular pentagon
chicken 2 a b

Chinese

pizza
hamburgers
c

5 a 11 b 5 c 3.5 d 2
6 a 12 b 5 c 3.5 d 3
1 19 3 3 a 5 b 3 c 10 d 7
7 a 1 b c d e 11 f 4 g 9 h 6
8 20 4
e 0 i 8 j 12
8 a {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} b {heads, tails} 4 a i, iv and vi
c {D, E, S, I, G, N} d {blue, yellow, green} b i quadrilateral ii pentagon iii hexagon
9 a 9 iv octagon v octagon vi triangle
5 1 5 a quadrilateral ABCD
b i ii iii 0
9 3 b pentagon ABCDE
1 4 4
iv v vi c heptagon DEFGHIJ
3 9 9
1 2 1 3 6 circle, oval, cylinder, cube, line, segment
10 a b c d
26 13 52 13 7 a i 2 ii 7
11 a 42% b 50% b i 5 ii 35
1 1 8 Answers may vary. Some possibilities are given.
12 a b c 25 d 250
2 4

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 a b Exercise 9B
Answers
1 a b

c d

c d

e f
e f

9 a true b false c false d true

10 a i ii
2 a A b BC c AC and AB
d ∠ACB and ∠ABC
3 a equilateral b isosceles c scalene
4 a right b obtuse c acute
b Non-convex, as at least one diagonal will cross over space
5 Check measurements with a ruler and protractor.
outside the shape.
6 a yes
11 No, a rectangle is equi-angular.
12 No.
13 a
No. of sides 3 4 5 6 7
No. of diagonals b yes
0 1 2 3 4
(not allowed to cross)
No. of diagonals
0 2 5 9 14
(allowed to cross)
c no
n
b i n−3 ii (n − 3) d yes
2

7 a 2 b 4 c 6 d 12

8 Triangles Scalene Isosceles Equilateral

Acute

Right

Obtuse

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 9 a yes b isosceles Exercise 9D
10 The two shorter sides together must be longer than the longest

Answers
1 b The three angles should add to 180◦ .
side.
2 a The 160◦ angle and a are on a straight line, which should
11 a yes b No, the three sides will not join.
add to 180◦ .
12 a not unique, as triangles can be the same shape but
b a + b + 100 = 180; so if a = 20, b must be 60.
different size
3 60°
b unique, as only one triangle is possible
4 a The two base angles in an isosceles triangle are equal.
c not unique, as AC could be of any length
b The sum must be 180◦ (i.e. 70◦ + 70◦ + 40◦ = 180◦ ).
d not unique, as two triangles are possible
5 a 60 b 30 c 55
C d 65 e 25 f 145
6 a 65 b 20 c 35
d 75 e 55 f 32

4 cm 7 a 30 b 140 c 60
C d 60 e 10 f 142
4 cm 8 a 40 b 120 c 45
50° d 132 e 16 f 30
A B
5 cm 9 a 60 b 60 c 55
d 55 e 145 f 50
Exercise 9C 10 20◦
1 Check your answers by measuring required lengths and 11 a 155◦ b 155
angles. c They are the same.
2 a yes (SSS) b no c yes (SAS) d yes, always true
d no e yes (RHS) f yes (AAS) 12 a alternate angles in parallel lines
3 Check by doing parts d and e. b alternate angles in parallel lines
4 Check by doing parts d and e. c They must add to 180◦ .
5 Check that ∠CAB = 90◦ . 13 a ∠DCA = a (Alternate to ∠BAC
6 a Start with one side and the intersection of two arcs to give and DE is parallel to AB.)
the other two lengths. ∠ECB = b (Alternate to ∠ABC and DE
b Start with the base and use two arcs of equal radius. is parallel to AB.)
c Start with the base and use two arcs with the same radius ∠DCA + ∠ACB + ∠ECB = 180◦ (Angles on a line add
as the base. to 180◦ .)
d Start with the 4 cm segment, construct a right angle (see ∴ a + b + c = 180
Q5), then the hypotenuse. b a + b + c = 180 (Angles in a triangle sum to 180◦ .)
7 a Start with the base and use two arcs with the same radius
a + b = 180 − c (1)
as the base.
b Start with the base, add a perpendicular bisector and place Also ∠ACB + ∠BCD = 180◦ (Angles in a straight line
the apex on this line. sum to 180◦ .)
c Start with the base, add a perpendicular line for one side, c + ∠BCD = 180◦
then add the hypotenuse.
∠BCD = (180 − c)◦ (2)
8 a Triangles with the same angles could be of different size. From (1) and (2) we have ∠BAC = a◦ + b◦ .
b The angle between the two sides could vary.
9 b 2 triangles; there are two points on the ray AE that could
Exercise 9E
be used to create the third side.
c The information does not give a unique triangle. 1 a b
a° a° a° a°
10 a Check that the dashed lines form an equilateral triangle.
b Use the diagram to assist. a° a° a° a°

