INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 8686-5

Second edition
2017-05

Cranes — Design principles for loads

and load combinations —
Part 5:
Overhead travelling and portal
bridge cranes
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue — Principes de calcul des
charges et des combinaisons de charges —
Partie 5: Ponts roulants et ponts portiques
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Reference number
ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

© ISO 2017
 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

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© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
ŽŽ”‹‰Š–•”‡•‡”˜‡†ǤŽ‡••‘–Š‡”™‹•‡•’‡…‹ϐ‹‡†ǡ‘’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ›„‡”‡’”‘†—…‡†‘”—–‹Ž‹œ‡†‘–Š‡”™‹•‡‹ƒ›ˆ‘”
‘” „› ƒ› ‡ƒ•ǡ ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹… ‘” ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ ’Š‘–‘…‘’›‹‰ǡ ‘” ’‘•–‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”‡– ‘” ƒ ‹–”ƒ‡–ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– ’”‹‘”
™”‹––‡’‡”‹••‹‘Ǥ‡”‹••‹‘…ƒ„‡”‡“—‡•–‡†ˆ”‘‡‹–Š‡”ƒ––Š‡ƒ††”‡••„‡Ž‘™‘”ǯ•‡„‡”„‘†›‹–Š‡…‘—–”›‘ˆ
the requester.
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CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
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[Link]

ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ iv
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
͵ ‡”•ƒ††‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘• ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Symbols .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
5 Loads and applicable factors ................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.1 Regular loads ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
5.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
ͷǤͳǤʹ ‘‹•–‹‰ƒ†‰”ƒ˜‹–›‡ˆˆ‡…–•ƒ…–‹‰‘–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡ .................................................... 3
5.1.3 Hoisting an unrestrained grounded load.................................................................................................... 3
ͷǤͳǤͶ ‘ƒ†•…ƒ—•‡†„›–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ƒ—‡˜‡•—”ˆƒ…‡•............................................................................. 5
ͷǤͳǤͷ ‘ƒ†•…ƒ—•‡†„›ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†”‹˜‡• ........................................................................................................ 5
5.1.6 Positioning of loads ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
ͷǤͳǤ͹ ‘ƒ†•‹†—…‡†„›†‹•’Žƒ…‡‡–• ....................................................................................................................... 7
5.2 Occasional loads..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
ͷǤʹǤʹ ‘ƒ†•…ƒ—•‡†„›•‡™‹‰ ......................................................................................................................................... 8
5.3 Exceptional loads ............................................................................................................................................................................... 12
5.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
5.3.2 Test loads ............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
5.3.3 Loads due to buffer forces .................................................................................................................................... 13
ͷǤ͵ǤͶ ‘ƒ†•…ƒ—•‡†„›‡‡”‰‡…›…—–Ǧ‘—–............................................................................................................ 13
ͷǤ͵Ǥͷ
ͷǤ͵Ǥͷ ‘ƒ†•…ƒ—•‡†„›ƒ’’”‡Š‡†‡†ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ‡…Šƒ‹•‘”…‘’‘‡–•
‘ƒ†•
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standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats ........................... 13
†—‡–‘†›ƒ‹……—–Ǧ‘ˆˆ‘ˆŠ‘‹•–‹‰‘˜‡‡–„›Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡Ž‹‹–‡”• ......... 14
ͷǤ͵Ǥ͸ ‘ƒ†•†—‡–‘†›ƒ‹……—–Ǧ‘ˆˆ‘ˆŠ‘‹•–‹‰‘˜‡‡–„›Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡Ž‹‹–‡”•
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5.4 Miscellaneous loads ......................................................................................................................................................................... 16

6 Applicable loads, load combinations and factors............................................................................................................16
7 Combination of acceleration effects ..............................................................................................................................................19
Annex A (informative)‡™‹‰Ž‘ƒ†•ǣ••—’–‹‘•ˆ‘”•‹’Ž‹ϐ‹‡†…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‰‡–Š‘†• .........................21
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 28

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
„‘†‹‡• ȋ ‡„‡” „‘†‹‡•ȌǤ Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ ’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –ƒ†ƒ”†• ‹• ‘”ƒŽŽ› …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—–
–Š”‘—‰Š  –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ …‘‹––‡‡•Ǥ ƒ…Š ‡„‡” „‘†› ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ƒ •—„Œ‡…– ˆ‘” ™Š‹…Š ƒ –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ƒ† ‘Ǧ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽǡ ‹ Ž‹ƒ‹•‘ ™‹–Š ǡ ƒŽ•‘ –ƒ‡ ’ƒ”– ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ǥ
 …‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡• …Ž‘•‡Ž› ™‹–Š –Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡…–”‘–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ ‘‹••‹‘ ȋȌ ‘ ƒŽŽ ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ†‘…—‡–••Š‘—Ž†„‡‘–‡†ǤŠ‹•†‘…—‡–™ƒ•†”ƒˆ–‡†‹ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡™‹–Š–Š‡
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see [Link]/directives).
––‡–‹‘‹•†”ƒ™–‘–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‹•†‘…—‡–ƒ›„‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‘ˆ
’ƒ–‡–”‹‰Š–•Ǥ•ŠƒŽŽ‘–„‡Š‡Ž†”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ƒ›‘”ƒŽŽ•—…Š’ƒ–‡–”‹‰Š–•Ǥ‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ
ƒ›’ƒ–‡–”‹‰Š–•‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡††—”‹‰–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡†‘…—‡–™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–Š‡–”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†Ȁ‘”
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see [Link]/patents).
›–”ƒ†‡ƒ‡—•‡†‹–Š‹•†‘…—‡–‹•‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‰‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡…‘˜‡‹‡…‡‘ˆ—•‡”•ƒ††‘‡•‘–
constitute an endorsement.
‘” ƒ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ •–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ  •’‡…‹ϐ‹… –‡”• ƒ†
‡š’”‡••‹‘• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ …‘ˆ‘”‹–› ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– ǯ• ƒ†Š‡”‡…‡ –‘ –Š‡
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: [Link]/iso/[Link].
Š‹•†‘…—‡– ™ƒ•’”‡’ƒ”‡†„›‡…Š‹…ƒŽ
Get ‘‹––‡‡Ȁͻ͸ǡ
‘‹––‡‡Ȁ
free standards ͻ͸ǡ Group
from Standard Sharing Cranes,and
Cranes chats
, Subcommittee SC 9, Bridge
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and gantry cranes.

Š‹• •‡…‘† ‡†‹–‹‘ …ƒ…‡Ž• ƒ† ”‡’Žƒ…‡• –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ‡†‹–‹‘ ȋ ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͷǣͳͻͻʹȌǡ ™Š‹…Š Šƒ• „‡‡
–‡…Š‹…ƒŽŽ›”‡˜‹•‡†Ǥ–Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡†–‘–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ’”‘‰”‡••ƒ†‡™”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ†…Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡
–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–ƒ†ƒ”†•”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡†„›‹–ǤŠ‡ƒ‹…Šƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡
— the normative references to ISO 8686-1, ISO 20332 and ISO 12488-1 have been updated, and
Ȅ ƒ…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†ˆ‘”Ž‘ƒ†•…ƒ—•‡†„›•‡™‹‰ˆ‘”„”‹†‰‡ƒ†‰ƒ–”›…”ƒ‡•™‹–Š”‹‰‹†‘”ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡
characteristics has been added.
A list of all parts in the ISO 8686 series can be found on the ISO website.

iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Cranes — Design principles for loads and load

combinations —
Part 5:
Overhead travelling and portal bridge cranes

1 Scope
This document establishes the application of ISO 8686-1 to overhead travelling and portal bridge cranes
ƒ•†‡ϐ‹‡†‹Ͷ͵Ͳ͸Ǧͳƒ†‰‹˜‡••’‡…‹ϐ‹…˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”•–‘„‡—•‡†Ǥ

2 Normative references
Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ †‘…—‡–• ƒ”‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ‹ –Š‡ –‡š– ‹ •—…Š ƒ ™ƒ› –Šƒ– •‘‡ ‘” ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” …‘–‡–
…‘•–‹–—–‡• ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‘…—‡–Ǥ ‘” †ƒ–‡† ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ ‘Ž› –Š‡ ‡†‹–‹‘ …‹–‡† ƒ’’Ž‹‡•Ǥ ‘”
—†ƒ–‡†”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–‡†‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡††‘…—‡–ȋ‹…Ž—†‹‰ƒ›ƒ‡†‡–•Ȍƒ’’Ž‹‡•Ǥ
ISO 4301-1:2016, ”ƒ‡•ȄŽƒ••‹ϔ‹…ƒ–‹‘Ȅƒ”–ͷǣ
‡‡”ƒŽ
ISO 4302:2016, Cranes — Wind load assessment
ISO 4306-5:2005, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 5: Bridge and gantry cranes
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ISO 8686-1:2012, ”ƒ‡•Ȅ‡•‹‰’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ˆ‘”Ž‘ƒ†•ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•Ȅƒ”–ͷǣ

‡‡”ƒŽ
ISO 12488-1:2012, ”ƒ‡•Ȅ‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡•ˆ‘”™Š‡‡Ž•ƒ†–”ƒ˜‡Žƒ†–”ƒ˜‡”•‹‰–”ƒ…•Ȅƒ”–ͷǣ
‡‡”ƒŽ
ISO 20332:2016, Cranes — Proof of competence of steel structures

͵ ‡”•ƒ††‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘•
‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ–Š‹•†‘…—‡–ǡ–Š‡–‡”•ƒ††‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘•‰‹˜‡‹Ͷ͵Ͳ͸Ǧͷƒ†ͺ͸ͺ͸Ǧͳƒ’’Ž›Ǥ
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at [Link]
— IEC Electropedia: available at [Link]

4 Symbols

Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviated terms

Symbol Description
a acceleration or deceleration value
a term used in determining the value of ߖ1
bΠdistance in travel direction from wheel j
CH ‡Žƒ•–‹…‹–›ˆƒ…–‘”‘ˆ…”ƒ‡•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†”‘’‡•›•–‡ƒ––Š‡Ž‘ƒ†•—•’‡•‹‘’‘‹–
dΠdistance in travel direction from the front guide means to wheel j
e base of natural logarithms, 2,718

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 1

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Description
Fmax,L maximum force
fuc ultimate strength of the chain steel
g ‰”ƒ˜‹–›…‘•–ƒ–
hM ϐŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’‘”–ƒŽ‹ƒ‰Ž‡’‡”‘‡–
l span of crane
lr, lc length of rope/chain fall
m mass
mT total mass of the loaded crane
M ‘‡––—”‹‰–Š‡ϐŽ‘ƒ–‹‰‡†…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡„›ˆ‘”…‡•Yj applied to the wheels of that carriage
M moment between the portal and the unguided carriage
mH mass of the hoist load (gross load)
mRC mass of the rated hoist load
Rr rope grade
S(f) ϐ‹ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–
S(i) initial load effect
sgn signum function
sΠselection factor
t br ”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡„”ƒ‹‰
tIAL response-time of the indirect acting lifting force limiter
tst –‹‡–‘•–‘’–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹•‹•–ƒŽŽ…‘†‹–‹‘„›‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡„”ƒ‹‰ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰”‘’‡ˆ‘”…‡
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vh maximum hoisting speed

vh,max ƒš‹—•–‡ƒ†›Š‘‹•–‹‰•’‡‡†
W resulting wheel force
YF lateral force at the guide means (F› in ISO 8686-1:2012)
YŒ lateral force at the contact point of wheel j (F›‹Œ in ISO 8686-1:2012)
Z1i wheel load of the 1st wheel of shaft i
Z2i wheel load of the 2nd wheel of shaft i
Za ƒ…–—ƒŽ…‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–‘ˆ—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‘’‡Ȁ…Šƒ‹
ZΠvertical wheel force of wheel j
ZŒ wheel load of wheel j, (ZŒηͲȌǡȋ j = 1, 2…n with n = number of wheels)
Š‡–”‘ŽŽ‡›…ƒ””‹‡•ƒš‹—Ž‘ƒ†ǤŠ‡–”‘ŽŽ‡›•Š‘—Ž†„‡’‘•‹–‹‘‡†‘–Š‡…”ƒ‡ǯ••‹†‡ǡ™Š‹…ŠŠƒ•‘
guide means.
Ƚ •‡™‹‰ƒ‰Ž‡‹”ƒ†‹ƒ
Ƚ triggering-factor [–]
Ƚg •‡™…‘’‘‡–†—‡–‘–”ƒ……Ž‡ƒ”ƒ…‡
Ƚw component due to wear
Ƚt component due to alignment tolerances of rail/wheel
ȟȽ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡™‹‰ƒ‰Ž‡†—‡–‘ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
(α / x ) portal turning speed per travel speed
ߖDAL force-limit factor for direct acting lifting force limiters
ߖIAL force-limit factor for indirect acting lifting force limiters
ߖ5 ƒ’Ž‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ…–‘”ˆ‘”†›ƒ‹…Ž‘ƒ†•ƒ”‹•‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…”ƒ‡†”‹˜‡•
ߖp factor for effect of sequential positioning movements
Ɋ0 adhesion factor

2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Description
Ɋf (ɐŒ) ˆ”‹…–‹‘…‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–‘ˆ™Š‡‡Žj„›Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ•Ž‹’ɐŒ
Ɋf ˆ”‹…–‹‘•Ž‹’…‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–ȋ f in ISO 8686-1:2012)
ɐŒ lateral slip of wheel j
ɐ slip factor

5 Loads and applicable factors

5.1 Regular loads

5.1.1 General

Regular loads, occurring during normal operation, shall be considered in proof of competence
…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ „› ›‹‡Ž†‹‰ǡ ‡Žƒ•–‹… ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ†ǡ ™Š‡ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ ‹
accordance with ISO 8686-1:2012, 6.1 and the following amendments.

