i

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS

Capt. Sabi St., City of Talisay, Negros Occidental

College of Engineering Technology

Office of the Program Coordinator

LEARNING MODULE

ELEX 132 - BASIC

ELECTRONICS

DEPARTMENT: Electrical Engineering Technology

COMPILED BY:

Jireh T. Bajalan, REE 2021

This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 i

VISION

The Technological University of the Philippines shall be the premier state university
with recognized excellence in engineering and technology at par with leading universities in
the ASEAN region.

MISSION

The University shall provide higher and advanced vocational, technical, industrial,
technological and professional education and training in industries and technology, and in
practical arts leading to certificates, diplomas and degrees.
It shall provide progressive leadership in applied research, developmental studies in
technical, industrial, and technological fields and production using indigenous materials; effect
technology transfer in the countryside; and assist in the development of small-and- medium
scale industries in identified growth center. (Reference: P.D. No. 1518, Section 2)

QUALITY POLICY

The Technological University of the Philippines shall commit to provide quality higher
and advanced technological education; conduct relevant research and extension projects;
continually improve its value to customers through enhancement of personnel competence and
effective quality management system compliant to statutory and regulatory requirements; and
adhere to its core values.

CORE VALUES

T - Transparent and participatory governance

U - Unity in the pursuit of TUP mission, goals, and objectives
P - Professionalism in the discharge of quality service
I - Integrity and commitment to maintain the good name of the University
A - Accountability for individual and organizational quality performance
N - Nationalism through tangible contribution to the rapid economic growth of the
country
S - Shared responsibility, hard work, and resourcefulness in compliance to the
mandates of the university

This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Numbers
TUP Vision, Mission, Quality Policy, and Core Values........................................ii
Table of Contents .....................................................................................................iii
Course Description.........................................................................................iv
Learning Outcomes ........................................................................................iv
General Guidelines/Class Rules.....................................................................iv
Grading System..............................................................................................v
Learning Guide (Week No. 10) .....................................................................1
Topic/s ............................................................................................... 1
Expected Competencies .....................................................................1
Content/Technical Information .......................................................... 1 - 5
Progress Check ..................................................................................6
List of References .....................................................................................................7
About the Author/s ....................................................................................................8

This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 iv

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This subject deals with the fundamental concepts of Basic Electronic Device, their operational
circuit characteristics and their application to AC-DC power sources.

COURSE OUTCOMES

By the end of the course, the students will be able to do the following:

1. Describe the function of basic electronic devices and oscilloscope;

2. Compute the electrical variables in any given basic electronic circuits;
3. Perform experiments through connections of basic electronic devices with the aids of
measuring devices; and
4. Construct basic electronic circuitry using basic electronic devices.

GENERAL GUIDELINES/CLASS RULES

1. Make-up exams and quizzes will be given only with prior approval of the instructor and under
exceptional circumstances. For excused absences during the exam, the university policy will
be followed.

2. Students are not allowed to leave the classroom once the class has started, unless extremely
necessary. Students who leave the classroom without any valid reason will be marked absent.

3. Students are expected to comply strictly with the university rule on dress code, class tardiness
and attendance.

4. Cell phones or any e-gadgets must be switched off or put in a silent mode during class hours,
except when allowed by the instructor for activities that require use of such gadgets.

5. Homework’s or projects submitted later than the two-week allowance or more on exceptional
cases will not anymore be accepted. Students are expected to maintain complete honesty and
integrity in their academic work. Acts of academic dishonesty, such as cheating, plagiarism, or
inappropriately using the work of others to satisfy course requirements, will not be tolerated
and may result in failure of the affected assignments and/or failure of this class.