c d
b° a° b° a°

a° b° a° b°

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 e f 9 a 130 b 110 c 150
a°
10 a possible b impossible
Answers
a° c impossible d possible
e impossible
2 a 11 a + b + f = 180 (sum of angles in a triangle)
c + d + e = 180 (sum of angles in a triangle)
Total sum = a + b + f + c + d + e
= 180 + 180
= 360
b 1
12 a 21 b 60 c 36
3 a convex b non-convex c non-convex
d 24 e 22.5 f 60
4 a square b trapezium c kite
d rhombus e rectangle f parallelogram Progress quiz
5 a rectangles, kite, parallelogram
b rhombus, parallelogram 1 a concave irregular pentagon
c square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram b convex regular hexagon
d trapezium c convex irregular rectangle
e kite d non-convex irregular decagon
6 a a = 90, b = 10 2 a isosceles triangle
b a = 100, b = 5 b right-angled triangle
c a = 50, b = 130 3
7 a 5 b 4 c 1 d 10
8 Forming a square is possible.
9 a square, rectangle 6 cm 6 cm
b square, rhombus, kite
10 a A square is a type of rectangle because a rectangle can be
constrained to form a square.
6 cm
b Yes, a parallelogram can be constrained to be a rhombus.
4 180◦
c no
5 a 70 b 70
11 a Use given diagram and check that all sides are the same
length. 6 a 60 b 60
b Use given diagram and check that the distance between 7 a square b trapezium
the lines are always equal. c rhombus d parallelogram
8 a 102 b 85 c 90
Exercise 9F 9 a 85 b 48 c 122
1 Answer may vary, but the sum of angles should be very close 10 a 60 b 48 c 132 d 192
to 360◦ .
2 Answer may vary, but the sum of angles should be very close Exercise 9G
to 360◦ .
1 a 4 ways b 2 ways c 3 ways
3 a a + 70 = 180, so a = 110.
d 1 way e 2 ways f 0 ways
b b + 110 + 100 + 60 = 360, so b = 90.
2 a 4 b 2 c 3
4 a 130 b 90 c 230
d 1 e 2 f 2
5 a a = 80, b = 90 b a = 20, b = 10
3 a 4 and 4 b 2 and 2 c 2 and 2
c a = 120, b = 155 d a = 90, b = 35
d 1 and 1 e 1 and 1 f 0 and 2
e a = 265, b = 40 f a = 270, b = 35
4 a equilateral b isosceles c scalene
6 a a = 90 b a = 50, b = 130
5 a i kite ii rectangle, rhombus
c a = 131
iii none iv square
7 a 100 b 70 c 77.5
8 a 60 b 115 c 108

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 b i trapezium, kite e f
ii rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram

Answers
iii none iv square
6 a line and rotational symmetry of order 5
b line and rotational symmetry of order 1
c line and rotational symmetry of order 1
d line and rotational symmetry of order 4 2 a (−2, 0) b (−2, 0) c (0, −2) d (0, 2)
7 a A, B, C, D, E, K, M, T, U, V, W, Y
3 a no b no
b H, I, O, X
4 a A (1, 1), B (1, 4), C (2, 2), D (3, 1)
c H, I, N, O, S, X, Z
b A (−3, 4), B (−3, 1), C (−2, 1), D (−1, 2)
8 a b c
c A (−1, −2), B (−2, −4), C (−4, −4), D (−4, −3)
d A (2, −1), B (2, −4), C (4, −2), D (4, −1)
e A (−3, 2), B (−3, 3), C (−1, 4), D (−1, 1)
f A (−3, −4), B (−1, −4), C (−1, −1), D (−2, −3)
9 a b 5 a (−3, −3) b (3, −3) c (−3, 3)
d (−3, 3) e (3, 3) f (−3, −3)
6 a A (0, −1), B (2, 0), D (0, −3)
b A (1, 0), B (0, 2), D (3, 0)
c d
c A (0, 1), B (−2, 0), D (0, 3)
7 a A (−1, 0), B (−3, 0), D (−1, 2)
b A (0, −1), B (0, −3), D (−2, −1)
c A (1, 0), B (3, 0), D (1, −2)
8 a b
e

10 a 4 and 4 b 1 and 1 c 1 and 1

11 a b
c d

12 a i no ii no
b isosceles trapezium
13 a 9 b 3 c 4
d 1 e infinite f infinite

e f
Exercise 9H
1 a b

9 (2, −5)
10 a (0, −1) b (3, 0) c (−1, 2)
c d 11 a 180◦ b 90◦ c 90◦
12 a 270◦ b 322◦ c 10◦
13 a (2, −5) b (2, −5)
c the same point d (4, 1) for both

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 14 The triangle has been shifted, not rotated. Exercise 9J
15 Check with your teacher.
Answers
1 a b
16 Check with your teacher.

Exercise 9I
1 a (4, 2) b (1, 2) c (3, 5) d (3, 1)
e (2, 4) f (0, 1) g (5, 1) h (3, 0) c
2 a up b left c down d up
e left f left g right h right
3 a 7 units
2 a 2 b 4 c 6
b 3 units
3 a b
ic 7 units ii 3 units

4 a b

c d

c d

e f

4 See given diagrams.

5 a (1, 3) b (−4, 3) c (−2, 1) d (−2, −2) 5 See given diagrams in Question 2.
e (−2, 5) f (8, 3) g (1, 4) h (2, 1) 6 a b
i (3, −3) j (−3, 1) k (−5, 4) l (−4, −2)
6 a 3 units up b 7 units down
c 4 units down d 2 units up
e 5 units left f 2 units right
g 1 unit left and 4 units up 7 a (two squares)
h 3 units right and 6 units up
i 3 units right and 4 units down ,
j 3 units left and 11 units up
b (square and rectangle with the same
top side length)
k 12 units right and 3 units down ,
l 10 units left and 13 units down
c (circle, isosceles triangle)
7 a 2 units left and 2 units up
b 4 units left and 4 units up
c 1 unit right and 5 units down ,
d 6 units right and 2 units down d (square, isosceles triangle)
8 a 4 b 12
,
9 24 points
10 It is neither rotated nor enlarged. e (square, diamond)
11 a 3 right and 1 down b 1 right and 2 up ,
c 2 left and 4 down d 6 right and 7 up
f (2 circles)
12 a (−4, −1) b (−4, −3) c (−7, 2)
d (−13, −5) e (4, −2) ,

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 g (square, triangle on square)
5 Answers may vary.

Answers
a b
,
h (circle in square, semicircle on rectangle)

,
i (circle, triangle on semicircle)

, c d
8 6
9 20
10 a b

(4-sided pyramid)
e f

(8-sided double pyramid)

c

(pyramid with 5-sided base) 6 a tetrahedron, octahedron, icosahedron

11 Yes, one can be rotated to match the other. b icosahedron
12 a C b A c B d D c octahedron
front left d tetrahedron
13 a i top
e hexahedron, octahedron
f hexahedron, octahedron
7 a octahedron b hexahedron
c dodecahedron d icosahedron
e tetrahedron

ii front left top 8 a 3 b 3 c 4

d 3 e 5
9 a b

10 a 2 b 11
b i ii
11 a 6 b Yes
c There is not the same number of faces meeting at
each vertex.
12 a i 1 ii 26
Exercise 9K b
n (side length) 1 2 3 4 5
1 a equal b regular c platonic n3 (number of
1 8 27 64 125
2 A and C 1 cm cubes)
3 a equilateral triangle b square Number of inside cubes 0 0 1 8 27
c equilateral triangle d regular pentagon
Number of outside cubes 1 8 26 56 98
e equilateral triangle
4 a cube b cylinder c i n3 ii (n − 2)3 iii n3 − (n − 2)3
c triangular pyramid

711
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 Problems and challenges Extended-response questions
Answers
1 tetrahedron 1 a 30◦ b 65◦ c 35
d It stays the same.