5.1.2 Hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane

Š‡‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”…‡‹†—…‡†„›–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡ȋ†‡ƒ†™‡‹‰Š–Ȍ•ŠƒŽŽ„‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›ƒˆƒ…–‘”
ߖ1, as shown in Formula (1):
ߖ1 = 1 + Ƚ (1)

‘” ƒ••‡• ™‹–Š —ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡ ‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‘ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡ –Š‡ ˆƒ…–‘”• •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ –ƒ‡ ƒ• a = 0,10 and
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ߖ1 = 1,10, and for masses with favourable gravitational load effect as aαΫͲǡͲͷƒ†ߖ1 = 0,95, unless
‘–Š‡”˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ”‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•‘”…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Š‡”‡ …”ƒ‡• ™‘” ‹ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡• …‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡† „› ’”‘…‡•• †‡„”‹•ǡ •—…Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ……——Žƒ–‹‘•
†‡’‘•‹–‡†—’‘–Š‡—’’‡”•—”ˆƒ…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡•ŠƒŽŽ„‡–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–‹–Š‡†‡ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

5.1.3 Hoisting an unrestrained grounded load

[Link] General

Š‡Š‘‹•–Ž‘ƒ†•ŠƒŽŽ„‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›ˆƒ…–‘”ߖ2–Šƒ–”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ†›ƒ‹…ˆ‘”…‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‘
the crane, when the weight of a grounded load is transferred on the hoisting medium (ropes or chains).
Š‡ƒ••—‹‰–Š‡‘•–‡š–”‡‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡Š‘‹•–‹‰‡†‹—‹••Žƒ…™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Š‘‹•–‡…Šƒ‹•
”‡ƒ…Š‡• ‹–• ƒš‹— Š‘‹•–‹‰ •’‡‡†Ǥ  –Š‹• …‘†‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ †›ƒ‹… ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘”…‡ ‹• †‹”‡…–Ž›
’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡Š‘‹•–‹‰•’‡‡†ǡ™‹–Šƒ…‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡––Šƒ–†‡’‡†•—’‘–Š‡•–‹ˆˆ‡••’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ƒ†
mass distribution of the crane (Ⱦ2 in ISO 8686-1:2012, [Link].1).
’Š›•‹…ƒŽ…”ƒ‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–Š‡”ˆƒ…–‘”•–Šƒ–‹ϐŽ—‡…‡–Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ†›ƒ‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡ•—…Šƒ•
…‘–”‘Ž •›•–‡•ǡ †ƒ’‡‹‰ ƒ† ϐŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ‹ …‘’‘‡–• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ Š‘‹•– •Ž‹‰•ǡ ‘–Š‡”
lifting devices, load itself, crane foundation). These dependencies and determination of factor ߖ2 are
”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›Š‘‹•–‹‰…Žƒ••‡•‹ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡ͸ǤͳǤʹǤͳǤʹǤ
For determination of ߖ2, the following principles shall be used:
Ȅ …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘„›•‡Ž‡…–‹‘‘ˆƒŠ‘‹•–‹‰…Žƒ••Ǣ
Ȅ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘„›ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†•ǡ•‡‡[Link].

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 3

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

The hoisting class and the factor ߖ2 shall be calculated either

— in accordance with ISO 8686-1:2012, [Link].2, or
— in accordance with [Link] to [Link].
Š‡Š‘‹•–‹‰•’‡‡†—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†›ƒ‹……‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–•ŠƒŽŽ”‡ϐŽ‡…––Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ—•‡ƒ†
’‘••‹„Ž‡‡š…‡’–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡‹ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹…™ƒ›Ǥ™‘‡˜‡–••ŠƒŽŽ„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
Ȅ …”ƒ‡‹‘”ƒŽ—•‡™Š‡”‡Š‘‹•–‹‰…‘‡…‡•ƒ–ƒ‡…Šƒ‹•…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†•’‡‡†ˆ”‘ƒ•Žƒ…”‘’‡
…‘†‹–‹‘ȄŽ‘ƒ†…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ•’‡”ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡƒ„Ž‡ʹ„Ǣ
Ȅ ‡š…‡’–‹‘ƒŽ …ƒ•‡ ™Š‡”‡ Š‘‹•–‹‰ …‘‡…‡• ƒ– ‡…Šƒ‹• ƒš‹— •’‡‡† ˆ”‘ •Žƒ… ”‘’‡
condition — load combination C as per ISO 8686-1:2012, Table 2b.

[Link] Determination of a dynamic factor, ߖ2t

Š‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ Š‘‹•–‹‰ …Žƒ•• ƒ• †‡ϐ‹‡† ‹  ͺ͸ͺ͸Ǧͳ •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ •‡Ž‡…–‡† „› –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ
†›ƒ‹…ˆƒ…–‘”ǡߖ2t Ǥ–•ŠƒŽŽ„‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†‹‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™ƒ›•Ǥ
Ȅ ƒ‡ ƒ …‘’Ž‡–‡ †›ƒ‹… •‹—Žƒ–‹‘ –ƒ‹‰ ‹–‘ ƒ……‘—– –Š‡ ‡Žƒ•–‹…ǡ ‹‡”–‹ƒŽ ƒ† †ƒ’‡‹‰
’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǤŠ‡ƒš‹—ˆ‘”…‡‹–Š‡Š‘‹•–‹‰‡†‹—†—”‹‰–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹”•–͵•”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡
Š‘‹•–Ž‘ƒ†—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›ˆƒ…–‘”ߖ2t .
Ȅ •‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹’Ž‹ϐ‹‡†Formulae (2) applicable to the hoist.
a) for a crane with a rope hoist b) for a crane with a chain hoist
2 , 8 × v h,max 2 , 8 × v h,max
φ2 t = 1 + φ2 t = 1 + (2)
1/2 1/2
 RGet more free standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats
r × lr   f ×l 
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0 , 45 +   0 , 45 +  uc c 
 1500 × Z a   150 × Z a 
where

vh,max ‹•–Š‡ƒš‹—•–‡ƒ†›Š‘‹•–‹‰•’‡‡†‹‡–”‡•Ȁ•‡…‘†Ǣ

Rr is the rope grade, in N/mm2Ǣ

fuc is the ultimate strength of the chain steel, in N/mm2Ǣ

lr, lc ‹•–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ”‘’‡Ȁ…Šƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹‡–”‡•Ǣ

Za ‹•–Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ…‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–‘ˆ—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‘’‡Ȁ…Šƒ‹ȋ–‘–ƒŽ„”‡ƒ‹‰ˆ‘”…‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘’‡Ȁ
…Šƒ‹”‡‡˜‹‰•›•–‡ȀŠ‘‹•–Ž‘ƒ†ȌǤ
The length, lr/lcǡ•ŠƒŽŽ„‡–ƒ‡ƒ•–Š‡–›’‹…ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡—’’‡”ƒ†Ž‘™‡””‘’‡•Š‡ƒ˜‡•Ȁ…Šƒ‹
•’”‘…‡–•ǡ™Š‡Š‘‹•–‹‰ƒ‰”‘—†‡†Ž‘ƒ†ǤŠ‡”‡ƒŽ‘ƒ†‡†’ƒ”–‘”ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘‹•–‡†‹ƒ†‡˜‹ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘
–Š‡ ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽǡ –Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘’‡Ȁ…Šƒ‹ ˆƒŽŽ •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ ƒ†Œ—•–‡† –‘ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– ϐŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–› ‹
vertical direction.
 Š‹••‹’Ž‹ϐ‹‡†ˆ‘”—Žƒ–ƒ‡•‹–‘ƒ……‘—––Š‡”‹‰‹†‹–›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ••‡•‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡’ƒ”–•ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†Ǥ

The hoisting class shall be determined in accordance with Table 2.

4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Table 2 — Selection of hoisting class

Hoisting class of
Condition for calculation result
ISO 8686-1:2012
ߖ2t ζ 1,07 + 0,24 × vh,max HC1
1,07 + 0,24vh,max < ߖ2t ζ 1,12 + 0,41 × vh,max HC2
1,12 + 0,4vh,max < ߖ2t ζ 1,17 + 0,58 × vh,max HC3
1,17 + 0,58vh,max < ߖ2t HC4

[Link] Selection of hoisting speed

The hoisting speed representing the normal use in load combinations A and B, and an exceptional
‘……—””‡…‡‹Ž‘ƒ†…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ•ŠƒŽŽ„‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡Š‘‹•–†”‹˜‡…Žƒ••ǡǡ’”‘˜‹†‡†„›
–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ†ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡƒ„Ž‡ʹ„Ǥ

[Link] Calculation of factor, ߖ2

The factor ߖ2 shall be calculated in accordance with ISO 8686-1:2012, [Link].2, using the selected
hoisting class and speed determined in [Link] and [Link].

[Link] Determination of ߖ2 by testing

Š‡†›ƒ‹…ˆƒ…–‘”ǡߖ2ǡ…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†„›‡ƒ•—”‡‡–ˆ”‘ƒ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–…”ƒ‡ǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡•
‡ƒ•—”‡†™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Š‘‹•–‹‰•’‡‡†••ŠƒŽŽ„‡†‹”‡…–Ž›—•‡†‹…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ™‹–Š‘—–”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡–‘ƒ
hoisting class.
Š‡†›ƒ‹…‹…”‡‡–‘ˆ†‡ϐŽ‡…–‹‘•ˆ‘—†„›‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘”†›ƒ‹…•‹—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ›‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡
Get more free standards from Standard Sharing Group and5.1.2
our ǤŠ‡’‘”–‹‘”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›
chats
†›ƒ‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡–”‘ŽŽ‡›Ǣ•‡‡5.1.2ǤŠ‡’‘”–‹‘”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›
†›ƒ‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡–”‘ŽŽ‡›Ǣ•‡‡5.1.2
†›ƒ‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡–”‘ŽŽ‡›Ǣ•‡‡
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the factor a…‘—Ž†„‡”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹ƒŽߖ2 to avoid it being considered twice in

ߖ1 and also in ߖ2.

5.1.4 Loads caused by travelling on an uneven surfaces

Š‡†›ƒ‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘–Š‡…”ƒ‡„›–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ™‹–Š‘”™‹–Š‘—–Š‘‹•–Ž‘ƒ†ǡ‘‘”‘ˆˆ”‘ƒ†™ƒ›‘”‘”ƒ‹Ž
–”ƒ…••ŠƒŽŽ„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†„›–Š‡•’‡…‹ϐ‹…ˆƒ…–‘”ǡߖ4.
‘”…‘–‹—‘—•”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒ…•‘”™‡Ž†‡†”ƒ‹Ž–”ƒ…•™‹–Šϐ‹‹•Š‡†‰”‘—†Œ‘‹–•™‹–Š‘—–‘–…Š‡•ȋ•–‡’•‘”
‰ƒ’•Ȍ–Š‡•’‡…‹ϐ‹…ˆƒ…–‘”ߖ4 = 1,0.
‘” ”‘ƒ†™ƒ›• ‘” ”ƒ‹Ž –”ƒ…• ™‹–Š ‘–…Š‡• ȋ•–‡’• ‘” ‰ƒ’•Ȍǡ –Š‡ •’‡…‹ϐ‹… ˆƒ…–‘”ǡ ߖ4, shall be calculated
ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǤ ‘””—„„‡”–›”‡†…”ƒ‡•ǡ–Š‡ϐŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡–›”‡•ŠƒŽŽ„‡–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–Ǥ

5.1.5 Loads caused by acceleration of drives

‘” …”ƒ‡ †”‹˜‡ ‘–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹ Ž‘ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡ ȟSǡ …ƒ—•‡† „› ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” †‡…‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹•
’”‡•‡–‡†„›Formula (3):
ȟS = S(f) – S(i) (3)

where

S(f) ‹•–Š‡ϐ‹ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–Ǣ

S(i) is the initial load effect.

 Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‹ Ž‘ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡ ȟSǡ ‹• …ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ †”‹˜‡ ˆ‘”…‡ǡ ȟFǡ ‰‹˜‡ „› –Š‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒǣ
ȟF = F(f) ΫF(i), where F(f)‹•–Š‡ϐ‹ƒŽ†”‹˜‡ˆ‘”…‡ƒ†F(i) is the initial drive force.

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 5

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

‘ƒ†•‹†—…‡†‹ƒ…”ƒ‡„›ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘”†‡…‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘…ƒ—•‡†„›†”‹˜‡ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ›„‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†—•‹‰
”‹‰‹†„‘†›‹‡–‹…‘†‡Ž•ǤŠ‡Ž‘ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡS, shall be applied to the components exposed to the drive
ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ†™Š‡”‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡…”ƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡Š‘‹•–Ž‘ƒ†ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ•ƒ”‹‰‹†„‘†›ƒƒŽ›•‹•†‘‡•‘–
†‹”‡…–Ž›”‡ϐŽ‡…–‡Žƒ•–‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡ–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–ǡSǡ•ŠƒŽŽ„‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†„›—•‹‰ƒƒ’Ž‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ…–‘”ǡߖ5,
in accordance with of ISO 8686-1:2012, 6.1.4 as in Formula (4):
S = S(i) + ߖp × ߖ5 × a × m (4)

where

S(i) ‹•–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–…ƒ—•‡†„›F(i)Ǣ

ߖ5 ‹•–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ…–‘”ˆ‘”†›ƒ‹…Ž‘ƒ†•ƒ”‹•‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…”ƒ‡†”‹˜‡•Ǣ

ߖp is the factor for effect of sequential positioning movements, see 5.1.6Ǣ

a ‹•–Š‡ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘”†‡…‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡Ǣ

m is the mass for which a applies.

The factor ߖ5•ŠƒŽŽ„‡–ƒ‡ˆ”‘Table 3 and Table 4 unless more accurate factors are available from
elastic model calculations or measurements. The factor, ߖpǡ•ŠƒŽŽ„‡–ƒ‡ˆ”‘Table 6.
Where the force, Sǡ‹•Ž‹‹–‡†„›ˆ”‹…–‹‘‘”„›–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡†”‹˜‡‡…Šƒ‹•ǡ–Š‹•ˆ”‹…–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”…‡
shall be used instead of calculated force, S.

Table 3 — Factor ߖ5 for travel, traverse and slewing mechanism

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Drive type Considerable backlash,

Typical backlash for gearbox
e.g. open gears
Stepless speed control 1,2 1,5
Multi-step speed control 1,6 2,0
Two-step speed control 1,8 2,2
Single-step speed control 2,0 2,4

Table 4 — Factor ߖ5 for hoist mechanism

Drive type Factor ߖ5 lifting Factor ߖ5 lowering
Stepless speed control 1,05 1,10
Multi-step speed control 1,15 1,20
Two-step speed control 1,20 1,35
Single-step speed control 1,20 1,30

NOTE Factors in Tables 3 and 4–ƒ‡ƒ……‘—–ˆ‘”•™‹–…Š‹‰‘Ȁ‘ˆˆ–Š‡•’‡‡†ƒ†•’‡‡†…Šƒ‰‡Ǥ

5.1.6 Positioning of loads

Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹–‡†‡† ƒ† ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ› †”‹˜‡ –‘ ”‡ƒ…Š –Š‡ ‹–‡†‡† ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ Ž‘ƒ† •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ –ƒ‡ ‹–‘ ƒ……‘—– ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘‘ˆ ‘ˆ …‘’‡–‡…‡Ǥ Š‹• •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ †‘‡ „› —•‹‰ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡
number of accelerations, Pǡ‹ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡™‹–ŠͶ͵ͲͳǦͳǣʹͲͳ͸ǡ͹Ǥ͸…Žƒ••‹ϐ‹‡†‹Table 5 and illustrated
in Figure 1.

6 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Table 5 — Average number of accelerations

Class Average number of accelerations
P0 p=2
P1 2 < pζͶ
P2 4 < pζͺ
P3 8<p

Key Get more free standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats
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x speed
› time
z acceleration

Figure 1 — Example for class P

Table 6 — Factor ߖp
Class of load positioning according
ߖp
to Table 5
P0 and P1 1,0
P2 1,15
P3 1,3

‘•‹–‹‘‹‰‘˜‡‡–•ƒ›‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡–‘–ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡ™Š‡ƒ†‡‹‘Ǧ‘’–‹ƒŽƒ‡”ǤŠ‹•‹•
–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–„›ˆƒ…–‘”ߖp dependent upon the class P.

5.1.7 Loads induced by displacements

……‘—–•ŠƒŽŽ„‡–ƒ‡‘ˆŽ‘ƒ†•ƒ”‹•‹‰ˆ”‘†‹•’Žƒ…‡‡–•‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡†‡•‹‰‹ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡™‹–Š
ISO 8686-1:2012, 6.1.5.
Š‡”‡ †‹•’Žƒ…‡‡–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ”ƒ‹Ž •’ƒ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘• ‘” •—’’‘”– †‡ϐŽ‡…–‹‘• ”‡ƒ‹ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ Ž‹‹–
˜ƒŽ—‡••’‡…‹ϐ‹‡†‹ͳʹͶͺͺǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡ͸Ǥʹǡ–Š‡‹”‡ˆˆ‡…–‡‡†‘––‘„‡–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–‹–Š‡•–”‡••
ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 7

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

5.2 Occasional loads

5.2.1 General

……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ Ž‘ƒ†• ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ™Š‹…Š ‘……—” ‹ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡† ‹ ’”‘‘ˆ ‘ˆ …‘’‡–‡…‡
…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ „› ›‹‡Ž†‹‰ ‡Žƒ•–‹… ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ƒ› —•—ƒŽŽ› „‡ ‡‰Ž‡…–‡† ‹ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡
evaluations in accordance with ISO 8686-1 and the following amendments.

5.2.2 Loads caused by skewing

[Link] General

 ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ –Š‡ •‡™‹‰ ˆ‘”…‡• ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› –ƒ‡ ƒ• ‘……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ Ž‘ƒ†• ƒ† •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ ƒ††”‡••‡† –‘ Ž‘ƒ†
…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ǡ „—– –Š‡‹” ˆ”‡“—‡…› ‘ˆ ‘……—””‡…‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ –›’‡ǡ …‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ……—”ƒ…‹‡•
‘ˆ ™Š‡‡Ž ƒšŽ‡ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹• ƒ† •‡”˜‹…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …”ƒ‡ ‘” –”‘ŽŽ‡›Ǥ  ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ …ƒ•‡•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡…› ‘ˆ
‘……—””‡…‡™‹ŽŽ†‡–‡”‹‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ƒ”‡–ƒ‡ƒ•‘……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ‘””‡‰—Žƒ”Ž‘ƒ†•Ǥ
 …ƒ•‡• ™Š‡”‡ ƒ–‹Ǧ•‡™ †‡˜‹…‡• ƒ”‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡†ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”…‡• …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡† ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ ƒ–‹Ǧ•‡™
†‡˜‹…‡••ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†–‘Ž‘ƒ†…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡…ƒ„‡—•‡†™‹–Š‘—–ƒ–‹Ǧ•‡™†‡˜‹…‡•
functioning, the forces shall be addressed to load combination B.
‡™‹‰ ˆ‘”…‡• ˆ‘” –‘’Ǧ”—‹‰ …”ƒ‡• ƒ† –”‘ŽŽ‡›• •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡ ™‹–Š [Link] to
[Link] and Annex Aǡ ™Š‹…Š ’”‘˜‹†‡ •‹’Ž‹ϐ‹‡† ‡–Š‘†• ˆ‘” …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘”…‡• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ™Š‡
…‘•‹†‡”‹‰„‘–Š
ƒ† …”ƒ‡•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ‡™‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•ˆ‘”—†‡”Š—‰…”ƒ‡••ŠƒŽŽ„‡
calculated in accordance with [Link].
ͳ Š‡‡–Š‘†‰‹˜‡‹ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡ͸ǤʹǤʹ‹•ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡–‘”‹‰‹†•–”—…–—”‡•Ǥ”‹†‰‡ƒ†‰ƒ–”›…”ƒ‡•
…ƒ ’‘••‡•• „‘–Š 
 ƒ†  …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•Ǣ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ ‘”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡–Š‘† ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡† ƒ• ‰‹˜‡
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Š‡”‡Ǥ‹–Š–Š‹•‡–Š‘†ǡ‹ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡•–”—…–—”‡•ǡ—‡˜‡—„‡”‘ˆ™Š‡‡Ž•ǡ—‡“—ƒŽŽ›†‹•–”‹„—–‡†™Š‡‡Ž
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Ž‘ƒ†•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ‰—‹†‡‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ–‹Ǧ•‡™‹‰†‡˜‹…‡•ǡ…ƒ„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ

ʹ ‘”…‡• ƒ”‹•‹‰ ˆ”‘ •‡™‹‰ ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ™Š‡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–ƒ– †‹”‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‘ŽŽ‹‰ ‘˜‡‡–
‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ …”ƒ‡ ‘ Ž‘‰‡” …‘‹…‹†‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‹”‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”—™ƒ› ”ƒ‹Ž ƒ† ™Š‡ –Š‡ ˆ”‘– ’‘•‹–‹˜‡
‰—‹†‹‰‡ƒ•…‘‡‹–‘…‘–ƒ…–™‹–Š–Š‡”ƒ‹ŽǤŠ‹•‹•…ƒ—•‡†„›–‘Ž‡”ƒ…‡•ƒ†‹ƒ……—”ƒ…‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‹•‡‹–Š‡
ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡ȋ„‘”‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ…™Š‡‡Ž•Ȍƒ†–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡”—™ƒ›ǯ•”ƒ‹Žȋ„‡†•ǡ‹•ȌǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ‘”…‡•†‡’‡†…Š‹‡ϐŽ›—’‘–Š‡…Ž‡ƒ”ƒ…‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”—™ƒ›”ƒ‹Žƒ†–Š‡™Š‡‡ŽϐŽƒ‰‡•
or guide rollers and the latter’s location, also on the number, arrangement, bearing arrangement and rotational
•’‡‡†•›…Š”‘‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ…™Š‡‡Ž•ƒ†•–”—…–—”ƒŽϐŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

͵ Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹Ǧ•‡™ †‡˜‹…‡• ™‹–Š –”ƒ˜‡Ž ‘–‹‘• ”‡†—…‡• –Š‡ ‰—‹†‹‰ ˆ‘”…‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ”ƒ‹Ž ƒ†
guiding means. It also reduces the lateral slip forces of the wheels, but some lateral slip remains due to wheel
alignment tolerances and lateral deformations of structures, which effect should be considered.

[Link] Skew angle

Š‡•‡™ƒ‰Ž‡•ŠƒŽŽ„‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

Figure 2 — Parameters of skew angle

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 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Š‡–‘–ƒŽ•‡™ƒ‰Ž‡–‘„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†‹†‡•‹‰‹••Š‘™‹Formula (5):
ȽεȽg + Ƚw + Ƚt (5)

where

Ƚ ‹•–Š‡•‡™ƒ‰Ž‡–‘„‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†‹†‡•‹‰Ǣ

Ƚg ‹•–Š‡•‡™…‘’‘‡–†—‡–‘–”ƒ……Ž‡ƒ”ƒ…‡sg/wbǢ

Ƚw ‹•–Š‡…‘’‘‡–†—‡–‘™‡ƒ”Ȅ”ƒ‹Žƒ†™Š‡‡ŽϐŽƒ‰‡Ȁ‰—‹†‡”‘ŽŽ‡”Ǣ

Ƚt is the component due to alignment tolerances of rail/wheel.

Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”•‡™ƒ‰Ž‡••ŠƒŽŽ„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡƒ„Ž‡ǤʹǤ
Š‡ •‡™ ƒ‰Ž‡ •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ Ƚ ζ ͲǡͲͳͷ ”ƒ† ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ ‰‘‘† –”ƒ˜‡Ž „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ‘ˆ –Š‡ …”ƒ‡ ‘” –Š‡
–”‘ŽŽ‡›Ǥ
 ‘”Žƒ”‰‡”–”ƒ……Ž‡ƒ”ƒ…‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡™ƒ‰Ž‡‹•”‡†—…‡†–‘͹ͷΨ„‡…ƒ—•‡„”‹†‰‡ƒ†‰ƒ–”›…”ƒ‡•ƒ†
–Š‡‹”–”‘ŽŽ‡›•—•‡–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ–”ƒ……Ž‡ƒ”ƒ…‡‘Ž›”ƒ”‡Ž›Ǥ•—ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘Ž›–Š‡ˆ‘”™ƒ”†‰—‹†‡‡ƒ•‹•‹…‘–ƒ…–™‹–Š
the rail.

[Link] Friction slip relationship

Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‹’Ž‹ϐ‹‡†‡’‹”‹…ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ǡƒ••Š‘™‹Formula (6), shall be used to calculate the

ˆ”‹…–‹‘…‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–ˆ‘”Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽƒ†Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ•Ž‹’ǣ
Ɋf = Ɋ0ȋͳΫe–250 × ɐ) (6)
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where

Ɋf ‹•–Š‡ˆ”‹…–‹‘•Ž‹’…‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–ȋ f‹ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡǤʹȌǢ

Ɋ0 ‹•–Š‡ƒ†Š‡•‹‘ˆƒ…–‘”Ǣ

Ɋ0 = 0,3 for cleaned rails, and

Ɋ0αͲǡʹˆ‘”‘Ǧ…Ž‡ƒ‡†”ƒ‹Ž•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‹ƒ‘”ƒŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ȌǢ

e ‹•–Š‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽŽ‘‰ƒ”‹–Š•ǡʹǡ͹ͳͺǢ

ɐ is the slip factor.

NOTE The slip factor, ɐ, is the ratio of the slip distance — transverse and/or longitudinal — to the
corresponding travel distance. For the transverse slip, the slip factor, ɐ, is equal to the instantaneous total
•‡™‹‰ƒ‰Ž‡ȋȽ or ȽΪȟȽ). See A.2.2.

[Link] Selection of calculation methods

‹–Š‡”‘ˆ–™‘•‹’Ž‹ϐ‹‡†…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†••ŠƒŽŽ„‡—•‡†ǣ‹–Š‡”ƒ
‘” ‡–Š‘†ǤŠ‡

‡–Š‘†ƒ••—‡•–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡”—™ƒ›–‘„‡”‹‰‹†ǤŠ‡ ‡–Š‘†
ƒ••—‡•–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡–‘„‡ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡Ǥ…ƒ•‡•‘ˆ†‘—„–ǡ–Š‡ ‡–Š‘†•Š‘—Ž†„‡—–‹Ž‹œ‡†Ǥ
ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘‘†‡Ž•–‘„‡ƒ†‘’–‡†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡…”ƒ‡Ȁ–”‘ŽŽ‡›•–”—…–—”ƒŽ…‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡Ž‹•–‡†™‹–Š‹
Table 7.

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 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Table 7 — Calculation models of bridge and gantry cranes

Applicable method for calculation of
Type –”—…–—”ƒŽ…‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘
loads due to skewing

A Method RIGID.
”‹†‰‡…”ƒ‡ǡ–”‘ŽŽ‡›Ǥ
”‹†‰‡…”ƒ‡ǡ–”‘ŽŽ‡›Ǥ˜‡ǡŠ‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽǡƒŽ‘•–•–‹ˆˆǤ
Guide means on one or both end carriages.

Each end carriage shall be calculated

•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡‡–Š‘†
Ǥ
B ‘…‡”‹‰–Š‡•‡™‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•ǡ–Š‡
crane divides into two almost independ-
‡–ǡ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ›‰—‹†‡†…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥ

”ƒ‡™‹–Šƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›…”ƒ‡™‹–ŠϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡•—’-
’‘”–ȋȈე–‹…—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–ƒƒš‹•’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž™‹–Š…”ƒ‡–”ƒ…ȌǤ
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Guide means on both end carriages.

C Method RIGID.

Crane without articulation.

Guide means on both end carriages.

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 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Table 7 (continued)
Applicable method for calculation of
Type –”—…–—”ƒŽ…‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘
loads due to skewing

Š‡‡–Š‘††‡’‡†•‘–Š‡ϐŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›
of the structure.
D
Š‡†‡…‹•‹‘‹•ƒ†‡„›–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡
method RIGID.
Crane without articulation.

—‹†‡‡ƒ•‘‘Ž›‘‡‡†…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ
Procedure:
ƒȌƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡–Š‡•‡™‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‡–Š‘†
Ǥ
„Ȍ—’’Ž›ƒϐ‹š‡†•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡‡†…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡™‹–Š‰—‹†‡‡ƒ•Ǥ—’’Ž›ƒϐŽ‘ƒ–‹‰•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡—-
guided end carriage [see Figure A.2…ȌȐǤ’’Ž›–Š‡ˆ‘”…‡•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†™‹–Š‡–Š‘†
–‘–Š‡ϐŽ‘ƒ–‹‰
‡†…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž‡†…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•”‡…‡‹˜‡ƒƒ‰Ž‡’‘•‹–‹‘ȟȽ to each other.
c) If ɊfȋȽΪȟȽȌȀɊfȋȽȌεͳǡͳǡ–Š‡–Š‡•‡™‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‡–Š‘† Ǥ
–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ–Š‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡–Š‘†
‹••—ˆϐ‹…‹‡–Ǥ
E.g. Ɋf(ȽΪȟȽ) = Ɋ0{1 – e[–250(ȽΪȟȽ)]} and Ɋf(Ƚ) = Ɋ0[1 – eȋΫʹͷͲȽ)].

[Link] Skewing forces for underhung cranes

Š‡•‡™‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡—†‡”Š—‰…”ƒ‡•ǡŠƒ˜‹‰”‹‰‹†•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†”—‹‰‘–Š‡„‘––‘ϐŽƒ‰‡•
‘ˆ”‹‰‹†Ž›ϐ‹š‡†”—™ƒ›„‡ƒ•ǡ•ŠƒŽŽ„‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡’”‹…‹’Ž‡•ƒ•–Š‡–‘’”—‹‰…”ƒ‡•Ǥ
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See A.3. However, the guiding force YF (F›‹ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡǤʹȌƒ›„‡†‹˜‹†‡†‘–™‘Ǧ™Š‡‡ŽϐŽƒ‰‡•

‘ˆƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰„‘‰‹‡ǤŠ‡‹‘”Žƒ–‡”ƒŽˆ‘”…‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ‹Ž‹‰„‘‰‹‡•ƒ›„‡‹‰‘”‡†ǤFigure 3 represents an
‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–”—…–—”‡•ƒ†‘‡’‘••‹„Ž‡•‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–…”‹–‹…ƒŽ•‡™‹‰ˆ‘”…‡…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
‘”…‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘•™Š‡”‡‡‹–Š‡”ƒ”—™ƒ›„‡ƒȋ‘”„‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡Ȍ‘”–Š‡„‘‰‹‡•‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”—™ƒ›•
…ƒ ϐŽ‘ƒ– Žƒ–‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ ˆ‘”…‡• Y1 and Y2 ƒ”‡ „ƒŽƒ…‡† „› •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‰—‹†‹‰ ˆ‘”…‡• YF on both
leading bogies.
In these cases, the guiding forces ½ YF (see Figure 3Ȍ •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ –ƒ‡ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ƒ• ʹͲ Ψ ‘ˆ –Š‡
maximum static vertical force Z of the wheel. Frictional forces, Y1 and Y2ǡƒ”‡–Š‡ͳͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ
wheel force of each wheel. The guiding forces, YF, and frictional forces, Yǡ„ƒŽƒ…‡‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›
‘„‘–Š”—™ƒ›•ǡˆ‘”‹‰‹–‡”ƒŽˆ‘”…‡•›•–‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡„‘‰‹‡•ȏ•‡‡„Ȍ‹Figure 3] and also local
‹–‡”ƒŽˆ‘”…‡•›•–‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡„‘––‘”—™ƒ›ϐŽƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ˆ‘”…‡•„ƒŽƒ…‡†Ž‘…ƒŽŽ›†‘‘–‹’‘•‡
external forces on the crane structure.

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 11

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Key
1 „‘––‘ϐŽƒ‰‡ƒ†…—–™‡„‘ˆ”—™ƒ›„‡ƒ‘Ǥͳ
2 „‘––‘ϐŽƒ‰‡ƒ†…—–™‡„‘ˆ”—™ƒ›„‡ƒ‘Ǥʹ
3 …”ƒ‡‰‹”†‡”Ǣ‡†…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡„‡ƒ•—†‡”–Š‡”—™ƒ›•‘–•Š‘™
4 Š‘‹•––”‘ŽŽ‡›™‹–ŠŽ‘ƒ†
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Y1 –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ˆ”‹…–‹‘ƒŽ•‡™‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡™Š‡‡Ž•ƒ†–Š‡–‘’•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘––‘ϐŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡
”—™ƒ›ͳ
Y2 –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ˆ”‹…–‹‘ƒŽ•‡™‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡™Š‡‡Ž•ƒ†–Š‡–‘’•—”ˆƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘––‘ϐŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡
”—™ƒ›ʹ
YF ‰—‹†‹‰ˆ‘”…‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡™Š‡‡ŽϐŽƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‰—‹†‹‰„‘‰‹‡ȋF› in ISO 8686-1:2012, E.2)
F› minimum transverse forces to be also considered in bogie design as shown in b)
Z ƒš‹—†›ƒ‹…™Š‡‡Žˆ‘”…‡‹˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ†‹”‡…–‹‘

Figure 3 — Skewing forces of underhung crane

‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ •‡™‹‰ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ ˆ‘”…‡• ‘ –Š‡ „‘‰‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —†‡”Š—‰ …”ƒ‡• ƒ”‡ …”‡ƒ–‡† ƒŽ•‘ „›
ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡Ž‘ƒ†‡†ƒ•›‡–”‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ†„›ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘‹•––”‘ŽŽ‡›ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†ǤŠ‡•‡
forces shall be considered according to [Link].

5.3 Exceptional loads

5.3.1 General

š…‡’–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‘ƒ†• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ˆ”‡“—‡– ƒ† ƒ› Ž‹‡™‹•‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› „‡ ‡š…Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘
fatigue consideration evaluations in accordance with ISO 8686-1 and the following additions and
‘†‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡› ‹…Ž—†‡ Ž‘ƒ†• …ƒ—•‡† „› –‡•–‹‰ǡ ‘—–Ǧ‘ˆǦ•‡”˜‹…‡ ™‹†ǡ „—ˆˆ‡” ˆ‘”…‡• ƒ† –‹Ž–‹‰ǡ
ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ˆ”‘ ‡‡”‰‡…› …—–Ǧ‘—–ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‘ˆ †”‹˜‡ …‘’‘‡–• ƒ† ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‡š…‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …”ƒ‡
foundation.