This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 v

GRADING SYSTEM

Evaluation of the level of performance in the learning evidences shall be based on the grading criteria
as follows:

Term percentage distribution

Prelim (Week No. 1 - No. 5) ................................................................................... 30%

(Allotted Lecture Week: 4 weeks)

Midterm (Week No. 6 - Week No. 9) ...................................................................... 30%

(Allotted Lecture Week: 3 weeks)

Finals (Week No. 10 - Week No. 14) ...................................................................... 40%

(Allotted Lecture Week: 4 weeks)

Assessments may be given (within the prescribed allotted week) as part of the grade
of a student.

Assessments in a form of either of the following:

Quizzes ……………………………………….. Note: Percentage distribution will

Seatwork/Assignment/Board work …………… depend on what assessments are
Practical Activity (Individual / Group) ……….
given on that particular inclusive
Projects ………………………………………..
week equivalent to 100% (as

Grading System

The student will be graded according to the following:

Average of examinations - 50%

Average of assessment - 50%

Prelim Grade : [(Prelim Exam x 0.50) + (Assessment x 0.50)]

Midterm Grade : [(Midterm Exam x 0.50) + (Assessment x 0.50)]
End term Grade : [(Final Exam x 0.50) + (Assessment x 0.50)]

Final Grade : (Prelim Grade x 0.30) + (Mid-Term Grade x 0.30 + (End Term
Grade x 0.40)

The passing grade for this course is 5.0.

This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 1

LEARNING GUIDE

Week No.: 10

TOPIC/S

VOLTAGE REGULATORS
a. Zener Diode & other silent type of regulator devices and its operating characteristics
b. Regulator circuit using Zener diode
c. Analysis of electrical variables of regulator circuit
d. Principles and characteristics of series type regulator

EXPECTED COMPETENCIES

Upon completing this Learning Module, you will be able to:

1. Understand the other function of a Zener diode as a Voltage regulator

2. Analyze and solve problems related to Zener Diodes

CONTENT/TECHNICAL INFORMATION

In the recent module, we discussed the first type of rectifier circuit which is the full
wave rectifier. We will now proceed with the other types known as the half wave and bridge
rectifier circuit.

I. Voltage Regulators

A Voltage Regulator is a device or a circuit that is responsible for providing a steady DC

Voltage to an electronic load. The following image shows a typical power supply with voltage
regulator.

Source: [Link]

Components of a Voltage Regulator

Generally speaking, the Voltage Regulator stage of the power supply usually consists of three
components:

• Feedback Circuit
• Stable Reference Voltage
• Pass Element Control Circuit
This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 2

The process of voltage regulation is simple. The feedback circuit helps in sensing the variations
in the output DC voltage. Depending on the feedback and the reference voltage, a control signal
is then produced to drive the Pass Element to compensate the variations.

Speaking of the pass element, it is a solid-state semiconductor device like a PN Junction Diode,
BJT Transistor or a MOSFET. Now, the output D Voltage is maintained almost constant.

Different Types of Voltage Regulators

Voltage Regulators can be implemented using discrete component circuits or ICs. Irrespective
of the implementation, voltage regulators can be classified into two types:

• Linear Voltage Regulators

• Switching Voltage Regulators

Taking the above discussion on the components of a voltage regulator and its basic functionality
into consideration, let us assume that the pass element in the voltage regulator circuit is a
Transistor.

This transistor can be operated either in its active region or as a switch in order to regulate the
output voltage. If the transistor stays in active region or the Ohmic region or Linear region of
its operation during the course of voltage regulation, then the regulator is called as a Linear
Voltage Regulator.

When the transistor operates in cutoff state and saturation state i.e. it switches between off state
and saturation state, then the regulator is called as Switching Voltage Regulator.

II. Zener Diode as Voltage Regulators

A Zener diode voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that uses a Zener diode to maintain a
constant DC output voltage. An ideal regulator would output a constant voltage regardless of input
fluctuations or variation of load current.

