PUILIPPINE ISLANDS. 7 that there were no other men in the world besides them. Saturday, the 16th of March, 1521, we arrived at day- break in sight of a high island, three hundred leagues distant from the before-mentioned Thieves’ island. This isle is named Zamal.' The next day the captain-general wished to land at another uninhabited island near the first,’ to be in greater security and to take water, also to repose there a few days. He set up there two tents on shore for the sick, and had a sow’ killed for them. Monday, the 18th of March, after dinner, we saw a boat come towards us with nine men in it: upon which the cap- tain-general ordered that no one should move or speak without his permission.* When these people had come into this island towards us, immediately the principal’ ono amongst them went towards the captain-general with do- monstrations of being very joyons at our arrival. Five of the most showy® of them remained with us, the others who remained with the boat went to call some men who wore fishing, and afterwards all of them came together.’ The captain seeing that these people were reasonable,® ordered food and drink to be given them, and he gave them some red caps, looking glasses, combs, bells, ivory, and other things. When these people saw the politeness of the captain, they presented some fish, and a vessel of palm wine, which + Now called Samar, in the Philippine group, * Instead of these words the Milan edition has: “ Which later we Jeamed was named Humuvii.” Amoretti says this island is situated near Cape Guigan of the Island of Samar. + Amoretti presumes this sow was brought from the Ladrones. Des- Drosses, t. 11, p. 55. +“ Congé.” *Apparant.” Milan edition, principale”, +4 Apparant.” Milan edition, “ornati”, 7 ‘The Milan edition adds here: + We learned that the island which they eame from was named Zuluan, and it is « small island." © Milan: “Sociable.”72 COCOA-NUT PALMS. they call in their language Uraca ;! figs more than a foot® long, and others smaller and of a better savour, and two cochos.? At that time they had nothing to give him, and they made signs to us with their hands that in four days they would bring us Umai, which is rice, cocos, and many other victuals. To explain the kind of fruits above-named it must be ‘Inown that the one which they call cochi, is the fruit which the palm trees bear, And as we have bread, wine, oil, and vinegar, proceeding from different kinds, so these people have those things proceeding from these palm trees only. It must be said that wine proceeds from the said palm trees in the following manner. They make a hole at the summit of the tree as far as its heart, which is named palmito, from which a liquor comes out in drops down the tree, like white must, which is sweet, but with somewhat of bitter. They have canes as thick as the leg, in which they draw off this liquor, and they fasten them to the tree from the evening till next morning, and from the morning to the evening, because this liquor comes little by little. This palm produces a fruit named cocho, which is as large as the head, or there- abouts : its first husk is green, and two fingers in thickness, in it they find certain threads, with which they make the cords for fastening their boats. Under this husk there is another very hard, and thicker than that of a walnut. They burn this second rind, and make with it a powder which is useful to them. Under this rind there is a white marrow of a finger’s thickness, which they eat fresh with meat and fish, as we do bread, and it has the taste of an almond, and if anyone dried it* he might make bread of it. From the middle of this marrow there comes out a clear sweet water, + Arrak. ® Bananas, The Milan edition has: ‘« More than a palm in length.” * Cocoa-nuts. +“ Verdeur.” * Here the Milan edition adds: “ And reduced it to flour.”COCOA-NUT PALMS. 73 and very cordial, which, when it has rested a little, and settled, congeals and becomes like an apple.!_ When they wish to make oil they take this fruit, the coco, and let it get rotten, and they corrupt this marrow in the water, then they boil it, and it becomes oil in the manner® of butter. When they want to make vinegar, they let the water in the cocoa- nut get bad, and they put it in the sun, when it turns to vinegar like white wine. From this fruit milk also can be made, as we experienced, for we scraped this marrow and then put it with its water, and passed it through a cloth, and thus it was milk like that of goats. This kind of palm tree is like the date-palm,’ but not so rugged. Two of these trees can maintain a family of ten persons: but they do not draw wine as above-mentioned always from one tree, but draw from one for eight days, and from the other as long. For if they did not, otherwise the trees would dry up. In this manner they last a hundred years. ‘These people becamo very familiar and friendly with us, and explained many things to us in their language, and told us the names of some islands which we saw with our eyes before us. *The island where they dwelt is called Zuluam, and it is not large.