2 y

2 27 c 4
3 36 3
4 a 35 b 1175 2
1
5 161
x
6 18 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
−2
Multiple-choice questions a b
−3
1 E 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 C −4
6 A 7 E 8 C 9 E 10 C

Short-answer questions Chapter 10

1 a 5 b 7 c 11
Exercise 10A
2 a 2 b 1
3 Check lengths and angles with a ruler and pair of compasses. 1 a E b N c E d E e E
4 Check lengths and angles with a ruler and pair of compasses. f N g E h E i N
5 a yes, AAS b no c yes, RHS 2 a true b false c false
6 a 30 b 48 c 50 3 true
d 60 e 80 f 130 4 a 19 b 19 c true
g 40 h 80 i 105 5 a true b false c true d true
7 a trapezium b rhombus c kite e false f false g true h false
8 a 90 b 255 c 100 i true j true k false l true
d 125 e 100 f 55 m false n false o true

9 a 2, 2 b 1, 1 c 0, 2 6 a false b true c false d true

10 a A (−1, −2), B (−3, −3), C (−3, −1) 7 a true b true c false d true
b A (1, 2), B (3, 3), C (3, 1) 8 a true b false c true d true
11 a A (0, −4), B (−2, 0), D (−3, −3) e true f false g false h true
b A (4, 0), B (0, −2), D (3, −3) i true
c A (−4, 0), B (0, 2), D (−3, 3) 9 a 3 + x = 10 b 5k = 1005 c a + b = 22
12 a A (1, −1), B (4, −1), C (3, 1) d 2d = 78 e 8x = 56 f 3p = 21
b A (−4, 1), B (−1, 1), C (−2, 3) t
g = 12 h q+p=q×p
13 a 4
10 a 6c = 546 b 5x = 37.5 c 12a + 3b = 28
,
d f + 10 = 27 e j + 10 + m + 10 = 80
, 11 m = 3
12 k = 2, k = 6
13 x = 1 and y = 5, x = 2 and y = 4, x = 3 and
y = 3, x = 4 and y = 2, x = 5 and y = 1
b 14 a S b S c A d A
e N f N g A h S
, i A j S k N l N

, 15 a 6 = 2 × 3; other solutions possible.

b 5 − 4 = 1; other solutions possible.
c 10 ÷ 2 = 7 − 2; other solutions possible.
d 4 − 2 = 10 ÷ 5; other solutions possible.

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 16 a 12 5 a 3(x + 4) = 27 b 18 = 3(a + 5)
b 4 c 3d = 18 d 3(11 + a) = 36

Answers
c Yes; if 5 is changed to 1, then 1 + 2 = 3 is a e 3(3y + 2) = 33 f 3(2x + 4) = 30
true equation. 6 a E (+2) b A (+4) c D (÷2) d B (−2)
d Yes; if + is changed to −, then 5 − 3 = 2 is a e C (×2)
true equation.
7 a ×3 then +2 b ×10 then −3 c ÷5 then −2
Exercise 10B d −10 then ÷3
8 a 2q = 2 b 10x = 7
1 a true b false c true d false
c 3 + x = 20 d x = 60
2 a 12 b 17 c 13 d 6
9 a 3x + 2 = 14 b 5x − 3 = 32
3 a 3 b 6 c 10 d 4 −2 −2 +3 +3
e 6 f 70 g 20 h 19 3x = 12 5x = 35
4 a x b c c b d d ÷3 ÷3 ÷5 ÷5
x=4 x=7
5 a y=8 b l=2 c l=6 d d=2
× 10 × 10 +2 +2
e l = 12 f a=6 g s = 12 h x=8 10x = 40 x+2=9
i e=8 j r = 10 k s=8 l z=3 +1 +1
6 a p=3 b p=4 c q=3 d v=5 10x + 1 = 41
e b=1 f u=4 g g=3 h e=3 c (x ÷ 2) + 4 = 9
i d=4 j d=6 k m=4 l o=3 −4 −4
x÷2=5
7 a x=3 b x=7 c x=5
×2 ×2
d x=4 e x=1 f x=5 x = 10
8 a 11 b 12 c 16 +8 +8
d 33 e 30 f 2 x + 8 = 18
9 a 10x = 180 b x = 18 ÷2 ÷2
(x + 8) ÷ 2 = 9
10 a 2w = 70 b w = 35 10 a i 0 = 0 ii 0 = 0 iii 0 = 0
11 a 4.5x = 13.5 b x=3 b Regardless of original equation, will always result
12 a y + 12 = 3y b y=6 in 0 = 0.
13 a x = 9 b 2x + 1 = 181 so x = 90 11 a x=3 b x=3
×7 ×7 ×2 ×2
14 a x = 14, so 14, 15 and 16 are the numbers. 7x = 21 2x = 6
b LHS is 3x + 3 or 3(x + 1), which will always be a multiple
+2 +2 +8 +8
of 3. 7x + 2 = 23 8 + 2x = 14
15 a x = 2 and y = 6; other solutions possible. 12 a True; you can +3 to both sides and then −3 to get the
b x = 12 and y = 10; other solutions possible. original equation again.
c x = 1 and y = 1; other solutions possible. b True; simply perform the opposite operations in the
d x = 12 and y = 0.5; other solutions possible. reverse order, so +4 becomes −4.
e x = 10 and y = 0; other solutions possible. c True; use the operations that take equation 1 to equation 2
f x = 2 and y = 2; other solutions possible. and then the operations that take equation 2 to equation 3.
d false; e.g. equation 1: x = 4, equation 2: x = 5,
Exercise 10C equation 3: 2x = 8.