A Zener regulator is constructed by placing a Zener diode in series with a resistor, with the Zener
diode having a reverse-biased configuration. This is similar to a voltage divider, with the second
resistor being replaced by the Zener diode. The voltage output is taken across the Zener diode, i.e.
Vout = VZ:

Source: [Link] Source: [Link]

content/uploads/2019/11/[Link] content/uploads/2019/10/Zener-
[Link]
This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 3

Zener Regulator Circuit Diagram

It can be understood how a Zener diode acts as a voltage regulator by analyzing the below
circuit. As the Zener diode is connected parallel to the load the voltage across the load will be
always equal to the Zener voltage.

Source: [Link]

The voltage difference between the input voltage V S and VZ will be dropped across the
resistance R. The circuit arrangement and calculation are the same as the above reference circuit,
but here discuss the circuit to provides a regulated supply to a load with a particular power
rating.

VR = VS – VZ

(IZ + IL) * R = VS – VZ

SPECIFICATIONS

The specifications of the Zener diode include the following:

Voltage (VZ)

The Zener voltage is the reverse breakdown voltage that ranges from 2.4V -200 V and it can
raise go upto 1 kV whereas the highest for the SMD (surface-mounted device) is about 47 V.

Maximum Current IZ (max)

The Maximum current required at the rated Zener voltage is Vz which ranges from 200 uA –
200 A.

Minimum Current IZ (min)

The required Minimum current of this diode to break down that ranges from 5 mA -10 mA.

Power Rating
The highest power dissipated by this diode is given through the product of voltage across the
diode as well as the flow of current through it. The typical values mainly include 400 mW,
500 mW, 1 W & 5 W. Similarly, for SMD the values are 200 mW, 350 mW, 500 mW & 1 W.

Voltage Tolerance
The voltage tolerance of this diode is ±5%.
This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 4

Temperature Stability
The best stability of the diode is approximately 5 V

Package
Leaded devices, as well as the surface, mount either like discrete devices otherwise in
integrated circuits.

Zener Resistance (Rz)

The diode shows some resistance as evident from the VI characteristics.

III. Series Regulator Circuit A simple series regulator circuit is shown in Figure below.

Transistor Q1 is the series control element, and Zener diode DZ provides the reference voltage.

The regulating operation can be described as follow

Source: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Boylestad and Nashelsky

1. If the output voltage decreases, the increased base-emitter voltage causes transistor Q1 to
conduct more, thereby raising the output voltage—maintaining the output constant.

2. If the output voltage increases, the decreased base-emitter voltage causes transistor Q1 to
conduct less, thereby reducing the output voltage—maintaining the output constant

Sample Problem: Calculate the output voltage and the Zener current in the regulator circuit
below when RL = 1 k

Source: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Boylestad and Nashelsky

This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 1

The formula for regulated output voltage Vo is:

Sample Problem: What regulated output voltage is provided by the circuit of below for
the circuit elements R1 = 20 k, R2 = 30 k, VBE = 0.7 V and VZ = 8.3 V?

From the given equation, the regulated output voltage is equal to:

This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 2

PROGRESS CHECK.

1. In your own words, differentiate the two types of voltage regulators from each other.

2. Calculate the output voltage and the Zener current in the regulator circuit below when RL = 2 k

18 V
200 𝛀
Type equation here.
0000

12 V

3. What regulated output voltage is provided by the circuit of below for the circuit elements R1 =
30 k, R2 = 40 k, VBE = 0.7 V and VZ = 11.3 V?

This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 3

LIST OF REFERENCES

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by Robert L. Boylestad & Loius Nashelshy (Eleventh Edition)
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 4

ABOUT THE AUTHOR/S

Jireh T. Bajalan was born in Bacolod and raised in Bago City, Negros Occidental.
He currently resides in Murcia, Negros Occidental. He is a Registered Electrical
Engineer and is currently a part-time instructor at Technological University of the
Philippines – Visayas. He is a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Electrical
Engineering in University of Negros Occidental – Recoletos.

This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
 5

This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.