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Power and Distribution Notes

1) Relays monitor systems and trigger protective actions like opening circuit breakers when faults are detected. Overcurrent relays trigger when current exceeds a threshold while inverse time relays have a delay time that is inversely proportional to the current level. 2) Automatic reclosers switch out faulty circuits but automatically reconnect after a short time to clear transient faults. Line sectionalizers count interruptions and open the line after a set number of trips to isolate faults. 3) Directional relays detect the direction of faults by relying on the phase angle between the current and a reference voltage. They are used to discriminate between faults inside protected zones versus those outside.

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58 views8 pages

Power and Distribution Notes

1) Relays monitor systems and trigger protective actions like opening circuit breakers when faults are detected. Overcurrent relays trigger when current exceeds a threshold while inverse time relays have a delay time that is inversely proportional to the current level. 2) Automatic reclosers switch out faulty circuits but automatically reconnect after a short time to clear transient faults. Line sectionalizers count interruptions and open the line after a set number of trips to isolate faults. 3) Directional relays detect the direction of faults by relying on the phase angle between the current and a reference voltage. They are used to discriminate between faults inside protected zones versus those outside.

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Lecture 11 !

Re closure and over current Devices

Relays → Take input from system and decide on


protective action

over current
Relays → Take input from CT triggers when
,
current exceed threshold

delay Definite time ( fixed


time time)
→ Has →

↳ inverse time / larger current = less


time
Inverse Definite minimum
Relay
=/¥
time → G-
s input
= current

CIDMT ) t Gb= pickup current / or tap settings


K and L are constants
Automatic Reclosers → switch out circuit when fault detected ,
reconnect after
a short time

Good faults
→ for
clearing transient

Line section alizers → Counts number of interruptions and opens after

a number 12 or
3) of trips

→ used with circuit breakers alone


or
reclosersg never

lecture 12
Directional → reference Voltage )
Relays Detects direction
and
by therelying on

Current I
, phase angle 01
Lecture 2
Example Calculation 1

✓ base Vbasez
Sbage = 10 MVA ,
=
33kV = 11kV

✗ I Sbase

±==¥÷÷÷÷
Xiii 0.09 pie
10r×g¥M_✓ =

✗ ↳ Vbasel
f)
a
.
" "'3

[Link]#a,e--
Yr =

pu

=
0.525
=

"÷µ÷
Ibasez
¥g
=
KA
,, =
.jo . 107
Example Calculation 3

1899 ) N=(pq) 899 primes


=
37 2
)
e- 37

f- 29 9=31
d
Mz= 36 mod 840
✗ In )= 28130 )= 840
e. = 97 where de = lmod 840

de = lmod 840
Amazingly
gcd ( 3718407
'
' '

/
,
-

terrible -
- -
r

transport
-
. -

efficient .
.
. . 840=37122 ) t 26 26=840-97122 )
never . - -

dream .
.
-
-

a 37--2611 ) 1- 11 11=37-26
1-
•
• = ,, , ,, + , " = , .ua ,
p
m 11 2412 ) 1- 3 11 -417 )
3.
=
=

4=3113 1- I 1=4-311 )

3=113 )

1=4-311) = 4- (11-412) )(1) = 413 ) - 11=413) -

(37-26)
-
1=4-3 =
4 -

( k -
412 ))

=
314 ) -
11 = 3/26-1112 )) -11
=
3126 ) -
7111 ) = 3126 ) -

7-(37-26)
= -4126 ) -
7137) =
-41840-37122 )) -7137 )
I =
-

41840) 1- 141137 )

1 I -41840) mod "37

1=-331840) mod 37

33 is inverse of 840 in 237


"
Ms -
-
36 mod 840
p= S cos 0 → s=
so
Q=ssinQ

Q= P tano
2base=%÷÷•o
=
10.89N

Zbasei
-_¥÷÷•o : 726m

Ipu , Ts =

(0.1%4726)-1

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