1 a 10d + 15 = 30 b 7e + 10 = 41
c 2a + 10 = 22 d x + 10 = 22
Exercise 10D
1 a true b false c true
2 a C b D c E d B e A
d false e false
3 a 6 + x = 11 b 6x = 14 c 3 = 2q
2 a 6 b x=6
d 6 + a = 10 e 12 + b = 15 f 0 = 3b + 2
3 g=2
g 4=7+a h 12x + 2 = 8 i 7p = 12
4 a −5 b ÷10 c ×4 d +12
4 a subtracting 2 b adding 2 c dividing by 10
5 a m=9 b g = 11 c s=9 d i = 10
d multiplying by 2 e dividing by 3 f adding 3
e t=2 f q=3 g y = 12 h s = 12
g dividing by 4 h adding 4

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 i j=4 j l=4 k v=2 l y = 12 18 a First step, 4x+ 2 is not completely divided by 4.
m k=5 n y=9 o z=7 p t = 10 b Second step, LHS divided by 3, RHS has 3 subtracted.
Answers
q b = 12 r p = 11 s a=8 t n=3 c First step, RHS has 5 added not subtracted.
6 a 7a + 3 = 38 b 4b − 10 = 14 d First step, LHS has 11a subtracted, not 12.
−3 −3 + 10 + 10 19 a x = 4 b x=1 c l=3 d t=1
7a = 35 4b = 24 e s=5 f b = 19 g j=2 h d=1
÷7 ÷7 ÷4 ÷4
a= 5 b=6
Exercise 10E
c 2(q + 6) = 20 d
5=
x
+3
÷2 ÷2 10 1 a true b false c true
−3 −3
q + 6 = 10 x d false e true f false
−6 −6 2=
×10 10 2 a 7 b 9 c false
q=4 ×10
20 = x 3 a b = 44 b d = 15 c h = 28 d p = 26
7 a subtract 3 b add 7 c divide by 5 d divide by 2 4 a B b C c A d D
8 a f = 11 b k=4 c x=9 d a=9 5 a m = 12 b c = 18 c s = 16 d r = 10
e k=8 f a=6 g n = 11 h n=8 e u = 20 f y = 18 g x=4 h a = 16
i g=4 j q = 11 k z = 10 l p=1 i h = 10 j j = 15 k v=9 l q=8
m d=4 n t=8 o u=5 p c=1 6 a h=9 b y=6 c j=3 d b=4
q q = 11 r y = 12 s q=2 t u = 10 e u=3 f t=9 g w=6 h r=4
3 24 4 i q=9 j s=3 k l=8 l z=7
9 a x= b k= c w=
4 5 3 m v = 11 n f=9 o x=2 p d=5
4 5 1 q n=5 r m = 11 s p=8 t a=9
d x= e x= f x=
3 8 3
7 a y = −1 b a = −10 c x = −10 d x = −48
10 a r = −7 b x = −3 c t = −16 d y = −24
e u = −30 f y = −10 g u = −4 h d = −5
e x = −5 f k = −9 g x = −6 h x = −4
t q
−3 8 a = 9 → t = 18 b = 14 → q = 42
i x= 2 3
2
2r q−4
11 a x + 5 = 12 → x = 7 b 2y = 10 → y = 5 c = 6 → r = 15 d = 3 → q = 10
5 2
c 2b + 6 = 44 → b = 19 d 3(k − 7) = 18 → k = 13 x+3 y
b k e =2→x=5 f +3=5→y=8
e + 3 = 6 → b = 12 f − 10 = 1 → k = 22 4 4
4 2 b
9 a = 31.50 b b = 157.5 c $157.50
12 a 12n + 50 = 410 b n = 30 h 5
x
13 a 12 + 5x b 12 + 5x = 14.5 10 a +5
2
c x = 0.5, so pens cost 50 cents. x
b + 5 = 11 → x = $12
14 a 3w = 15 → w = 5 b 4x = 12 → x = 3 2
c 2(10 + x) = 28 → x = 4 c $6
d 4w = 28 → w = 7 11 a The different order in which 3 is added and the result is
15 a x = 6 b x=8 c x=5 multiplied by 5.
b multiply by 5
16 Examples include: x + 1 = 3, 7x = 14, 21 − x = 19,
4 x c subtract 3
= x, = 1.
x 2 d No, the difference between them is always 2.4 for any
17 a 2x + 5 = 13 b 10 + 2x = 20 value of x.
−5 −5 −10 −10
12 a 4x = 2 (other solutions possible)
2x = 8 2x = 10
b 7x = 5
÷2 ÷2 ÷2 ÷2
x=5 c yes, e.g. 2x + 1 = 0
x=4
1
×5 ×5 −3 −3 13 a i multiply by 2 ii divide by
x−3=2 2
5x = 20 b x = 26 for both of them.
×2 ×2 c Makes the first step a division (by a fraction) rather than
2(x − 3) = 4
multiplication.
c yes d yes 7 17 19 7
14 a x = b x= c x= d x=
2 6 6 6

714
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 Progress quiz 14 a j = 2 b a=1 c a=3 d a=8
1 a E b N c E d N e c=4 f d=8 g x=1 h x=3

Answers
2 a T b F c T d F i x=0

3 a 5 + m = 12 b 2d = 24
c 9x = 72 d 3c + 4b = 190
Exercise 10G
4 a a=9 b x=4 c m = 30 d a=2 1 a N b R c R
5 a 20x = 35 b 2a = 16 d N e R f R
2 a 15 b 36 c 8 d 2
6 a +8 b ÷6 c ×2
3 a h=7 b h=9 c m=8 d m = 10
7 a a = 12 b w = 31 c k = 63 d m=8
4 a y = 23 b x=4 c x=7
8 a x = 11 b a=7 c m=6 d y=8
9 a c = 24 b a=8 c h = 12 d m = 55 5 a A=7 b q=4 c t=0