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 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

5.3.2 Test loads

Š‡–‡•–Ž‘ƒ†••ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡…”ƒ‡‹‹–••‡”˜‹…‡…‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡…”ƒ‡•›•–‡•ŠƒŽŽ‘–„‡
ƒŽ–‡”‡†ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ„›ƒ’’Ž›‹‰‡Žƒ”‰‡†…‘—–‡”™‡‹‰Š–•Ǥ
Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹ˆ–‡†ƒ••‡••—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡…”ƒ‡‹–‡•–Ž‘ƒ†…‘†‹–‹‘•ŠƒŽŽ„‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›ƒ
factor ߖ6 in accordance with ISO 8686-1:2012, 6.3.2.
–Š‡’”‘‘ˆ…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–‡•–‹‰•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡‹‹—Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ™‹†ƒ•†‡ϐ‹‡†‹ͺ͸ͺ͸Ǧͳ•ŠƒŽŽ
„‡–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–ˆ‘”‘—–†‘‘”ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•‘Ž›Ǥ

5.3.3 Loads due to buffer forces

Š‡”‡ „—ˆˆ‡”• ƒ”‡ —•‡†ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”…‡• ƒ”‹•‹‰ ˆ”‘ …‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘ …ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡† „› ”‹‰‹† „‘†› ƒƒŽ›•‹• •ŠƒŽŽ „‡
—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›ƒˆƒ…–‘”ߖ7–‘ƒ……‘—–ˆ‘”†›ƒ‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•‹ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡™‹–Šͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡ͸Ǥ͵Ǥ͵ƒ†
the following amendments.
—ˆˆ‡”ˆ‘”…‡••ŠƒŽŽ„‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹‡–‹…‡‡”‰›‘ˆͺͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ƒŽ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡
‘˜‹‰…”ƒ‡ƒ••‡•‡š…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›•—•’‡†‡†Ž‘ƒ†ȋˆ”‡‡–‘•™ƒ›Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽŽ›Ȍƒ†ˆ‘”–”‘ŽŽ‡›•
ˆ”‘–Š‡‹‡–‹…‡‡”‰›‘ˆͳͲͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ƒŽ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‹‰ƒ••‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘ŽŽ‡›
‡š…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›•—•’‡†‡†Ž‘ƒ†Ǥ
Š‡”‡„”ƒ‹‰‹•ƒ…–—ƒ–‡†„›ƒŽ‹‹–‹‰ˆ—…–‹‘„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡„—ˆˆ‡”…‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘‘……—”•ǣ
Ȅ ˆ‘”…”ƒ‡•ƒ†–”‘ŽŽ‡›•‘–‡š’‘•‡†–‘™‹†ˆ‘”…‡•ǡ–Š‡„—ˆˆ‡”ˆ‘”…‡••ŠƒŽŽ„‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡
‹‡–‹…‡‡”‰›‘ˆ͹ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ƒŽ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‹‰ƒ••‡•‡š…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›
•—•’‡†‡†Ž‘ƒ†Ǣ
Ȅ ˆ‘”…”ƒ‡•ƒ†–”‘ŽŽ‡›•‡š’‘•‡†–‘™‹†ˆ‘”…‡•ǡ–Š‡„—ˆˆ‡”ˆ‘”…‡••ŠƒŽŽ„‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹‡–‹…
Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ƒŽ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‹‰ƒ••‡•‡š…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›•—•’‡†‡†
Ψ
‡‡”‰›‘ˆͺͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ƒŽ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‹‰ƒ••‡•‡š…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›•—•’‡†‡†
Get ‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ƒŽ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‹‰ƒ••‡•‡š…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›•—•’‡†‡†
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Ž‘ƒ†ǤŠ‡”‡–Š‡™‹†ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ”‡‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡„—ˆˆ‡”…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ͹ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ƒŽ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰
•’‡‡†ƒ›„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ǥ
 „‘–Š …ƒ•‡•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ”‹…–‹‘ ‰”‹’ –›’‡ ȋ•Ž‹’ ”‡•‹•–ƒ–Ȍ …‘‡…–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—’’‘”–‹‰ ‡† •–‘’• ‘ˆ –Š‡
„—ˆˆ‡”• •ŠƒŽŽǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „‡ †‡•‹‰‡† ™‹–Š ƒ •’‡…‹ϐ‹… ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ ˆƒ…–‘” ɀss = 1,8, in accordance with
ISO 20332:2016, [Link].
–Š‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡–‘‘–‹‘†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆ”‹…–‹‘ƒŽ…‘–ƒ…–„‡–™‡‡™Š‡‡Ž•ƒ†”ƒ‹Ž•ƒ›
„‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”„›‡ƒ•‘ˆƒˆƒ…–‘”f = 0,18.

5.3.4 Loads caused by emergency cut-out

‘ƒ†•…ƒ—•‡†„›‡‡”‰‡…›…—–Ǧ‘—–•ŠƒŽŽ„‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†‹ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡™‹–Šͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡ͸Ǥ͵Ǥ͸™‹–Š
the following amendment.
The value of the factor ߖ5•ŠƒŽŽ„‡‡‹–Š‡”•‡–‡“—ƒŽ–‘ʹ‘”„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽŽ›‘”„›†›ƒ‹…
ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ

5.3.5 Loads caused by apprehended failure of mechanism or components

Š‹•Ž‘ƒ†•ƒ…–‹‘•ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†™Š‡”‡‡…Šƒ‹••‘”…‘’‘‡–•ƒ”‡†—’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†‘”•‡…—”‡†„›‘–Š‡”
‡ƒ•ˆ‘”•ƒˆ‡–›”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ
ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ••—‡†–‘‘……—”‹ƒ›’ƒ”–‘ˆ‡‹–Š‡”•›•–‡ǤŠ‡”‡’”‘–‡…–‹‘‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›„ƒ…Ǧ
—’ „”ƒ‡ ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ •‡”˜‹…‡ „”ƒ‡•ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‹ •‡”˜‹…‡ „”ƒ‡ •›•–‡ ƒ† „ƒ…Ǧ—’ „”ƒ‡ ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘
shall be assumed to occur under the most unfavourable conditions.
Resulting load due to failure mentioned above shall be calculated in accordance with 5.1.5ǡ–ƒ‹‰‹–‘
ƒ……‘—–ƒ›”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹’ƒ…–•Ǥ

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 13

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Duplicated components of hoisting mechanism shall be calculated for two conditions as follows:
— Regular loading condition, where all the components of the mechanism operate as a whole sharing
the hoisted load. This shall be assigned to load combination A and used in the proof of fatigue and
static strength.
Ȅ š…‡’–‹‘ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†‹‰ǡ–ƒ‹‰‹–‘ƒ……‘—–ƒˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆƒ›•‹‰Ž‡…‘’‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹•ǤŠ‡
loading on the remaining part of the mechanism during the failure incident shall be assigned to load
…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†—•‡†‹–Š‡’”‘‘ˆ‘ˆ•–ƒ–‹…•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰’ƒ”–Ǥ›ƒ‹…‹’ƒ…–ˆƒ…–‘”
ߖ5†—‡–‘ƒˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ƒ›„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š†›ƒ‹…ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘”‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡߖ5•ŠƒŽŽ„‡–ƒ‡
‡“—ƒŽ–‘ͳǡͷǤŠ‡ˆƒ…–‘”•ŠƒŽŽ„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†…ƒ””‹‡†„›–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡•›•–‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰
after the failure.

5.3.6 Loads due to dynamic cut-off of hoisting movement by lifting force limiters

Where hoists of cranes are equipped with lifting force limiters, the resulting force on the crane shall be
–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–‹–Š‡’”‘‘ˆ‘ˆ…‘’‡–‡…‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
When hoisting a load, a lifting force-limiting device limits the force on the crane to a level depending on
–›’‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‹–‡”ǡ–Š‡†”‹˜‡…‘–”‘Ž•›•–‡ƒ†–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡Ǥ
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆŽ‹‹–‡”•ǣ
ƒȌ †‹”‡…–Ž›ƒ…–‹‰Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡ȋȌŽ‹‹–‡”ǡ™Š‹…ŠŽ‹‹–•–Š‡ˆ‘”…‡‹–Š‡Š‘‹•–‹‰•›•–‡–‘ƒ•’‡…‹ϐ‹‡†
Ž‡˜‡Žǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥƒ•Ž‹’’‹‰…Ž—–…Š„ƒ•‡†‘ˆ”‹…–‹‘‘”ƒ’”‡••—”‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‹ƒŠ›†”ƒ—Ž‹…Š‘‹•–‹‰•›•–‡Ǣ
„Ȍ ‹†‹”‡…–Ž›ƒ…–‹‰Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡ȋȌŽ‹‹–‡”ǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ˆ‘”…‡‘–Š‡•›•–‡‹•‡ƒ•—”‡†ƒ†ƒ•‡…‘†
device is activated to stop the motion.
The force-limit factor, ߖGet
L ǡ†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆŽ‹‹–‡”Ǥ
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ߖL = ߖDAL in case of direct acting limiter (see [Link]).

ߖL = ߖIAL in case of indirect acting limiter (see [Link]).

[Link] Loads due to dynamic cut-off of hoisting movement by directly acting lifting force
limiters

The maximum force, Fmax.L , which is applied to the crane when the direct acting lifting force limiter
operates, shall be calculated as Formula (7):
Fmax.L = (ߖDAL × mRC + mHΫmRC) × g (7)

where

Fmax.L ‹•–Š‡ƒš‹—ˆ‘”…‡ǡ‹Ǣ

ߖDAL ‹•–Š‡ˆ‘”…‡ǦŽ‹‹–ˆƒ…–‘”ˆ‘”†‹”‡…–ƒ…–‹‰Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡Ž‹‹–‡”•ȏȂȐǢ

mRC ‹•–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ–‡†Š‘‹•–Ž‘ƒ†ǡ‹‰Ǣ

mH ‹•–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘‹•–Ž‘ƒ†ȋ‰”‘••Ž‘ƒ†Ȍǡ‹‰Ǣ

g ‹•–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‹–›…‘•–ƒ–ͻǡͺͳȀ•2.
‘”Š›†”ƒ—Ž‹…•›•–‡•ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”ߖDAL shall be less than, or equal to 1,4, with friction torque limiters or
’‡—ƒ–‹…•›•–‡•–Š‹•ˆƒ…–‘”•ŠƒŽŽ„‡Ž‡••–Šƒǡ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘ͳǡ͸Ǥ

14 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

[Link] Loads due to dynamic cut-off of hoisting movement by indirectly acting lifting force
limiters

The maximum force, Fmax.L , which is applied to the crane, resulting from the operation of the indirect
acting lifting force limiter in an overload, stall load and if relevant, in a snag load case, shall be calculated
as Formula (8):
F(max.L) = (ߖIAL × mRC + mHΫmRC) × g (8)

where

Fmax.L ‹•–Š‡ƒš‹—ˆ‘”…‡ǡ‹Ǣ

ߖIAL ‹•–Š‡ˆ‘”…‡ǦŽ‹‹–ˆƒ…–‘”ˆ‘”‹†‹”‡…–ƒ…–‹‰Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡Ž‹‹–‡”•ȏȂȐǢ

mRC ‹•–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ–‡†Š‘‹•–Ž‘ƒ†ǡ‹‰Ǣ

mH ‹•–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘‹•–Ž‘ƒ†ȋ‰”‘••Ž‘ƒ†Ȍǡ‹‰Ǣ

g ‹•–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‹–›…‘•–ƒ–ͻǡͺͳȀ•2.
The Fmax.L ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ ϐ‹ƒŽ Ž‘ƒ† ‹ –Š‡ Š‘‹•– •›•–‡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ –”‹‰‰‡”‹‰ Šƒ• ‘’‡”ƒ–‡† ƒ† –Š‡
hoist motion is brought to rest. It shall be calculated with due consideration to stiffness of the hoist
mechanism and structures as a whole and functioning of the indirect acting limiter.
The force-limit factor for indirect acting lifting force limiters ߖIAL for indirect acting lifting force
limiters shall be calculated as Formula (9):

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t st from
C H × v h  t IAL + t br + 
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 2 
φ IAL =α +  (9)
( mRC × g )
where

Ƚ ‹•–Š‡–”‹‰‰‡”‹‰Ǧˆƒ…–‘”ȏȂȐǢ

ɋh ‹•–Š‡ƒš‹—Š‘‹•–‹‰•’‡‡†ƒ–™Š‹…Š–Š‡‹†‹”‡…–ƒ…–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡Ž‹‹–‡”ƒ›„‡–”‹‰-
‰‡”‡†ǡ‹Ȁ•Ǣ

mRC ‹•–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ–‡†Š‘‹•–Ž‘ƒ†ǡ‹‰Ǣ

tIAL ‹•–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡Ǧ–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹”‡…–ƒ…–‹‰Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡Ž‹‹–‡”ǡ‹•Ǣ

tbr ‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡„”ƒ‹‰ǡ‹•Ǣ

tst ‹•–Š‡–‹‡–‘•–‘’–Š‡‡…Šƒ‹•‹•–ƒŽŽ…‘†‹–‹‘„›‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡„”ƒ‹‰ƒ†‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰
”‘’‡ˆ‘”…‡ǡ‹•Ǣ

CH ‹•–Š‡‡Žƒ•–‹…‹–›ˆƒ…–‘”‘ˆ…”ƒ‡•–”—…–—”‡ƒ†”‘’‡•›•–‡ƒ––Š‡Ž‘ƒ†•—•’‡•‹‘’‘‹–ǡ‹ȀǤ
In general, the triggering-factor Ƚ shall be less or equal to 1,25.
In cases where in normal operation the factor ߖ2, when the weight of a grounded load is transferred on
–Š‡Š‘‹•–‹‰‡†‹—ǡ‹•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡–”‹‰‰‡”‹‰ˆƒ…–‘”ǡƒ†‡Žƒ›‡†–”‹‰‰‡”‹‰•›•–‡ƒ›„‡‡‡†‡†Ǥˆ–Š‹•
‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†ǡ‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡ͷΨƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆߖ2.

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 15

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

5.4 Miscellaneous loads

Miscellaneous loads include erection and dismantling loads, as well as loads on platforms and means of
ƒ……‡••ǡƒ†•ŠƒŽŽ„‡–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–‹ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡™‹–Šͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡ͸ǤͶǤ

6 Applicable loads, load combinations and factors

The ߖnˆƒ…–‘”•–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–ˆ‘”†›ƒ‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–••ŠƒŽŽ„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”Ž‘ƒ†…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡
in Table 8.