** As they were sufficiently agreeable and conversible we had great pleasure with them. The captain seeing that they were of this good condition, to do them greater honour conducted them to the ship, and showed them all his goods, that is to say, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, nutmeg, mace," gold, and all that was in the ship. He also had some shots fired with his artillery, at which they were so much afraid that they wished to jump + Milan edition has: Takes the consistency of honey.” + Milan edition has: “Thick as butter.” + Here the Milan edition adds: But its trunk, without being smooth, is less knotty.” + Milan edition has: We were told that one of these trees lasts," ete, + Here omitted in Milan edition, +“ Matia,74 ISLANDERS. from the ship into the sea. They made signs that the things which the captain had shown them grew there where we were going. When they wished to leave us they took leave of the captain and of us with very good manners and gracefulness, promising us to come back to sec us. The island we were at was named Humunn; nevertheless because we found there two springs of very fresh water we named it the Watering Place of good signs,’ and because we found here the first signs of gold. There is much white coral to be found here, and large trees which bear fruit smaller than an almond, and which are like pines. There were also many palm trees both good and bad. In this place there were many circumjacent islands, on which account we named them the archipelago of St. Lazarus, because we stayed there on the day and feast of St. Lazarus. ‘This region and archipelago is in ten degrees north latitude, and a hundred and sixty-one degrees longitude from the line of demar- cation. Friday, the 22nd of March, the above-mentioned people, who had promised us to return, came about midday, with two boats laden with the said fruit cochi, sweet oranges, a vessel of palm wine, and a cock, to give us to understand that they had poultry in their country, so that we bought all that they brought. The lord of these people was old, and had his face painted, and had gold rings suspended to his ears, which they name Schione,’ and the others had many bracelets and rings of gold on their arms, with a wrapper of linen round their head. We remained at this place eight days: the captain went there every day to see his sick men, whom he had placed on this island to refresh them: and he gave them himself every day the water of this said fruit the cocho, which comforted them much. Near this isle is another where there are a kind of people who wear + Aquade des bons signes. This word is not in the Milan edition, nor in the ‘Taga! Dictionary.PIGAFETTA FALLS OVERBOARD. vi holes* in their ears so large that they can pass their arms through them; these people are Caphre, that is to say, Gentiles, and they go naked, except that round their middles they wear cloth made of the bark of trees. But there are some of the more remarkable of them who wear cotton stuff, and at the end of it there is some work of sill: done with a needle. These people are tawny,? fat, and painted, and they anoint themselves with the oil of coco nuts and sesame,? to preserve them from the sun and the wind. Their hair is very black and long, reaching to the waist, and they carry small daggers and knives, omamented with gold, and many other things, such as darts, harpoons, and nets to fish, like.........,5 and their boats are like ours. The Monday of Passion week, the 25th of March, and feast of our Lady, in the afternoon, and being ready to depart from this place, [went to the side of our ship to fish, and putting my feet on a spar to go down to the store room,’ my feet slipped, because it had rained, and I fell into the sea without any one seeing me, and being near drowning by luck I found at my left hand the sheet of the large sail which was in the sea, I caught hold of it and began to cry out till they came to help and pick me up with the boat. I ‘was assisted not by my merits, but by the mercy and grace of the fountain of pity. ‘That same day we took the course between west and southwest,’ and passed amidst four small islands, that is to say, Cenalo, Huinanghar, Ibusson, and ‘Abarien, Thursday, the 28th of March, having seen the night before fire upon an island, at the morning we came to 1 “ Piequeten", not in Ste. Palaye’s Glossary. 2 “Taner,” + “ Giongioli,” + “Fascines,” “faxina.” “ Foscine,” Milan edition. * Milan edition: “ Like our rizali.” + “Chambre des munitions.” Mezza de guarnigione.” Milan edition, + + Ponnant et le gaxbin,”76 A KING VISITS THE SHIPS. anchor at this island; where we saw a small boat which they call Boloto, with eight men inside, which approached the ship of the captain-goneral. Then a slave of the cap- tain’s, who was from Sumatra, otherwise named Traprobana, spoke from afar to these people, who understood his talk,? and came near to the side of the ship, but they withdrew immediately, and would not enter the ship from fear of us. So the captain seeing that they wonld not trust to us showed them a red cap, and other things, which he had tied and placed on a little plank,? and the people in the boat took them immediately and joyously, and then returned to advise their king. Two hours afterwards, or thereabouts, we saw come two long boats, which they call Ballanghai, fall of men. In the largest of them was their king sitting under an awning of mats; when they were near the ship of the captain-general, the said slave spoke to the king, who understood him well, because in these countries the kings know more languages than the common people. Then the king ordered some of his people to go to the captain’s ship, whilst he would not move from his boat, which was near enough to us. This was done, and when his people returned to the boat, he went away at once. ‘The captain gave good entertainment to the men who came to his ship, and gave them all sorts of things, on which account the king wished to give the captain a rather large bar of solid gold, anda chest® full of ginger. However, the captain thanked him very much but would not accept the present. After that, when it was late, we went with the ships near to the houses and abode of the king. The next day which was Good Friday, the captain sent on shore the before-mentioned slave, who was our interpre- ter, to the king to beg him to give him for money some provisions for his ships, sending him word that he had not * Malay. +“ Aezmais.” Milan edition : “Tayola.” + % Sporta”, Milan edition : “basket.”VISIT OF THE KING. 77 come to his country as an enemy, but as a friend. The king on hearing this came with seven or eight men in a boat, and entered the ship, and embraced the captain, and gave him three