UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Department

Hydro 1 – Hydraulics
MODULE 2.0. Fluid Flow Fundamentals

Derivation of Bernoulli’s Energy Equation

P1 a

A1 F1 P2 c

1 b F2 A2

v1dt d
2
Z1
v2dt Z2

Datum line

Considering a steady flow between point 1 and point 2.

Q =Q
At time elapse dt, the volume of fluid that passed section 1 = volume of fluid that passed section 2
A v dt = A v dt

“The total energy acting on a mass of fluid is equal to the resultant gain in kinetic energy”.

Work done on the mass by force:

Work = force x distance
W = F (v dt) = A P (v dt) = P (A v dt)
W = F (v dt) = −A P (v dt) = −P (A v dt)

Potential energy
Potential energy = weight x elevation = volume x unit weight x elevation
P = (A v dt)wZ
P = (A v dt)wZ = (A v dt)wZ
ΔP = P − P = (A v dt)w(Z − Z )

Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy = one-half x mass x square of velocity = v

CBLamsis & MLLabusnog

 1 (A v dt)w
K v=
2 g
1 (A v dt)w 1 (A v dt)w
K = v = v
2 g 2 g
1 (A v dt)w
ΔK = K − K = (v − v )
2 g
Apply
W + W + ΔP = ΔK
1
P (A v dt) − P (A v dt) + (A v dt)w(Z − Z ) = (A v dt)w(v −v )
2g
1
P − P + (Z − Z )w = w(v −v )
2g
P P v v
− +Z −Z = −
w w 2g 2g
𝟐 𝟐
𝐏𝟏 𝐯𝟏 𝐏𝟐 𝐯𝟐
+ + 𝐙𝟏 = + + 𝐙𝟐
𝐰 𝟐𝐠 𝐰 𝟐𝐠

Vel. Head1 EGL

HL=Total Head Loss

HGL Velocity Head2

Pressure Head1
Total Head = E1

Pressure Head2
1 Pipe Flow
2

Elev. Head1 Elev. Head2

Datum line

The total head, E, at any point in the flowing stream is:

𝐯𝟐 𝐩
𝐄= + +𝐙
𝟐𝐠 𝐰

Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem (BEE)

Basically, this theorem is the Conservation of Energy Principle in Physics applied to fluid flow. Writing
the BEE from point 1 to point 2 in the figure shown above:
E = E +H
𝐯 𝟐 𝟏 𝐩𝟏 𝐯 𝟐 𝟐 𝐩𝟐
+ + 𝐙𝟏 = + + 𝐙𝟐 + 𝐇 𝐋
𝟐𝐠 𝐰 𝟐𝐠 𝐰

OR if added energy (pump) is provided between point 1 and point 2:

CBLamsis & MLLabusnog

 𝐯𝟏 𝟐 𝐩𝟏 𝐯𝟐 𝟐 𝐩𝟐
+ + 𝐙𝟏 + 𝐇 𝐔 = + + 𝐙𝟐 + 𝐇 𝐋
𝟐𝐠 𝐰 𝟐𝐠 𝐰

where:
HU = added energy
HL = total head loss = frictional headloss plus minor losses
ρ = density = unit weight (at the surface of the earth)

Sample problems:

1. In the given figure below with 35 liters per second discharge of sea water (sp gr 1.03) flowing
from 1 to 2, the pressure at 1 is 103.40 kPa and at 2 is – 13.80 kPa. Point 2 is 6 meters higher than
point 1. Compute the lost energy in kPa between 1 and 2.

Given:
Q = 35 lit/sec =7/200 m3/sec
P1 = 103.4 KPa
P2 = - 13.80 KPa

HL

E1 Q

2 E2
6m

1 Datum Line

Required:
HL = headloss
Solution:
Apply BEE from pt. 1 to pt. 2 (note: BEE should be applied between two points always in the direction
of flow). Let the datum line pass through point 1 (note: all points above the datum line will have a
positive elevation head while points below the datum line have negative elevation head)
E = E +H

v p v p
+ +z +H = + +z +H
2g w 2g w

CBLamsis & MLLabusnog

There is no added energy between the two points being considered so H U is equal to zero. Specific
gravity, sp. gr., equals unit weight of substance divided by the unit weight of water. Thus, w equals 1.03
times the unit weight of water.
w = 1.03(9.81) = 10.104 KN/m3
V1 = V2 (diameter is constant at pt. 1 and pt. 2), so
p p
+Z = +Z +H
w w
p p 103.4 (−13.8)
𝐇𝐋 = + Z − − Z = +0− − 6 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟗𝟗 𝐦
w w 10.104 10.104

2. The diameter of a pipe carrying water changes gradually from 15 cm at A to 45 cm at B. A is 4.50

m lower than B. If the pressure at A is 69 kPa and at B is 48 kPa when 142 liters per second is
flowing, determine a) the direction of flow; b) the frictional loss between the two points.

Given:

HL

EA Q

B EB
4.5 m

A Datum Line
Q

DA = 15 cm = 0.15 m
DB = 45 cm = 0.45 m
PA = 69 KPa
PB = 48 KPa
Q = 142 lit/sec =0.142 m3/s
Required:
Flow direction and head loss between A and B
Solution:
Assume flow direction from A to B. write BEE from A to B

V p V p
+ +Z = + +Z +H
2g w 2g w

CBLamsis & MLLabusnog

 Q 4Q 4(0.142)
V = = = = 8.036 m⁄s
A πD π(0.15 )

4Q 4(0.142)
V = = = 0.893 m⁄s
πD π(0.45 )
Substitute.
8.036 69 0.893 48
+ +0= + + 4.5 + H
2g 9.81 2g 9.81

𝐇𝐋 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟏 𝐦

The sign of HL is positive, meaning the assumed flow direction is correct, the flow direction then is
from A to B and the head loss between the two points is 0.891 meters.