Table 8 — ߖn factors
Table 9 line Reference to Values for factors ߖn, or values for loads, or relevant
ߖn
No. ISO 8686-1:2012 International Standards
1 ߖ1 6.1.1 See 5.1.2.
2 ߖ2 [Link] See 5.1.3.
ߖ3 [Link] See ISO 8686-1.
The value of ߖ4 shall be estimated as shown in
3 ߖ4 [Link] and Annex C
ISO 8686-1:2012, Annex C, with the amendment of 5.1.4.
4 and 5 ߖ5 6.1.4 and Annex D See 5.1.5.
6 6.1.5 See 5.1.6.
7 [Link] See ISO 4302:2016, Clause 5.
8 [Link] See applicable regional snow- and ice-load conditions.
9 [Link] See applicable ambient and localized temperature variations.
10 6.2.2 See 5.2.2 and Annex A..
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ߖ2
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11 [Link].3 See 5.1.2.

12 6.3.1 See ISO 4302:2016, Clause 6.
13 ߖ6 6.3.2 See 5.3.2.
14 ߖ7 6.3.3 See 5.3.3.
15 6.3.4 See ISO 8686-1.
16 ߖ5 6.3.6 See 5.3.4.
17 ߖ5 6.3.7 See 5.3.5.
18 6.3.8 See ISO 8686-1.
19 See 5.3.6.
20 ߖ9 6.3.5 See ISO 8686-1.
21 6.4.1 See ISO 8686-1.

The load combinations shall be in accordance with the principles of ISO 8686-1 and are given in Table 9.

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© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

Table 9 — Loads and load combinations

1 2 3 4 5 6
Load combinations A Load combinations B Load combinations C
Loads Partial Partial Partial Line
Cat. of load safety safety safety
fi A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 No.
factors factors factors
ɀp ɀp ɀp

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1) Mass of the crane a ߖ1 ߖ1 1 — a ߖ1 ߖ1 1 — — a ߖ1 1 ߖ1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Gravitation, 2) Mass of gross load 1,34 ߖ2 ߖ3 1 — 1,22 ߖ2 ߖ3 1 — — 1,1 — Ʉ — 1 1 1 1 1 ߖL 1 — 2
acceleration
impacts 3) Masses of crane and hoist
load, travelling on an uneven 1,22 — — — ߖ4 1,16 — — — ߖ4 ߖ4 — — — — — — — — — — — — 3
surface
Regular
(see a) Hoist
ISO 8686-1:2012, drives ߖ5 ߖ5 — ߖ5 ߖ5 ߖ5 — ߖ5 — — — ߖ5 — — — — — — — — 4
6.1) 4) Masses excluded
Acceleration
of crane and 1,34 1,22 1,1
from drives b) Hoist
gross load
drives in- — — ߖ5 — — — ߖ5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 5
cluded

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Displace- b b
5) See 5.1.6 b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 —
ments
1) In-service wind loads — — — — 1,22 1 1 1 1 1 1,16 — — 1 — — — — — — — 1 7
Occasional Effects of
(see 2) Snow and ice loads — — — — 1,22 1 1 1 1 1 1,16 — 1 — — — — — — — — — 8
climate
ISO 8686-1:2012, 3) Temperature variations — — — — 1,16 1 1 1 1 1 1,05 — 1 — — — — — — — — — 9
6.2)
‡™‹‰ 4) See 5.2.2 — — — — 1,16 — — — — 1 — — — — — — — — — — — 10
Exceptional 1) Hoisting a grounded load — — — — — — — — — 1,1 ߖ2 — — — — — — — — — — 11
(see
ISO 8686-1:2012, 2) Out-of-service wind loads — — — — — — — — — 1,16 — 1 — — — — — — — — — 12
6.3) 3) Test loads — — — — — — — — — 1,1 — — ߖ6 — — — — — — — — 13
4) Buffer forces — — — — — — — — — 1,1 — — — ߖ7 — — — — — — — 14
5) Tilting forces — — — — — — — — — 1,1 — — — — 1 — — — — — — 15
͸Ȍ‡”‰‡…›…—–Ǧ‘—– — — — — — — — — — 1,1 — — — — — ߖ5 — — — — — 16
7) Failure of mechanism — — — — — — — — — 1,1 — — — — — — ߖ5 — — — — 17

ISO 8686-5:2017(E)
8) Excitation of the crane support — — — — — — — — — 1,1 — — — — — — — 1 — — — 18
ͻȌ›ƒ‹……—–Ǧ‘ˆˆ„›Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡Ž‹‹–‡”• — — — — — — — — — 1,1 — — — — — — — — 1 — — 19
ͳͲȌ‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ‘••‘ˆ’ƒ›Ž‘ƒ† — — — — — — — — — 1,1 — — — — — — — — — ߖ9 — 20
11) Erection, dismantling and transport — — — — — — — — — 1,1 — — — — — — — — — — 1 21
‡•‹•–ƒ…‡…‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–ɀ m (limit state method) 1,1 1,1 1,1 22
17
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18

ISO 8686-5:2017(E)
Table 9 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Load combinations A Load combinations B Load combinations C
Loads Partial Partial Partial Line
Cat. of load safety safety safety
fi A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 No.
factors factors factors
ɀp ɀp ɀp
–”‡‰–Š…‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–ɀ f (allowable stress method) 1,48 1,34 1,22
Load combinations

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A1 and B1: Cranes under normal service conditions, hoisting and depositing loads, without in-service wind and loads from other climatic eeffects (A1) and with in-service wind and loads from other
…Ž‹ƒ–‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•ȋͳȌǤ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†••ŠƒŽŽ„‡…‘„‹‡†–‘”‡ϐŽ‡…––Š‡‡˜‡–•†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ†‡…‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†‡†‘”—Ž‘ƒ†‡†…”ƒ‡ǡ‘˜‹‰‹„‘–Š†‹”‡…–‹‘•Ǥ
—”‹‰–Š‡Š‘‹•–‹‰‘ˆƒ‰”‘—†‡†Ž‘ƒ†‘”ƒ‰”‘—†‡†Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ƒ––ƒ…Š‡–ǡ‘Ž›ƒ…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‰†”‹˜‡ˆ‘”…‡•…ƒ—•‡†„›‘–Š‡”†”‹˜‡•ȋ‡š…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡Š‘‹•–†”‹˜‡Ȍ•ŠƒŽŽ„‡–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–
in accordance with the intended normal operation as well as the control of the drives.
A2 and B2: Cranes under normal service conditions, sudden releasing of a part of the hoist load, without in-service wind and loads from o
other climatic effects (A2) and with in-services wind and
loads from other climatic effects (B2). Drive forces shall be combined as in A1 and B1.
A3 and B3: Cranes under normal service conditions, accelerating the suspended load, without in-service wind and loads from other climatic effects (A3) and with in-service wind and loads from
other climatic effects (B3). Other drive forces shall be combined as in A1 and B1.
”ƒ‡•—†‡”‘”ƒŽ•‡”˜‹…‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ƒ—‡˜‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘”–”ƒ…ǡ™‹–Š‘—–‹Ǧ•‡”˜‹…‡™‹†ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”…Ž‹ƒ–‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•ȋͶȌƒ†™‹–Š‹Ǧ•‡”˜‹…‡™‹†ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†•
A4 and B4:”ƒ‡•—†‡”‘”ƒŽ•‡”˜‹…‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ƒ—‡˜‡•—”ˆƒ…‡‘”–”ƒ…ǡ™‹–Š‘—–‹Ǧ•‡”˜‹…‡™‹†ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”…Ž‹ƒ–‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•ȋͶȌƒ†™‹–Š‹Ǧ•‡”˜‹…‡™‹†ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†•
from other climatic effects (B4). Drive forces shall be combined as in A1 and B1.
”ƒ‡•—†‡”‘”ƒŽ•‡”˜‹…‡…‘†‹–‹‘ǡ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ƒ—‡˜‡•—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ–…‘•–ƒ–•’‡‡†ƒ†•‡™‹‰ǡ™‹–Š‹Ǧ•‡”˜‹…‡™‹†ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”…Ž‹ƒ–‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•Ǥ
B5:”ƒ‡•—†‡”‘”ƒŽ•‡”˜‹…‡…‘†‹–‹‘ǡ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ƒ—‡˜‡•—”ˆƒ…‡ƒ–…‘•–ƒ–•’‡‡†ƒ†•‡™‹‰ǡ™‹–Š‹Ǧ•‡”˜‹…‡™‹†ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”…Ž‹ƒ–‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•Ǥ
”ƒ‡•—†‡”‹Ǧ•‡”˜‹…‡…‘†‹–‹‘•Š‘‹•–‹‰ƒ‰”‘—†‡†Ž‘ƒ†—†‡”–Š‡‡š…‡’–‹‘ƒŽ…‹”…—•–ƒ…‡ƒ’’Ž›‹‰
C1:”ƒ‡•—†‡”‹Ǧ•‡”˜‹…‡…‘†‹–‹‘•Š‘‹•–‹‰ƒ‰”‘—†‡†Ž‘ƒ†—†‡”–Š‡‡š…‡’–‹‘ƒŽ…‹”…—•–ƒ…‡ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡƒ„Ž‡ʹ„Ǥ
C2: Cranes under out-of-service conditions, including out-of-service wind and loads from other climatic effects.
C3: Cranes under test conditions. Drive forces shall be combined as in A1 and B1.
”ƒ‡•™‹–Š‰”‘••Ž‘ƒ†‹…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‘ƒ†••—…Šƒ•„—ˆˆ‡”ˆ‘”…‡•ȋͶȌǡ–‹Ž–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•ȋͷȌǡ‡‡”‰‡…›…—–Ǧ‘—–ȋ͸Ȍǡˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ‡…Šƒ‹•ȋ͹Ȍƒ†‡š…‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡•—’’‘”–
C4 to C8:”ƒ‡•™‹–Š‰”‘••Ž‘ƒ†‹…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‘ƒ†••—…Šƒ•„—ˆˆ‡”ˆ‘”…‡•ȋͶȌǡ–‹Ž–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•ȋͷȌǡ‡‡”‰‡…›…—–Ǧ‘—–ȋ͸Ȍǡˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‘ˆ‡…Šƒ‹•ȋ͹Ȍƒ†‡š…‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡•—’’‘”–ȋͺȌǤ
C9: Activating the overload protection.
C10:‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ‘••‘ˆ’ƒ›Ž‘ƒ†Ǥ
C11: Erection, dismantling and transport loads, see 7.2.
a ‘”˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ•ƒˆ‡–›ˆƒ…–‘”–‘„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ǡ•‡‡ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡƒ„Ž‡ͶǤ
b ‘”˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ•ƒˆ‡–›ˆƒ…–‘”–‘„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘Ž‘ƒ†•†—‡–‘†‹•’Žƒ…‡‡–•ǡ•‡‡ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡ͹Ǥ͵ǤͺǤ
ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡ͹Ǥ͵ǤͺǤ
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 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

7 Combination of acceleration effects

–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆ‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ†–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†’‘”–ƒŽ„”‹†‰‡…”ƒ‡•ǡ–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†‹•‘˜‡†„›Š‘‹•–‹‰ȋȌǡ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰
ȋ–Ȍǡ–”ƒ˜‡”•‹‰ȋ–Ȍƒ†ǡ’‘••‹„Ž›ǡ„›•Ž‡™‹‰ȋȌ‡…Šƒ‹••ȋ•‡‡Figure 4).
Š‡ ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‡…Šƒ‹•• ƒ…–‹‰ •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ‘ –Š‡ …”ƒ‡ †‡’‡† ‘ –Š‡
…‘–”‘Ž•›•–‡•ƒ†•‡”˜‹…‡…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ‘ƒ†‹•Š‘‹•–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‰”‘—†‘”ƒ
suspended load is hoisted.