m 7+x 6 a G = 27 b x=1 c y=5

10 a + 5 = 11; m = 12 b = 9; x = 11
2 2 7 a 20 = w × 4 → w = 5
b i 25 = 5h → h = 5 ii square
Exercise 10F 8 a P = 16 b h=3 c 24 units squared
1 C 9 a F = 68 b C = 10 c 12◦ C d 15◦ C
2 a 6 b 4 c 2 d 12 S − 3b 5(F − 32)
10 a d = b C=
3 a true b false c true 5 9
Q − 36
d true e false f false c x=
4
4 a 2x + 2 b 10b + 15 c 6a − 8 d 35a + 5 11 a Check by substituting values back into equation.
e 12x + 16 f 24 − 9y g 48a + 36 h 2u − 8 b If D = 20, C should equal 60 not 50, as in row 2.
5 a 4a + 2 b 5 + 3x c 3b − 4 d 3a + 12 c Check by substituting values back into equation.
e 6x + 3 f k+6 g 2b + 6 h 5k + 1 Dt
d For example, C = 2t − 10, C = + 20; other
20
6 a s=6 b l=1 c p=9 d y=0 solutions possible.
e q=1 f p = 12 g m=5 h b=6 12 a Abbotsford Apes
i p=3 j p=7 k y=9 l r=8 b 8 goals
7 a d=3 b x=2 c x=5 d e=1 c S = 9q+ 6g + b
e a=1 f r=3 g u=1 h q = 11 d 0 goals and 0 behinds, 2 goals and 12 behinds, 3 goals
8 a s=1 b i=1 c c=5 d v=8 and 9 behinds, 7 goals and 7 behinds.
e k=1 f q=3 g y=4 h f=3
i t=2
Exercise 10H
1 a A b C c C
9 a u = −5 b k = −3 c p = −1 d q = −2
e u = −1 f x = −3 g p = −4 h r = −10 2 a x=6 b a=2 c k=9
i x = −5 3 a Let c = car’s cost b c + 2000 = 40 000
10 a i 2(5 + x) = 14 ii x = 2 c c = 38 000 d $38 000
b i 3(q − 3) = 30 ii q = 13 4 a Let p =cost of one pen b 12p = 15.6
c i 2(2x + 3) = 46 ii x = 10 c p = 1.3 d $1.30
d i 2(y + 4) − y = 17 ii y = 9 5 a Let h = number of hours worked
11 a LHS simplifies to 10, but 10 = 7 is never true. b 17h + 65 = 643
b LHS simplifies to 15, not 4. c h = 34
c LHS simplifies to 6, not 12. d 34 hours
12 a LHS = 9, RHS = 9, therefore true. 6 a 24w = 720 b w = 30 c 30 m
b LHS = 9, RHS = 9, therefore true. d 108 m
c LHS simplifies to 9. 7 2(2x + 3) = 34 → x = 7
d For example 2(x + 5) − 3 − 2x = 7. Others possible. 8 x=4
13 a s = 6 b l=1 c p=9 d y=0 9 1.5 h
e q=1 f p = 12 g m=5 h b=6 10 14 years old
i p=3 j p=7 k y=9 l r=8 11 2x + 154 = 180 → x = 13

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 7
12 3y = 90 → y = 30 9 a no b Solution is x = , which is not whole.
11
13 Examples include: h = 3, w = 6 or h = 12, w = 2.4; 10 a No; LHS simplifies to 10.
Answers
other solutions possible. b i Is a solution. ii Is a solution.
14 x = 3.5, y = 2 11 a A = 450 cm2 b h = 10 cm
15 a possible ( p = 12) 12 a 36 b 6 c 3
b Not possible because solution is not a whole number.
13 a 5 b 6 c 20 d 6 cm
c possible ( p = 8)
14 a y = 35 b y = 30
16 a + 2b = 180, so a = 180 − 2b = 2(90 − b) is always
even.
17 a i x = 60
Extended-response questions
ii One angle is −10◦ , which is impossible. 1 a 75 cents b C = 15 + 2t c $1.75
b i 60 − x + 70 + x + 50 is always 180, regardless d 12 seconds e 81 seconds
of the value of x. f 2.5 min in total (50 seconds for the first call, then
ii any value less than 60 and greater than −70. 100 seconds)
c Answers will vary. 2 a $500
b 30 hours at $x/hour, and 10 hours at $(x+ 2)/hour.
Problems and challenges c $660
1 d x = 15
1 a 26 b 29 c 368 d 31
3 e x = 21, so Gemma earned $630 from Monday to Friday.
e 36
2 27 cm Chapter 11
3 x = 7, y = 9, P = 72 cm
4 1458 m2 Exercise 11A
5 a = 5, b = 2, c = 12
1 a i 1 foot = 12 inches = 16 digits = 4 palms
6 a a = 22.5, b = 37.5 b a = 10, b = 23
ii 1 mile = 1000 paces
c a = 36, b = 108 d a = 60, b = 40
b i 1 foot = 12 inches ii 3 feet = 1 yard
7 26 sheep, 15 ducks
iii 1 mile = 1760 yards
8 x = 45; 132, 133, 134, 135, 136
c i 1 m = 100 cm ii 1 cm = 10 mm
iii 1 km = 1000 m
Multiple-choice questions 2 digit, inch, palm, foot, cubit, pace, mile
3 inch, foot, yard, rod, chain, furlong, mile
1 C 2 A 3 D 4 B 5 E
4 millimetre, centimetre, metre, kilometre
6 C 7 A 8 A 9 B 10 E
5 a 5 b 5000 c 4
d 20 e 16 f 80
Short-answer questions
6 a 12 b 3 c 36
1 a false b true c true d 1760 e 22 f 40
d false e true f false
7 a 10 b 100 c 1000
2 a 2 + u = 22 b 5k = 41 d 1000 e 100 000 f 1 000 000
c 3z = 36 d a + b = 15
8 a kilometres b millimetres c metres
3 a x=3 b x=6 c y=1 d y=9 d metres e centimetres f kilometres
e a=2 f a = 10
9 a metres b millimetres c kilometres
4 a 2x = 8 b 7a = 28 c 15 = 3r d 16 = 8p d kilometres e metres f centimetres
5 a x=3 b r = 45 c p=9 d b=6 10 1 pace
e x=9 f r=4 g q=2 h u=8 11 5000
6 a u=8 b p=3 c x=4 d y=8 12 440
e y=4 f x = 15 13 a 2 mm b 5 mm c 2 cm
7 a 6 + 4p b 12x + 48 c 7a + 35 d 18x + 9 d 5 cm e 8 cm