china dishes covered with leaves fall of rice, avd two dorades, which are rather lange fish, and of the sort above-mentioned, and he gave him several other things. The captain gave this king a robe of red and yellow cloth, made in the Turkish fashion, and a very fine red cap, and to his people he gave to some of them knives, and to others mirrors. After that refreshments were served up to them. ‘The captain told the king, through the said interpreter, that he wished to be with him, cassi! cassi, that is to say, brothers. To which the king answered that he desired to be the same towards him. After that the captain showed him cloths of different colours, linen, coral, and much other merchandise, and all the artillery, of which he had some pieces fired before him, at which the king was much asto- nished; after that the captain had one of his soldiers armed with white armour, and placed him in the midst of three comrades, who struck him with swords and daggers. ‘The king thought this very strange, and the captain told him, through the interpreter, that a man thus in white armour was worth a hundred of his men; ho answered that it was true; he was further informed that there were in each ship two bundred like that man. After that the captain showed him a great number of swords, cnirasses, and helmets, and made two of the men play with their swords before the king ; he then showed him the sea chart and the ship compass, and informed him how he had found the strait to come there, and of the time which he had spent in coming ; also of the time he had been without seeing any land, at which the king was astonished. At the end the captain asked? if he would be pleased that two of his people + “ Intimate friends,” Tagal Dictionary. + ‘The Milan edition represents the King as making the request, and the captain-general consenting to it.78 PIGAFETTA GOES ON SHORE should go with him to the places where they lived, to see some of the things of his country. This the king granted, and I went with another. When I had landed, the king raised his hands to the sky, and turned to us two, and we did the same as he did ; after that he took me by the hand, and one of his principal people took my companion, and led us under a place covered with canes, where there was a ballanghai, that is to say, a boat, eighty feet long or thereabouts, resembling a fusta. We sat with the king upon its poop, always conversing with him by signs, and his people stood up around us, with their swords, spears, and bucklers. ‘Then the king ordered to be brought a dish of pig’s flesh and wine.’ Their fashion of drinking is in this wise, they first raise their hands to heaven, then take the drinking vessel in their right hand, and extend the left hand closed towards the people. This the king did, and presented to me his fist, so that I thought that ho wanted to strike me ; I did the same thing towards him ; so with this coremony, and other signs of friendship, we banqueted, and afterwards supped with him. T ate flesh on Good Friday, not being able to do other- wise, and before the hour of supper, 1 gave several things to the king, which I had brought. ‘There I wrote down several things as they namo them in their language, and when the king and the others saw me write, and I told them their manner of speech, they were all astonished. When the hour for supper had come, they brought two large china dishes, of which one was full of rice, and the other of pig's flesh, with its broth? and sauce. We supped with the same signs and ceremonies, and then went to the king’s palace, which was made and built like a hay grango, covered with 1 The Milan edition adds here: “ At each mouthful we drank a cup of wine, and whatever remained in the cup, though that rarely happened, ‘was put into another vase.” +“ Brouet.” “ Brodo,"’ Milan edition,TO VISIT THE KING. 79 fig and palm leaves. It was built on great timbers high above the ground, and it was necessary to go up steps and ladders to it. Then tho king made us sit on a cane mat, with our legs doubled as was the custom; after half on hour there was brought a dish of fish roast in pieces, and ginger fresh gathered that moment, and some wine. The eldest son of the king, who was the prince, came where we were, and the king told him to sit down near us, which he did; then two dishes were brought, one of fish, with its sauce, and the other of rice, and this was done for us to eat with the prince. My companion enjoyed the food and drink so much that he got drunk. They use for candles or torches the gum of a tree which is named Animé, wrapped up in leaves of palms or fig trees. The king made a sign that he wished to go to rest, and left with us the prince, with whom we slept on a cane mat, with some cushions and pillows of leaves. Next morning the king came and took me by the hand, and so we went to the place where we had supped, to breakfast, but the boat came to fetch us. The king, before we went away, was very gay, and kissed our hands, and we kissed his. There came with us a brother of his, the king of another island, accompanied by three men. The captain-general detained him to dine with us, and we gave him several things. In the island belonging to the king who came to the ship there are mines of gold, which they find in pieces as big as a walnut or an egg, by seeking in the ground. All the vessels which he makes use of are made of it, and also somo parts of his house, which was well fitted up according to the custom of the country, and he was the handsomest man that we saw among these nations. He had very black hair com- "It will be seen further on that these brothers were kings or lords of ‘two cities on the coast of Mindanao, of which one was named Butuan, the other Calagan. ‘The first place retains its name, the other is named Caragua. ‘The King of Butuan was also King of the Island of Massaua, ‘between Mindanao aud Samar, Note, Milan edition.