Figure 4 — Moving directions

ƒ‹‰–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—–ǡ–Š‡ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘•‰‹˜‡‹Table 9ƒ”‡ƒ••—‡†–‘„‡ƒ…–‹‰•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥ
The gross loads mH•ŠƒŽŽ„‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆƒ…–‘”•ǣ
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— load combinations A1 and B1: ߖ2

— load combinations A2 and B2: ߖ3

 mH × a 
— load combinations A3 and B3:  1 + φ p × φ5 × 
 m H ×g
where: mH is the mass of the gross load (see ISO 8686-1:2012, Table 1)
— load combinations A4 and B4: ߖ4
— load combinations C3: ߖ6
Ȅ ”‹˜‡ˆ‘”…‡•…ƒ…Šƒ‰‡•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ–Ž›‹ƒ•Š‘”––‹‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡†›ƒ‹…ˆƒ…–‘”ߖ5 shall be
calculated
a) for starting the movement,
„Ȍ ˆ‘”„”ƒ‹‰–Š‡•–‡ƒ†›Ǧ•–ƒ–‡‘˜‡‡–ǡƒ†
…Ȍ ˆ‘”„”ƒ‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡‡–†—”‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ”–‹‰’”‘…‡••ǡ‘”
†Ȍ ˆ‘”ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡‡–†—”‹‰–Š‡„”ƒ‹‰’”‘…‡••ȋ’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰ȌǤ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†”‹‰‹†„‘†›ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”…‡••ŠƒŽŽ„‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”ߖp in addition.
Š‡…‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‹‰‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡ‘Ž›‘‡•—…Š‡ˆˆ‡…–‹•…‘„‹‡†™‹–Š‘–Š‡”‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ
Ž‘ƒ†…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘͸‘”͹‘”ͻǡ‘Ž›–Š‡†›ƒ‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡Dz‡‡”‰‡…›…—–Ǧ‘—–dzǡ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Dzˆƒ‹Ž—”‡
‘ˆ ‡…Šƒ‹• ‘” …‘’‘‡–•dz ‘” –Š‡ Dz†›ƒ‹… …—–Ǧ‘ˆˆ „› Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ ˆ‘”…‡ Ž‹‹–‡”•dz •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡†
™‹–Š‘—–‘–Š‡”†›ƒ‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡƒ••—‹‰–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆ•–ƒ”–‹‰†—”‹‰•–‡ƒ†›Ǧ•–ƒ–‡‘–‹‘Ǥ

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 19

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Table 10 — Combination of acceleration effects

Hoisting a grounded load Hoisting a suspended load
Load combinations A1, B1, C1 Load combinations A2 to A4, B2 to B4, C3

‘–”‘Ž„›
push-but-
ton panel
or
bi-direc-
tional
control
levers

Power station cranes Power station cranes Ship unloaders

Erection cranes Erection cranes –‘…›ƒ”†…”ƒ‡•
‘”•Š‘’…”ƒ‡• ‘”•Š‘’…”ƒ‡• Steel mill cranes

‘–”‘Ž„›
multi-di-
rectional
control Ship unloaders
levers –‘…›ƒ”†…”ƒ‡•
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Steel mill cranes

20 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Annex A
(informative)

‡™‹‰Ž‘ƒ†•ǣ••—’–‹‘•ˆ‘”•‹’Ž‹ϐ‹‡†…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‰‡–Š‘†•

A.1 General
Š‡…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‰‡–Š‘†•‰‹˜‡‹–Š‹•ƒ‡šƒ”‡•‹’Ž‹ϐ‹‡†‡–Š‘†•„ƒ•‡†—’‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ǥ
Š‡ˆ”‘–‰—‹†‡‡ƒ•ȋ”‘ŽŽ‡”‘”™Š‡‡ŽϐŽƒ‰‡Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡…‘–ƒ…–•–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž‹–Š‡•‡™ƒ‰Ž‡ǡȽ, while
the crane is travelling.
a) Method RIGID:
”ƒ‡ƒ†–”ƒ…ƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›”‹‰‹†Ž›ǤŽ‹‡ƒ”ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹…–‹‘•Ž‹’”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’
regarding to Ƚ is allowed. The linear form is not allowed if Ɋ0 < 0,2 is used.
b) Method FLEXIBLE:
Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž›ǤŠ‡…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•ƒ›„‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†”‹‰‹†Ž›ǤŽ‹‡ƒ”ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡
friction slip relationship is not allowed. The change of the wheel loads due to warping of the frame
ƒ›„‡‡‰Ž‡…–‡†Ǥ
‘”„‘–Š‡–Š‘†•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ’’Ž›Ǥ
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Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘ŽŽ‡›‹•Ž‘…ƒ–‡†‹•—…Šƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡ƒš‹—•‡™‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ”‡…‘’—–‡†Ǥ
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Š‹•‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡”‡‘–‡‡š–”‡‡‘ˆ•’ƒ–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‰—‹†ƒ…‡•›•–‡™‹–Š—…‘—’Ž‡†
†”‹˜‡•Ǥ…ƒ•‡•‘ˆƒ‡…Šƒ‹…ƒŽŽ›…‘—’Ž‡††”‹˜‡•ǡ–Š‡–”‘ŽŽ‡›‹••‡–‹ƒƒ‡”–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‡“—ƒŽŽ‘ƒ†‹‰
‘–Š‡†”‹˜‡™Š‡‡Ž•ǡ—•—ƒŽŽ›‹†Ǧ…”ƒ‡•’ƒǤŽ‡…–”‹…ƒŽŽ›…‘—’Ž‡††”‹˜‡•ƒ”‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡—…‘—’Ž‡†Ǥ
Š‡•‡‡–Š‘†•ƒ••—‡‘ƒ……‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡˜‡Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ…”ƒ‡–”ƒ…ǡƒŽŽƒ‰Ž‡•ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡
geometrical tolerances are ignored.
 Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•‰‹˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ…”ƒ‡ƒ†‹–•–”ƒ…•ƒ”‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ„Ž‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”ƒ–”‘ŽŽ‡›ƒ†‹–•–”ƒ…•Ǥ

A.2 Calculation of skewing forces by method RIGID

A.2.1 Calculation model
Procedure: (see Figure A.1) Select a travel direction. Assign a number j = 1, 2, …, n to each wheel.
Calculate the sums S, Sd and Sdd with Formula (A.1). Calculate the intermediate value b with Formula
(A.2) a). The forces YΠin the centre of wheel contact and the force YF at the guide means are derived
from Formula (A.3).
a) SασZŒ = mT × g b) SdασZŒ × dŒ c) SddασZŒ × dŒ2 (A.1)

Sd
a) b = b) Ɋf = Ɋ0(1 – eȂʹͷͲέɐ) (A.2)
S dd + W × l 2
a) YŒ = Ɋf × ZŒ(1 – dŒ × b) b) Yf = Ɋf(S – Sd × bȌασYŒ (A.3)

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 21

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

where

Ɋf ‹•–Š‡ˆ”‹…–‹‘•Ž‹’…‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡•‡™‹‰ƒ‰Ž‡Ƚ, with ɐ = Ƚ in radians according

to [Link]Ǣ

ZŒ is the vertical wheel force of wheel j, ( j = 1, 2, …, n with nᐗ„‡”‘ˆ™Š‡‡Ž•ȌǢ•‡‡‡š’Žƒƒ-

–‹‘„‡Ž‘™Ǣ

dΠis the distance in the travel direction from the front guide means to wheel j (dΠwill be nega-
–‹˜‡ˆ‘”™Š‡‡Ž•™Š‹…Š”—ƒŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‘–‰—‹†‡‡ƒ•ȌǢ

W is set to WαͲǡ‹ˆ•Šƒˆ–…‘—’Ž‹‰‹•‘–’”‡•‡–Ǣ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ…‘•‹†‡”A.2.2Ǣ

m ‹•–Š‡–‘–ƒŽƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ƒ†‡†…”ƒ‡Ǣ

l ‹•–Š‡•’ƒ‘ˆ…”ƒ‡ǤŽ›”‡“—‹”‡†‹ˆWβͲǤ
ZΠis the actual vertical wheel force for wheels where the bearing arrangement transfers horizontal
forces ZΠis set to zero for wheels where the bearing arrangement does not transfer horizontal forces.
Result values:
YŒ is the lateral force at the contact point of wheel j (F›‹Œ‹ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡǤʹȌǢ
YF is the lateral force at the guide means (F› in ISO 8686-1:2012, E.2).
‘” ƒ …”ƒ‡ ™‹–Š ˆ‘—” ™Š‡‡Ž•ǡ ϐŽƒ‰‡ ‰—‹†‡ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– •Šƒˆ– …‘—’Ž‹‰ ȋW = 0) and wheel numbers j
according to Figure A.1 Geta), Formulae (A.1) to (A.3) can be reduced as shown in Formula (A.4)
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(A.4):
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a) Y1 = Ɋf × Z1 b) Y2 = Y3 = 0 c) Y4 = Ɋf × Z4 d) YF = Y1 + Y4 (A.4)

A.2.2 Shaft coupling

ˆ™Š‡‡Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡ƒ”‡…‘‡…–‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•„›•Šƒˆ–•ǡ–Š‡•‡™‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•‹…”‡ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡
Žƒ”‰‡•–•‡™‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•ƒ”‡…‘’—–‡†‹ˆ–Š‡™Š‡‡ŽŽ‘ƒ†•ˆ‘”„‘–Š™Š‡‡Ž•‘ˆƒ•Šƒˆ–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ
Procedure: [see Figure A.1 e)] Calculate the resulting wheel force Wi of each shaft iǡ„›Formula (A.5)
a). Add up the Wi to Wǡ„›Formula (A.5) b). The value W is required for Formula (A.2) a). The force Xi of
each individual shaft is obtained from Formula (A.5) c).
Z 1 i × Z 2i
a) Wi = b) W αȭWi c) Xi = Ɋf × l × b × Wi (A.5)
Z 1 i + Z 2i
where

Z1i is the wheel load of the 1st wheel of shaft iǢȋZ1iεͲȌǢȋi = 1, … m with m Z1i—„‡”‘ˆ•Šƒˆ–•ȌǢ

Z2i is the wheel load of the 2nd wheel of shaft iǢZ2iεͲǢ

l ‹•–Š‡•’ƒ‘ˆ…”ƒ‡Ǣ

W is the resulting wheel force.

ˆ•Šƒˆ–…‘—’Ž‹‰‡š‹•–•ǡ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘ŽŽ‡›•Š‘—Ž†„‡•‡–‹ƒƒ‡”–‘Šƒ˜‡‡“—ƒŽ™Š‡‡ŽŽ‘ƒ†•
ȋ—•—ƒŽŽ›‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡…”ƒ‡•’ƒȌǤ

A.2.3 Examples

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 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

EXAMPLE Z1,2,3,4αͳǢȽ = 0,007 2

a) b)

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EXAMPLE Z1,2αʹͻǡͷǢZ3αͷͻǢȽ = 0,003 EXAMPLE Z1,2αʹǢZ3,4 αͳǢȽ = 0,007 2

c) d)

e)
Key
1 rigid structure
2 direction of rail
3 –”‘ŽŽ‡›
4 shaft coupling
5 articulation

Figure A.1 — Cranes and three-wheel trolley

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 23

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Vectors j1 to j4 represent both wheel force components YŒ and ZŒǢj = 1 to 4.

a) Figure A.1ƒȌǣ”‹†‰‡…”ƒ‡™‹–ŠϐŽƒ‰‡‰—‹†‹‰Ǥ
With Formulae (A.1) to (A.3) and [Link]: ɊfαͲǡʹͷǢSαͳͲǢSdαͷǢSdd = 5 Nm2Ǣb = 1 mΫͳǢ
YFαͳǡʹͷǢY1,2,3,4 = {0,25 0 0 1} N.
”†‹”‡…–Ž›™‹–ŠFormula (A.4): Y1,2,3,4 αȓͲǡʹͷͲͲͳȔǢYF = 1,25 N
b) Figure A.1 b): Bridge crane with guide rollers and with and without shaft coupling.
Without shaft coupling: Ɋf α ͲǡʹͷǢ S α Ͷ Ǣ Sd α ͵ Ǣ Sdd = 2,5 Nm2Ǣ b = 1,2 mΫͳǢ YF α Ͳǡͳ Ǣ
Y1,2,3,4αȓͲǡͳΫͲǡͲͷΫͲǡͲͷͲǡͳȔǤ
With one shaft coupling W1 [Figure A.1 e)]: W1 α Ͳǡͷ Ǣ W α Ͳǡͷ Ǣ b = 0,057 mΫͳǢ YF α Ͳǡͻ͸ Ǣ
Y1,2,3,4αȓͲǡʹͶͲǡʹͶͲǡʹͶͲǡʹͶȔǢX1 = 0,071 N.
With two shaft couplings W1 and W2: W1,2 α ȓͲǡͷ  ͲǡͷȔ Ǣ W α ͳ Ǣ b = 0,029 mΫͳǢ YF α Ͳǡͻͺ Ǣ
Y1,2,3,4αȓͲǡʹͷͲǡʹͶͲǡʹͶͲǡʹͷȔǢX1,2 = {0,036 0,036} N.
c) Figure A.1…Ȍǣ”‘ŽŽ‡›™‹–Š–Š”‡‡™Š‡‡Ž•ǤɊfαͲǡͳͷͺǢSαͳͳͺǢSdαͷͻǢSddαͶͶǡʹͷ2Ǣ
b = 1,33 mΫͳǢYFα͸ǡ͵ǢY1,2,3 αȓͶǡ͹Ϋͳǡͷ͵ǡͳȔǤ
d) Figure A.1 †Ȍǣ
ƒ–”› …”ƒ‡ ™‹–Š Š‹‰‡† Ž‡‰Ǥ Ɋf = 0,25. Carriage of hinged leg: Y1,2 α ȓͲǡͷ  ͲȔ Ǣ
YFPαͲǡͷǤƒ””‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆϐ‹š‡†Ž‡‰ǣY3,4 αȓͲͲǡʹͷȔǢYF = 0,25 N.