8 a x=8 b x=8 c x=7 d y = 10 14 a 6 cm b 5 cm c 25 cm

e z=5 f q=3

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 15 a 11 125 cm
mm cm m km
12 Bigan tower

Answers
1 1 1
mm 1 13 a $8200 b $6.56 c 41c
10 1000 1000 000
1 1 14 625 years
cm 10 1
100 100 000 15 50 000 years
1 16 0.08 mm
m 1000 100 1
1000 17 2500 s
km 1 000 000 100 000 1000 1 18 km

b ÷1000 ×1000
Inch Feet Yard Mile m ×100 000
÷100 000
1 1
1 ÷1 000 000 ÷100 ×100 ×1 000 000
Inch 1
12 36
63 360 ÷1000 cm ×1000
1
1
Feet 12 1 ÷10 ×10
3
5280 mm
1 19 So that only one unit is used and mm deliver a high degree of
Yard 36 3 1
1760 accuracy.
Mile 63 360 5280 1760 1
20 a i 1 million ii 10 000 iii 1000
c iv 1 billion (1 000 000 000)
Digit Palm Feet Pace Mile
b 0.312 µm
1 1 1 1
Digit 1 c The distance you travel in 1 year at light speed
4 16 80
80 000
1 1 1
Palm 4 1 Exercise 11C
4 20
20 000
1 1 1 a 10 cm b 12 cm
Feet 16 4 1
5000 5
1 2 a 6 cm b 12 cm c 5.2 cm d 6.4 cm
Pace 80 20 5 1
1000 3 a 15 cm b 37 m c 30 km
Mile 80 000 20 000 5000 1000 1 d 2.4 m e 26 cm f 10 cm
16 4 rods = 1 chain, but conversion to other units is less simple. 4 a 42 cm b 34 m c 36 km
17 All conversions involve a power of 10. 5 a 8.4 cm b 14 m c 46.5 mm
18 Answers may vary. 6 $21 400
7 a 516 ft b 157.38 m
Exercise 11B
8 a 70 mm b 72 cm
1 a 100 b 1000 c divide
9 a 40.7 cm b 130.2 cm c 294 cm
d multiply e multiply f divide
10 400 m
2 a 1000 b 1000 c 100 000 d 1 000 000 11 a 5 cm b 5m c 7 km
3 a right b left 12 4, including a square
4 a 50 mm b 200 cm c 3500 m d 2610 cm 13 a P = a + 2b b P = 4a c P = 2a + 2b
e 4 cm f 5m g 4.2 km h 47.2 cm d P = 4a e P = 2a + 2b f P = 2a + b + c
i 684 cm j 20 m k 926.1 cm l 4.23 km 14 a P = 2a + 2b + 2c or 2(a + b + c)
5 a 2.5 cm b 82 mm c 2.5 m b P = 2a + 2b + 2c or 2(a + b + c)
d 730 cm e 6200 m f 25.732 km P (P − 2a)
15 a b
6 a 3000 mm b 600 000 cm c 2400 mm 4 2
d 4000 cm e 0.47 km f 913 m 16 a 160 cm b 216 cm c 40 cm
g 0.216 km h 0.0005 m d 4a + 32 or 4(a + 8)

7 a 2 cm b 5 cm c 1.5 cm d 3.2 cm
Exercise 11D
e 3 cm f 3 cm g 1.2 cm h 2.8 cm
1 a 8 b 4 cm and 2 cm c 8 cm2
8 a 2.7 m b 0.4 km
2 a 9 b 3 cm and 3 cm c 9 cm2
9 a 8.5 km b 310 cm c 19 cm
3 a 5 square units b 8 square units
10 a 38 cm, 0.5 m, 540 mm
c 96 square units
b 160 cm, 2100 mm, 0.02 km, 25 m
c 142 mm, 20 cm, 0.003 km, 3.1 m 4 a cm2 b m2 c ha
d 10 mm, 0.1 m, 0.001 km, 1000 cm

717
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 2A
d km2 e ha f mm2 14 b =
h
5 a 6 cm2 b 3 cm2 c 2 cm2
Answers
15 a 7 cm2 b 8 cm2 c 11 cm2 d 11 cm2
d 5 cm2 e 4.5 cm2 f 9 cm2
6 a 200 cm2 b 22 mm2 c 7 cm2 Exercise 11F
d 25 m2 e 1.44 mm2 f 6.25 mm2 1 a A = bh
g 1.36 m2 h 0.81 cm2 i 179.52 km2
=5×7
7 a 2 cm b 5m c 12 km
= 35
8 a 2 ha b 10 ha c 0.5 ha
b A = bh
9 5000 m2
10 2500 cm2 = 20 × 3
11 20 000 cm2 = 60
12 a 25 cm2 b 12 cm c 4 units c A = bh
13 $2100 = 8 × 2.5
14 5 L
= 20
15 8 ha
16 a i 10 cm ii 9 mm 2 a b = 6 cm, h = 2 cm
b Divide the area by the given length. b b = 10 m, h = 4 m
17 half of a rectangle with area 4 cm2 c b = 5 m, h = 7 m
 2
P d b = 5.8 cm, h = 6.1 cm
18 a 121 cm2 b
4 e b = 5 cm, h = 1.5 cm
19 Area is quadrupled (× 4). f b = 1.8 m, h = 0.9 m
20 a i 100 ii 10 000 iii 1 000 000
3 a 40 m2 b 28 m2 c 36 km2 d 17.5 m2
b ´ 1 000 000 ´ 10 000 ´ 100
e 6.3 cm2 f 30 m2 g 1.8 cm2 h 14 cm2
km2 m2 cm2 mm2 i 176 mm2
4 a 6 cm2 b 4 cm2 c 15 cm2 d 8 cm2
¸ 1 000 000 ¸ 10 000 ¸ 100
c i 200 mm2 ii 100 000 cm2 5 54 m2
iii 3 500 000 m2 iv 3 cm2 6 a 2m b 7 cm c 0.5 mm
v 2.16 m2 vi 4.2 km2 vii 5000 mm2 7 a 10 cm b 5m c 2 km
viii 100 ha ix 0.4 ha 8 $1200
9 a 1800 cm2 b 4200 cm2
Exercise 11E 10 Because height must be less than 5 cm.
11 half; area(parallelogram) = bh and area(triangle) = 1/2 bh
1 a 20 cm b 7m c 2m d 6.3 cm
12 area = twice triangle area
2 a 6m b 11 mm c 1.9 m d 3.2 mm 1
=2× bh
3 a 10 b 56 c 12.5 2
4 a 16 m2 b 30 cm2 c 160 m2 d 1.2 m2 = bh
e 3 mm2 f 24.5 km2 g 1.3 cm2 h 20 m2 13 $4 500 000
i 4.25 m2
5 a 2 cm2 b 6 cm2 c 3 cm2 d 3 cm2 Exercise 11G
6 480 m2 1 a b c
7 4800 m2
8 6.8 cm2
9 160 m2 2 a addition b subtraction c subtraction
10 $6300 1
3 a A = l2 + lw b A = lw − bh
11 a 5 cm b 4.4 mm 2
12 Yes, the base and height for each triangle are equal. = 12 + 3 × 1 1
= 13 × 8 − ×5×4
13 No, the base and height are always the same. =1+3 2
= 104 − 10
= 4 cm2
= 94 m2

