CS1002

Programming Fundamentals
1
2
Course Introduction

Credit Hours: 3 + 1
3 credit hours of class lectures
1 credit hour of Lab (equivalent to 3 hours of Lab work)
3 Course Books
 Text Book
 C++ How to Program by Deitel & Deitel
 Reference Book
 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design by: D.S.Malik
 Computer Science Illuminated, by Nell Dale, John Lewis, Jones and Bartlett,
Latest Edition
 An Introduction to Programming with C++; Diane Zak
 Just Enough Programming Logic and Design; Joyce Farrell.
 Beginning C++; Ivor Horton
 “Turbo C Programming”, Author (s): Robert Lafore.
 A First Book of C++: From Here to There, Book by Gary Bronson
4 More books

1. Starting out with C++ ( Tony)

2. Jumping into C++
3. C++ Excelrated
4. C++ premier
 Algorithms and Problem-Solving
5
Techniques
Problem Solving

Processing
5 10
5 + 10 = 15

15

Input
Output
Let us assume we are interested in calculating the sum of 5
and 10. Slide 6 of 40
7 Basic Concepts of Problem Solving
 Computer programming is traditionally thought of as problem-solving
process.
 A computer program is a solution to a problem
 Computer program: The computer program is a set of instructions that tells
the computer hardware what to do and when to do it
 There are two parts to develop computer programs, the algorithm and the
syntax
 Algorithm: The program’s algorithm is the development of step-by-step,
logical process that the program will follow to reach the desired goal of the
program (the solution)
 Syntax : It is the rule of the programming language which dictate proper
statement structure and usage
8 Basic Concepts of Problem Solving

 Documenting the algorithm can be done by using flowcharts,

pseudocode or other visual tools such as Nassi-schneiderman,
unified modeling language (UML), or other algorithm
representations
 Structure charts (also known as hierarchy charts) can be used
to show the relationship in a pre-defined process
 The syntax of the program is writing the actual programming
code in a selected programming language
9 Five Basic Elements of Computer Programming
 Input: Getting data and commands into the computer
 Output: Getting results out of computer
 Conditions and repetition: Decisions and cycling through
instructions until some conditions if met
 Mathematical operations: Perform mathematical operations
on the data
 Variable and data structures: Storing data that may change
over time

 E.g. Vending machine

10 The problem-solving process
There are several steps in the program development cycle
Program development cycle consists of five steps
 Analyze the Problem
 Plan the Solution
 Code the Program
 Test
 Implementation/Deployment and maintain
11 The problem-solving process …
Analyze the
problem

Plan the solution

Code the
program

Implement and
Test
maintain
12 The problem-solving process
1. Analyze the problem : Programmer determines
 What the program is supposed to do (the purpose of the
program)
 What data the program will use ( the programs input);
 What the program is supposed to produce (the programs
output);
 The process the program will use to transform the data into the
desired output information
 Visual tools for this stage can include
 Input layout charts that represent how the input data is stored in the
records of a file or how input prompt will appear on the screen
 Output layout spacing charts represent what the finished output
report or screen will look like
13 The problem-solving process …
2. Plan the solution : During the planning stage of the
programming development cycle, the programmer utilizes
visual tools such as flow charts, pseudocode and hierarchy
charts to develop the programs algorithm, or solution to the
problem
 A flow chart is a graphical representation step-by-step that shows
the flow of control of the program using symbolic diagrams.
 Pseudocode is a visual representation of the same step-by-step
logic, but pseudocode is English–like phrases instead of symbols
 Once the algorithm has been documented using one or more of
the visual tools, the programmer checks the programs logic by
stepping through the algorithm with realistic test data
 At this point the logic errors may be detected and corrected
14 The problem-solving process …
3. Code the program: The program (or source) code is written in
the programming language selected by the programmer
following the rules (or syntax) for that language
 Once the source code is written
 The program is processed by the language translator program
 Any syntax errors are detected by the translator must be
corrected before the machine language (object) can be
generated
 When all debugging and syntax errors is complete, a run-time
version of the program can be executed
 Language translator: A language translator converts human-
readable source code statements into the machine- readable
object code; depending on the language, the translator will be an
assembler, interpreter, or compiler program
15 The problem-solving process …
4. Test: Testing the program is done using sets of data designed to produce
the expected results
 If the program is faulty, the desired results will not be produced
 The programmer must then debug the source code and revise the logic in the
planning stages
 This stage should require minimal effort
 Debug and revise: To debug a program, the programmer finds and corrects
syntax errors in the source code
16 The problem-solving process …
5. Implementation/Deployment and maintain: The final stages of the
programming process is to put the program into production
 At this stage, all program documentation must be completed and presented
at the time the program is implemented
 The documentation includes all the documents used in the planning stage
(such as input, output charts). The printed source code also becomes a part of
the documentation
 In addition, user training manuals are provided as well as any other information
that the end user might require to properly run the program
 Maintaining the program includes making appropriate updates to the program
as needed
 For instance, if income tax rates change, an update to the tax amounts would be
required for a payroll program
17 Algorithms
18 Al-Khwarizimi Principle
 All complex problems can be broken into simpler sub-problems
 Solve a complex problem by breaking it down into smaller sub-problems
and then solve them (in a specified order), one at a time
 When all the steps are solved, the original problem itself has also been
solved
 This process is called Algorithm
19 Divide and Conquer
Hard Problem

Easy Sub-problem Hard Sub-problem Easy Sub-problem

Easy Sub-problem Easy Sub-problem

20 Algorithms
 A concept that pervades all areas of computer science

 Algorithm is a process that a computer could carry out to complete a well

defined task within finite time and resources

 The objective of computer science is to solve problems by developing,

analyzing, and implementing algorithmic solutions
21 The problem-solving process

Analyze the
problem

Plan the solution

Code the
program

Implement and
Test
maintain
22 Steps in Problem Solving
 First produce a general algorithm (one can use pseudocode)
 Refine the algorithm successively to get step by step detailed algorithm
that is very close to a computer language
 Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers
develop algorithms
 Pseudocode is very similar to everyday English
23 Algorithms & Pseudocode
 A typical programming task can be divided into two phases
 Problem Solving phase:
 Produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe solution of problem
 This sequence of steps is called an algorithm
 Implementation phase:
 Implement the program in some programming language
24 Sample problem
 Input two numbers from the user and print the sum of those two
numbers?
Analyze the problem:
 What are the inputs?
 Two number (Where to store these)
 Need two containers

 What is the output?

 A result of sum of the two numbers (Where to store it)
 Need another container

 What is the process?

 Perform the arithmetic operation of summation
25 Sample problem
Plan the solution:
Steps Involved (Algorithm)
1. Take input of one number and store in a container named as num1
2. Take input of another number and store in another container named as
num2
3. Perform operation num1 + num2 and store the result in another container
names results
4. Print the value in results on the screen
26 Sample problem (Pseudo code)
Start
1. Start Processing
2. declare num1, num2, result declare num1,
num2, result
3. input num1
Input
4. input num2
Input n1
5. result  num1 + num2
Input
6. Print result Input n2
7. End Processing
result  n1 + n2

Print result Output

End
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Thank you