3. A pump draws water from a 20 cm diam suction pipe and discharges through a 15 cm diam pipe in
which the velocity is 3.60 m/s. The pressure is – 34. 465 kPa at A in the suction pipe. The 15 cm
diam pipe discharges horizontally into air at C. To what height h above B can the water be raised if
B is 1.8 m. above A and 20 hp is delivered to the pump? Assume that the pump operates at 80 %
efficiency and that the frictional loss in the pipe between A and C is 3 m.

Given:

C Q

B
Suction pipe Discharge pipe
1.80 m
A pump
Datum line

DA = 20 cm = 0.20 m
DB = DC = 15 cm = 0.15 m
PA = - 34.465 KPa (suction pressure)
VB = VC = 3.6 m/s
PC = 0 (atmospheric pressure)
BHP = 20 hp
Pump efficiency = 80%
HL(A-C) = 3 m

Required: h

CBLamsis & MLLabusnog

Solution:
Write BEE from A to C
V p V p
+ +Z +H = + +Z +H ( )
2g w 2g w

But QA = Q B = Q C = Q
π(0.15 )
A V =A V = (3.6) = 0.064 m s = Q
4
4Q 4(0.064)
V = = = 2.037 m⁄s
πD π(0.20 )

Substitute
2.037 −34.465 3.6
+ +0+H = + 0 + 1.8 + h + 3
2g 9.81 2g
h = H − 8.762
from
wQH
BHP =
746(pump efficiency)
9810(0.064)H
20 =
746(0.80)
20(746)(0.80)
H = = 19.011 m
9810(0.064)
Thus
𝐡 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟎𝟏𝟏 − 𝟖. 𝟕𝟔𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟗 𝐦

4. A pump draws water from reservoir A (ws elev. = 10 m) and lift it to reservoir B (ws elev. = 72
m). The loss of head from A to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 15 cm diameter pipe and the
loss of head from 2 to B is 20 times the velocity head in the 10 cm diameter pipe. Compute the
horsepower output of the pump and the pressure at 1 and 2 when the discharge is 15 liters per
second. The pump is at elevation 15m.
Given:

Elev. 72 m
B

10 cm Ф

Reservoir B
Pump
15 cm Ф 2 Elev. 15 m
1
A Datum line Elev. 10

Reservoir A

CBLamsis & MLLabusnog

Q = 15 lit/sec=0.015 m3/s

V 3 4Q 3 4(0.015)
H ( ) =3 = = = 0.110 m
2g 2g πD 2g π(0.15 )

V 20 4Q 10 4(0.015)
H ( ) = 20 = = = 3.718 m
2g 2g πD g π(0.10 )

Required:
WHP, P1, P2
Solution:
wQH
WHP =
746

Write BEE from point A to point B (Points A and B are points on the water surfaces of each reservoir
respectively). Velocity and pressure are equal to zero at water surfaces of tanks or reservoirs.
V p V p
+ +Z +H = + +Z +H ( )
2g w 2g w
0 + 0 + 0 + H = 0 + 0 + (72 − 10) + H ( ) +H ( )

H = 62 + 0.110 + 3.718 = 65.828 m

Thus,
𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓)(𝟔𝟓. 𝟖𝟐𝟖)
𝐖𝐇𝐏 = = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟖𝟓 𝐡𝐩
𝟕𝟒𝟔

Write BEE from A to 1

V p V p
+ +Z = + +Z +H ( )
2g w 2g w
V p
0+0+0= + + (15 − 10) + 0.110
2g w
p 1 4(0.015)
= −5.11 − = −5.147 m
w 2g π(0.15 )
𝐩𝟏 = −𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝟕(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) = −𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟐 𝐊𝐏𝐚 (𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞)
Write BEE from A to 2
V p V p
+ +Z +H = + +Z +H ( )
2g w 2g w
V p
0 + 0 + 0 + 65.828 = + + (15 − 10) + 0.110
2g w

CBLamsis & MLLabusnog

 p 1 4(0.015)
= 65.828 − 5.110 − = 60.532 m
w 2g π(0.10 )

𝐩𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) = 𝟓𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟏𝟗 𝐊𝐏𝐚

Alternate Solution to determine the pressure at point 2:

Write BEE from 2 to B:
V p V p
+ +Z = + +Z +H ( )
2g w 2g w
but,
V p V
= 0, = 0, Z = 5 m, Z = 62 m, & H ( ) = 20
2g w 2g
V p V
+ + 5 = 0 + 0 + 62 + 20
2g w 2g

4 × 0.015
𝐩𝟐 𝐕𝟐𝟐 π × 0.10
= 𝟓𝟕 + 𝟏𝟗 = 57 + 19 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟐 𝐦
𝐰 𝟐𝐠 2 × 9.81

𝐩𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) = 𝟓𝟗𝟑. 𝟖𝟏𝟗 𝐊𝐏𝐚

CBLamsis & MLLabusnog