718
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 4 a 33 m2 b 600 mm2 c 25 m2 iv 3 m
d 21 m2 e 171 cm2 f 45 km2 b Use: Volume ÷ area of base

Answers
5 a 39 m2 b 95.5 cm2 c 26 m2 c h = V ÷ (l × w)
d 78.5 m2 e 260 cm2 f 4 m2 14 a i 10 ii 100 iii 10
iv 1000
6 a 62 cm2 b 16 m2 c 252 cm2
b i 1 000 000 ii 1 000 000 000
7 a 80 cm2 b 7 m2 c 14.5 m2 d 11.75 cm2
c ×1 000 000 000 ×1 000 000 ×1000
8 10.08 m2
9 yes, with $100 to spare
km3 m3 cm3 mm3
10 Subtraction may involve only two simple shapes.
11 a No; bases could vary depending on the position of the top ÷1 000 000 000 ÷1 000 000 ÷1000
side.
b Yes, 40 m2 ; take out the rectangle and join the triangles to Exercise 11I
give a base of 10 − 6 = 4.
1 a 1 b 1000 c 1000
12 a See given diagram in textbook.
d 1000 e 1000
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
b i , , , , , , , , 2 a 1 L, 1000 mL, 1000 cm3 b 1 m3 , 1000 L, 1 kL
16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048
1 1 3 a D b B c F
, ii no
4096 8192 d A e C f E
c 1 square unit
4 a 2000 mL b 100 mL c 6000 kL d 24 000 L
d Total must equal 1.
e 2 kL f 3.5 L g 70 L h 2.5 ML
i 257 mL j 9.32 L k 3847 kL l 47 kL
Progress quiz
m 500 L n 91 ML o 420 mL p 0.17 kL
1 a metres b millimetres c kilometres 5 a 12 mL b 2.5 m3 c 875 mL
2 a 400 cm b 2000 mm c 35 mm 6 a 1200 mL b 1.2 L
d 3000 m e 1450 m f 23 km
7 a 6 000 000 L b 0.32 ML
3 a 14.6 cm b 10.4 m c 354 cm c 4000 mL d 0.9927 kL
4 a 0.9 m2 b 49 cm2 8 3 300 000 L
5 a 6 m2 b 31.5 m2 c 9.68 m2 d 20 mm2 9 a 1.5 L b 0.48 L c 0.162 L
6 a 55 cm2 b 72.9 m2 c 192 mm2 d 8.736 L e 25 L f 32.768 L

7 a 105 m2 b 24.5 m2 c 1820 m2 10 a 2500 m3 b 2 500 000 L

11 a 0.2 mL
8 a 225 cm2 b 200 cm2 c 7
b i 1L ii 0.6 L iii 14.4 L
iv 5256 L
Exercise 11H 12 15 days
1 a 6 b 24 c 24 13 41 h 40 min
d 144 e 56 f 13 14 1000 days
2 a V = lwh b V = lwh c V=l 3 15 a 1000x cm3 b 0.001x m3
c 0.001x kL d 0.000 001x ML
=4×2×3 =1×3×6 =2×2×2
lwh
16 a i lwh ii lwh iii
= 24 cm3 = 18 m3 = 8 km3 1000
lwh
3 a 84 m3 b 10 cm3 c 98 cm3 d 27 cm3 iv
1000 000
e 1000 km3 f 2.744 mm3 g 100 m3 h 11.25 km3
b i lwh m3 ii 1000 lwh L iii lwh kL
4 24 000 cm3 lwh
iv ML
5 96 m3 1000
6 12 000 mm3 17 a i 8 cm ii 4 cm iii 3.2 cm
7 27 000 000 km3 b 0.6 cm
8 a 28 cm3 b 252 m3 c 104 cm3 c 13.4 cm
9 600
10 4096 cm3 Exercise 11J
11 a 125 cm3 b 729 m3 1 a 1 kg, 1000 g b 1000 mg, 1 g
12 a 6 cubic units b 4 cubic units c 14 cubic units 2 a C b F c A
13 a i 2 m ii 5 cm iii 7 cm d D e B f E
719
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 3 a B b A c D d C m 1440 min n 60 min o 3.5 days p 9000 s
4 a 2000 kg b 70 000 g c 2400 mg d 2.3 g 3 a 2.5 cm b 2.3 cm c 4.25 kg d 5L
Answers
e 4.620 g f 21.6 t g 470 kg h 0.312 kg 4 a 16 m b 20.6 cm c 23 m d 34 km
i 0.027 g j 750 kg k 125 g l 0.0105 kg e 3.2 mm f 24 m
m 210 t n 470 kg o 592 g p 80 g
5 a 24.01 cm2 b 14 km2 c 67.5 m2 d 12 cm2
5 a 4 kg b 12 g c 65 t e 14 m2 f 5 cm2 g 14 m2 h 0.9 km2
6 a 12◦ C b 37◦ C c 17◦ C 6 a 22 m2 b 21 mm2 c 291 cm2 d 52 m2
d 225◦ C e 1.7◦ C f 31.5◦ C
7 a 18 cm3 b 7.5 cm3 c 64 mm3
7 a 60 kg b 60 000 g c 60 000 000 mg
8 a 72 000 cm3 b 72 000 mL c 72 L
8 a 3000 g b 3 kg
9 a 45 mg, 290 000 g, 3 t, 4700 kg
9 33◦ C
b 50 000 mL, 51 L, 0.5 kL, 1 ML
10 147◦ C
11 a 8 kg b 8.16 kg
Extended-response questions
12 a 400 mg, 370 g, 2.5 kg, 0.1 t
1 a i 18 m2 ii 180 000 cm2
b 290 000 mg, 0.000 32 t, 0.41 kg, 710 g
b 36 m3 c 36 000 L
13 a 4th day b 25◦ C c 26◦ C
d 51.4 t e 3 h 52 min 54 s
14 50 days
2 a 97.3 m b 5 min 30 s
15 yes, by 215 kg
c 270 m2 d $2040
16 a 45.3 t b yes, by 2.7 t
e 50 m3
17 a 1 g b 1t c 1000 t
18 a 12 kg b 1000 kg c 360 000 kg
Semester review 2
19 a i 10◦ C ii 27◦ C iii 727◦ C
b i 273 K ii 313 K iii 0 K
5 9 Multiple-choice questions
20 a 180◦ F b c
9 5
d i 0◦ C ii 20◦ C iii 60◦ C iv 105◦ C Negative numbers
9C
e F= + 32
5 1 C 2 B 3 D 4 E 5 A