A.2.4 Notes
Where W = 0 structures with more than two rails can be calculated with the method above.
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Derivation of formulae for Method standards from Standard Sharing Group and our chats
RIGID:
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Formulae (A.1) to (A.3) can be derived from A.3.2, Formulae (A.6) to (A.11). All sΠare set to sΠ= 0. The
ˆ”‹…–‹‘ •Ž‹’ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ‹• Ž‹‡ƒ” ˆ‘” ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ •‡™ ƒ‰Ž‡ Ƚ: Ɋf (ɐ) = Ɋf (Ƚ)ɐ/Ƚ = Ɋf ɐ/Ƚ.
Formula (A.7) changes to YŒ = Ɋf ɐŒZŒ/Ƚ. If Formula (A.6) is inserted into this expression, a part of it can
be resumed to a /( ax ) α Ϋb. Shaft coupling causes longitudinal slip ɐx = Ž †Ƚ/dx = l a / x . The forces
XW = Ɋf(ɐx)W = ɊfɐxW/Ƚ resulting from longitudinal slip cause, with the span l, the moment MW = l XW. If
XW ‹• ”‡’Žƒ…‡† „› –Š‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‰‹˜‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒŽ•‘ Š‡”‡ ƒ ’ƒ”– …ƒ „‡ ”‡•—‡† a /( ax ) α Ϋb.
Formula (A.10)‹•‡š–‡†‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‹ϐŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡•Šƒˆ–…‘—’Ž‹‰ǣͲαMWΪσYŒdŒǤŠ‡”‡‹ǡ‘Ž›b is
—‘™ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘b can be calculated as shown in Formula (A.2).

A.3 Calculation of skewing forces by method FLEXIBLE

A.3.1 General
Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‹‘‡–Š‘†”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡ƒ•ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ǤŠ‡…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ•”‹‰‹†Ǥ
Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹•‘ˆ•‹‰‹ϐ‹…ƒ…‡ˆ‘”‰ƒ–”›…”ƒ‡•™‹–Š•‹‰Ž‡•‹†‡‰—‹†ƒ…‡‡ƒ•Ǥ

A.3.2 Calculation model

Figure A.2 a) shows the model characteristics with a four-wheel crane with guide rollers as example.
Š‡ ’‘”–ƒŽ ‹• ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‘–Š …ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ••—‡† ƒ• ”‹‰‹†Ǥ Š‡ •‡™‹‰ ƒ‰Ž‡ǡ Ƚ, is assigned to the
guided carriage. The leading guide roller is in contact with the rail. Figure A.2 b) shows the forces.
Š‡‡……‡–”‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ…–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡YF affects with the moment M the non-guided carriage. According to the
ϐŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡‘Ǧ‰—‹†‡†…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǯ••‡™‹‰ƒ‰Ž‡‹•‹…”‡ƒ•‡†„›ȟȽ. All angles are small.

24 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

a) Geometry b) Forces and moments c) Example: Semi gantry crane

Key
1 carriage assumed as rigid
2 frame, deformed
3 rail

Figure A.2 — Geometry, forces and support conditions

Procedure: Select a travel direction. Assign a number j = 1, 2 … n to each wheel. Set up the equation set
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Formulae (A.6) until ((A.10ȌǤŠ‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ•‡–ƒ›„‡”‡†—…‡†–‘Formulae
ȌǤŠ‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ•‡–ƒ›„‡”‡†—…‡†–‘
(A.10ȌǤŠ‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ•‡–ƒ›„‡”‡†—…‡†–‘Formulae
A.10ȌǤŠ‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ•‡–ƒ›„‡”‡†—…‡†–‘
A.10 Formulae (A.9) and (A.10)‹…Ž—†‹‰‘Ž›
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–Š‡ –™‘ —‘™ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ȟȽ and ( a / x ) Ǥ ‘Ž˜‡ ‹– —‡”‹…ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”…‡• YŒ with
Formula (A.7). The force YFƒ––Š‡‰—‹†‡‡ƒ•‹•†‡ϐ‹‡†„›Formula (A.11).

 α 
σ j = α + s j × ∆α + d j   (A.6)
 x 
YŒ = Ɋf(ɐŒ)ZŒ (A.7)

M= ∑ s j × bj ×Y j (A.8)

∆α = hM × M (A.9)

0= ∑Y j × d j (A.10)

YF = ∑Y j (A.11)

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 25

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

where

Ƚ ‹•–Š‡•‡™‹‰ƒ‰Ž‡‹”ƒ†‹ƒȋ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ȀȌƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘[Link]Ǣ

ZŒ is the vertical wheel force of wheel j, (ZŒηͲȌǡȋ j = 1, 2…n with n = number of wheels)
Š‡–”‘ŽŽ‡›…ƒ””‹‡•ƒš‹—Ž‘ƒ†ǤŠ‡–”‘ŽŽ‡›•Š‘—Ž†„‡’‘•‹–‹‘‡†‘–Š‡…”ƒ‡ǯ••‹†‡ǡ™Š‹…Š
has no guide means.

sΠselection factor:
sΠ= 0 setting for wheels of the carriage with guide means,
sŒαͳ•‡––‹‰ˆ‘”™Š‡‡Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡™‹–Š‘—–‰—‹†‡‡ƒ•Ǣ

M ‹•–Š‡‘‡––—”‹‰–Š‡ϐŽ‘ƒ–‹‰‡†…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡„›ˆ‘”…‡•YŒ applied to the wheels of that

…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǣ

hM ‹•–Š‡ϐŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’‘”–ƒŽ‹ƒ‰Ž‡’‡”‘‡–ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ”ƒ†ȀȌǤ‡‡Figure A.2 c): Fixed support

at the carriage with guide means. Floating support and an external moment acting at the unguid-
‡†…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǥȋ ‹†‘—––Š‡…Šƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ‰Ž‡™‹–Šƒ•–ƒ–‹…•’”‘‰”ƒǡ‘”ƒ—ƒŽŽ›‹•‹’Ž‡…ƒ•‡•ȌǤ

dŒ = xFΫxŒ. Distance in travel direction from the front guide means to wheel jǢ
(dŒ™‹ŽŽ„‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”™Š‡‡Ž•™Š‹…Š”—ƒŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‘–‰—‹†‡‡ƒ•ȌǢ

bŒ = šŒΫxb. Distance in travel direction from wheel j to the neutral line xb. (This line is neutral
…‘…‡”‹‰–Š‡„‡†‹‰ƒ”‘—†–Š‡’Ž—„Ž‹‡Ǣ•‡‡–Š‡ϐ‹‰—”‡‹A.3.3. xbƒ”•–Š‡…‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡
where a single force F›ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡ϐŽ‘ƒ–‹‰…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡™‹ŽŽ‘–”‡•—Ž–‹ƒ›…Šƒ‰‡‘ˆȟȽ) (bŒ
will be negative for wheels which run behind the neutral line).Group and our chats
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The friction slip relationship is according to [Link]:

Ɋf(ɐŒ) = Ɋ0ȋͳΫeΫʹͷͲέȁɐŒȁ · sgn(ɐŒ) (A.12)

where

Ɋf(ɐŒ) ‹•–Š‡ˆ”‹…–‹‘…‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–‘ˆ™Š‡‡Žj„›Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ•Ž‹’ɐŒǢ

Ɋ0 is the adhesion factor

Ɋ0 = 0,3 for cleaned rails, and
Ɋ0αͲǡʹˆ‘”‘Ǧ…Ž‡ƒ‡†”ƒ‹Ž•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ‹ƒ‘”ƒŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ȌǢ

e ‹•–Š‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽŽ‘‰ƒ”‹–Š•ǡʹǡ͹ͳͺǢ

ɐ ‹•–Š‡•Ž‹’ˆƒ…–‘”Ǣ

sgn is the signum function = sgn(xȌαȓΫͳˆ‘”xδͲǢͲˆ‘”xαͲǢͳˆ‘”xεͲȔǤ

Calculation values:

ɐŒ is the lateral slip of wheel jǢ

Ɋf(ɐŒ) ‹•–Š‡ˆ”‹…–‹‘…‘‡ˆϐ‹…‹‡–‘ˆ™Š‡‡Žj„›Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ•Ž‹’ɐŒ according to [Link]Ǣ

ȟȽ ‹•–Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡™‹‰ƒ‰Ž‡†—‡–‘ϐŽ‡š‹„Ž‡†‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǣ

M ‹•–Š‡‘‡–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’‘”–ƒŽƒ†–Š‡—‰—‹†‡†…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡Ǣ

26 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

(α / x ) is the portal turning speed per travel speed. ( x εͲȌǤ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘” x ‹•‘–”‡“—‹”‡†Ǣ

YŒ is the lateral force at the contact point of wheel j (F›‹Œ‹ͺ͸ͺ͸ǦͳǣʹͲͳʹǡǤʹȌǢ

YF is the lateral force at the contact point of wheel j (F›‹Œ in ISO 8686-1).

A.3.3 Example

‡‹‰ƒ–”›…”ƒ‡™‹–Š‰—‹†‡”‘ŽŽ‡”•ǡ•‹‰Ž‡•‹†‡†
guiding (Figure at side). The girder and the leg are
solid round bars.
Data:
h = 4 m, l = 6 m, d = 0,3 m
E = 210 000 N/mm2, G = 81 000 N/mm2
ZŒαȓͳʹͲͳͳͻʹ͹͵ͷȔ
dΠ= {0,25 2,75 2,75 0,25}m
bŒαȓͳǡʹͷΫͳǡʹͷΫͳǡʹͷͳǡʹͷȔ
sΠ= {1 1 0 0} m
Ƚ = 0,003 3 rad
Intermediate calculation: 1 = neutral line xb according bending around
vertical.
l h
hM = + ʹα–”‘ŽŽ‡›
E × l ax G × l p
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= +
4
E ×π × d G ×π × d 4
rad
= 0 , 000134
kNm

Result: YŒαȓ͵ͲǡʹʹǡʹΫͷǡͶͷǡͲȔǢYFα͵ʹǢȟȽαͲǡͲͲͶ͸ͺ”ƒ†Ǣ α / x αΫͲǡͲͲʹͺͳ”ƒ†Ȁ

A.3.4 Notes

The linear form of the friction slip relationship Ɋf(ɐf ) regarding Ƚ is not applicable for FLEXIBLE models
ȽΪȟȽǤŽ‹‡ƒ”‘†‡Ž™‘—Ž†”‡•—Ž–‹—ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Šˆ”‹…–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹—ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Š
•‡™‹‰ˆ‘”…‡•Ǥ
Derivation:
Š‡‡……‡–”‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ…–‹‰ˆ‘”…‡YF causes turning α / x of the crane during the travel. The lateral slip of a
wheel is ɐŒ = Ƚ + sŒȟȽΫ y j / x Ǥ–‹•ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†„›–Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ƒ†„›–Š‡†‹•–ƒ…‡dŒ of
this wheel to the guide means. With − y j / x = d jα / x , follows Formula (A.6). Formula (A.7)†‡ϐ‹‡•–Š‡
wheel’s lateral force. Formula (A.8)†‡ϐ‹‡•–Š‡‘‡–ƒ…–‹‰„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’‘”–ƒŽƒ†–Š‡—‰—‹†‡†
…ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡‘‡–‹•…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‡—–”ƒŽϐ‹„”‡ǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ—•ǡ‹Formula (A.9), the
deformation of the portal is determined. Formula (A.10) forms the sum of the moments for the entire
crane around the guide means. Formula (A.11) sums up all forces.

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 27

 ISO 8686-5:2017(E)

Bibliography

[1] ISO 4306-1, ”ƒ‡•Ȅ‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ȅƒ”–ͷǣ

‡‡”ƒŽ
[2] ISO 11031, Cranes — Principles for seismically resistant design

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