Problems and challenges

Short-answer questions
1 Both line segments are the same length.
1 a < b < c =
2 Mark a length of 5 m, then use the 3 m stick to reduce this to
2 a −13 b −84 c −108 d −21
2 m. Place the 3 m stick on the 2 m length to show a
e 84 f 0
remainder of 1 m.
3 a 3 cm2 b 20 cm2 3 a −24 b 72 c 144 d 21
4 500 L e 30 f −31
5 24 m3 4 a negative b positive c negative
6 10.5 cm2 5 a −15 b −8 c −4
7 a 12.5 cm b 3.75 cm 6 a −10 b 10 c −20 d −96
8 48 cm2 e 52 f −1

Multiple-choice questions Extended-response questions

1 D 2 E 3 C 4 A 5 E 1 a D b A, B, O and G; all lie on the x-axis.
6 B 7 A 8 B 9 E 10 B c F d i 2 units ii 5 units
e trapezium f 8 square units
Short-answer questions g X(4, 2) h DECIDE

1 a i 16 ii 1000
Statistics and probability
b i 3 ii 12
c i 10 ii 100 000
Multiple-choice questions
2 a 50 mm b 2m c 3700 m d 4.21 km
e 7100 g f 24.9 g g 28.49 t h 9000 g 1 B 2 A 3 B 4 E 5 D
i 4L j 29.903 kL k 400 kL l 1000 mL
720
Essential Mathematics for the ISBN 978-1-107-56882-2 © Greenwood et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
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 Short-answer questions Equations

Answers
1 a 1, 2, 3, 5, 5, 5, 8, 8, 9, 10 b 10
Multiple-choice questions
c i 5.6 ii 5 iii 5 iv 9
d 11.2 1 B 2 E 3 C 4 B 5 D
2 a A b B c B, C, D, A
1 1 1 Short-answer questions
3 a b c
2 2 4 4
1 a x=3 b x = 108 c x = 21 d x=
1 1 1 3
d e f
13 13 26 2 a x=2 b x = 12 c m=7
4 a 13 b 3, 47 c i 44 ii 22 iii 22 3 a y = 20 b b=4 c m=8
5 a 20 b 22 4 a P = 103 b S = 61 c C = 325
c mean is 23, median is 22
5 a x=5 b x=6 c x = 18
6 4x + 25 = 85; x = 15
Extended-response questions
1 1 1 Extended-response questions
1 a b c
4 4 2
1 2 1 1 a $320 b $400
d e f 1
52 13 13 c $(200 + 40n) d 6 h
4 4 2
g h
13 13
Measurement
Polygons and transformations
Multiple-choice questions
1 E 2 B 3 D 4 C 5 A
1 C 2 A 3 E 4 C 5 A
Short-answer questions
Short-answer questions
1 a pentagon b octagon
c isosceles right triangle d rhombus 1 a 500 b 6000 c 1.8 d 0.017
e trapezium f kite e 1.8 f 5500

2 a 130 b 45 c 80 2 a 272 cm b 11 m c 3m
d 220 cm e 3.4 m f 92 m
3 a a = 60
b a = 65 3 a 1.69 m2 b 24 m2 c 60 m2
c a = 115 d 75 m2 e 114 m2 f 171 m2
d a = 90, b = 90 4 a 729 cm3 b 120 m3 c 160 m3
e a = 65 5 a 5000 b 7 c 250
f a = 132, b = 48, c = 48, d = 102 d 3000 e 8 f 25
4 a A′ (2, 0), B′ (2, −3), C′ (4, 0) 6 21 h 15 min
b A′ (−2, 0), B′ (−2, 3), C′ (−4, 0) 7 120
c A′ (0, −2), B′ (3, −2), C′ (0, −4) 8 5:00 am
d A′ (0, 2), B ∋ (−3, 2), C′ (0, 4)
e A′ (−2, 0), B′ (−2, −3), C′ (−4, 0) Extended-response questions
f A′ (−2, 1), B′ (−2, 4), C′ (0, 1) 1 a Many answers possible; e.g. 8 m × 10 m, 4 m × 14 m,
g A′ (−1, −2), B′ (−1, 1), C′ (1, −2) 15 m × 3 m
b 9 m by 9 m (area = 81 m2 )
Extended-response questions c 36 posts
1 a Student’s own construction. d 9h
b a + b + c = 180
c Student’s own measurements.
d x + y + z = 360
e 360

721
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Australian Curriculum Year 7 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
Essential Mathematics for the ISBN 978-1-107-56882-2 © Greenwood et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Australian Curriculum Year 7 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 Acknowledgment s
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Essential Mathematics for the ISBN 978-1-107-56882-2 © Greenwood et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Australian Curriculum Year 7 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.